43

41
Monitoring Tiger Status and Habitat
Part - I
A Field Guide
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Contributors
Rajesh Gopal
Shyamal Tikadar
Project Tiger Directorate,
Ministry of Environment
& Forests, Govt. of India
Khageshwar Nayak
H.S. Negi
Aseem Srivastava
V. Parihar
M. Panwar
R. Shukla
Kanha Tiger Reserve
R.S. Chundawat
Panna Tiger Project
Qamar Qureshi
Y.V. Jhala
Wildlife Institute of India
Illustration: Jaldeep Chauhan, Insideart, Dehradun
Editors
(Compilation and Text): Yadvendradev Jhala and Qamar Qureshi,
Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun
Acknowledgements: Virendra Sharma, Kuldeep Chauhan, Harendra Kumar,
Vinay K. Sharma and K.K. Shrivastava
A TECHNICAL PUBLICATION OF PROJECT TIGER
DIRECTORATE , 2004
Photo Credits: Venkat, A.J.T. Johnsingh, S.P. Goyal, S. Sen, Y. Jhala
42
Contents Contents Contents Contents Contents
Page No.
Preface 1
Introduction 3
Sampling for Tiger Sign Encounter Rates 9
Sampling for Ungulate Encounter Rates 14
Sampling for Vegetation, Human Disturbance, and Ungulate Pellets 19
Appendix-I : Major Ungulate Species 33
Appendix-II : Tracks of Major Carnivores 34
Appendix-III : Fecal Pellets of Wild Ungulates and their Characteristics 35
Appendix-IV: List of Participants in the workshop conducted in Pench 38
between February 10-11, 2004
Appendix-V: Instructions to Accompany the Data Sheet 40
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1
Preface
Is this another manual for counting tigers? No! Though we agree that
there is no escaping from the number game, there are more important
questions that beg for answers from the point of view of tiger conservation.
These are: What are the trends in the tiger population, in the country as a
whole, at the landscape level, and within tiger reserves? Where have tigers
gone locally extinct and which new areas have they colonized? What is
the quality of the habitat, prey availability, and other characteristics of
these areas? Where are the source populations of tigers located? What
kind and quality of habitat contiguity exists between these source
populations? Which mortality factors operate in sink and source areas of
tiger populations? How often do tigers move between these populations?
With an unprecedented history of almost 30 years of tiger conservation,
we have secured tigers and their habitats. However, with the exceptions
of some tiger reserves answers to the above are hard to find. Answers to
these questions are vital for planning land use, forming policy, and
implementing conservation management for tigers and their habitats. We
intend to address these by developing a National Tiger Habitat and
Population Evaluation System.
A workshop and brainstorming session was held in Kanha between January
12 - 14, 2004 wherein the enclosed protocols were designed for large
scale data collection. During February 10-11, 2004 a workshop was
conducted for communicating the protocol to the forest officials of the
Satpura Maikhal Landscape. The participants (list enclosed as Appendix
-4) contributed valuable suggestions for finalising the protocol and collected
sample data to thrash out practical field difficulties.
The following manual is the first part of this monitoring methodology,
designed for extensive scientific data collection by the foresters. The data
obtained by the simple yet robust protocols outlined in this manual form
the backbone for obtaining vital data that form the first step towards
obtaining some of the answers to the above questions.
- The Authors
2
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3
Introduction
Monitoring tigers is a process, the end product of which is not the number of tigers
but an indication that there has been a change in number of tigers, with an
understanding of the factors that have been responsible for this change. We are
then concerned, therefore, to device a methodology for detecting this change,
establishing its direction, and measuring its extent and intensity. Often monitoring is
confused with record keeping and data collection using a methodology. There has
been considerable amount of field data recording of wildlife especially in protected
areas for the past three decades. The misconception that once the data are collected,
statisticians will analyze the data and provide inferences that will be useful for
conservation science and management, is often too common. For lack of uniform
data collection methodology and information on survey effort more often than not
it becomes difficult to make comparisons or draw inferences from such data.
There is no substitute for an objective oriented, well designed, monitoring program.
Here, foresight plays an important role in data analysis which is determined well in
advance by the study design that specifically addresses the objectives of the
monitoring program.
There are several manuals published for conducting tiger census or estimating its
numbers. Many of these rely on acquired expert skills, while others need a high
level of scientific and technical skill. Though we agree that there is no substitute for
good scientific design in implementing an effective monitoring scheme for tigers
and their habitats, we also believe that for such a scheme to succeed at the National
level or even at a landscape level the vast resources of the Government machinery
and sheer manpower of the forest department needs to be harnessed. We believe
that though individual scientists, ecologists, and scientific organizations may develop
effective monitoring schemes for individual tiger reserves, or tiger population
estimation methods, these would serve only an academic cause and contribute
little to tiger conservation unless they become institutionalized within the system
responsible for implementing tiger conservation. Institutionalization of these protocols
and monitoring designs is currently possible only when the Forest Department is a
major stake holder in implementing these protocols.
Here lies the need for a simple, field friendly, protocol that requires minimal technical
skill for collecting the required data to address the objectives of the monitoring
4
program. Since monitoring would need to be done in all tiger habitats including
reserve forests and revenue forest land, the effort and time investment needed for
data collection should be such that it does not become a burden and is done with
enthusiasm. Yet, the data generated by these simple protocols should meet the
needed scientific rigor for analysis and appropriate inferences. Since, most forests
in India still maintain the old tradition of maintaining compartment boundaries and
beat guards still patrol their beats, we have considered the beat (composed of one
to several compartments) as the unit for sampling. Thereby systematically distributing
the sampling units throughout the tiger habitat.
The protocols detailed in this manual are extremely simple and do not require any
high level of technical skill persons collecting data should be literate to a point of
being able to write and count. The maximum required of them is that they would
need to learn to switch on a GPS unit to write down its reading and to use a
pedometer. The data generated would be such that they would permit scientifically
reliable inference regarding current tiger status, population trends, habitat, and
prey status with a high level of spatial resolution.
Needless to say that the inference drawn from the data would depend on the
authenticity and sincerely of data collection and reporting . However, by making
the protocols and data sheets very simple and easy, where the stress is not on
number of animals or tigers but more on signs, by making the observer to directly
fill in the data in the field, we have tried to minimize the tendency of reporting
inflated numbers. We include a note of caution to the supervisory officers to instill
into their staff the importance and value of reporting authentic data.
The data generated by the protocols prescribed in the manual will be analyzed in
combination with data generated from a fewer sampling units but with a much
more intensive and vigorous scientific methodology. Therefore, for example if
your data reports no tiger signs during the intensive data collection phase even
though you are certain that tigers exist with the sampled beat, it is important to
report that no tiger signs were recorded. The mere absence of tiger sign during
the sample search does not imply absence of tigers in the sampled beat. The
analysis of the data will address this appropriately and is beyond the scope of this
manual.
The explicit purpose of this manual is that it will be used as a recipe cook book for
data collection needed for monitoring tiger status and habitat through a large
5
landscape. The simple text in English and Hindi and the diagrammatic presentation
of protocols along with sample data sheets makes the manual useful for officers,
but its primary users are likely to be the beat guards. Analysis of data and intensive
data collection protocol directed at validation and model construction will be
presented in the Part II of the manual.
This manual is the first step for generating data that will contribute to the Tiger
Habitat and Population Evaluation System for the Nation. This system would not
only serve as a monitoring tool for the tiger and its habitats but would also serve to
monitor the forests, their extents, threats, etc. - in effect monitor the entire wilderness
biodiversity resource for which the tiger serves as a flagship. The system is sufficiently
versatile for use in evaluating the status and habitat of several endangered species.
The initial investment and effort seem formidable but once developed the system
would pay dividends and require minimal resources to update at regular intervals.
It would not only serve as a tool for monitoring wilderness resources but could in
effect be used for diverse needs such as land use planning for agriculture,
communication network, mineral resources, etc. for the entire landscape within
each Tiger Conservation Unit covering thousands of square kilometers. This
approach to land use planning would ensure a holistic evaluation of any change
that is to be introduced keeping in mind the economic, social, conservation and
other values of the area.
The Tiger Habitat and Population Evaluation System would ensure that we keep
the pulse of the tiger population and its habitat for the future generations to come.
The system will collect and compile information in a scientifically structured manner.
The system would enable us to detect site-specific changes in time to address
them with timely intervention by management and policy decisions. The system
would permit a comprehensive analysis at micro levels like a small patch of forest
or at macro scale eg. a conservation unit, or at mega scale eg. country wide
analysis. With this system the information would be readily available to managers,
scientists, and policy makers enabling them to make decisions on actual facts
available from the field and not only on educated guesses, unreliable information
or expert systems. This state of the art technology application of remotely sensed
satellite data in GIS domain, combined with high spatial resolution field data for
conservation in the sub-continent would ensure international recognition of our
conservation efforts. It will help remove any doubt that may exist to our commitment
to conserve the magnificent tiger and its last remaining habitats on this earth.
6
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7
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8
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9
Sampling for Tiger and Other Carnivore Sign
Encounter Rate
To obtain data on the presence, absence and intensity of use by tigers, we shall
quantify the relative abundance of tiger signs in an area. The following procedure
needs to be followed for data collection:
A beat will be considered as a sampling unit.
Areas within the beat that that have the maximum potential for tiger
occupancy will be intensively searched.
Since tigers have a tendency of using dirt roads, trails, foot paths, river
beds and nullahas, these landscape features within the beat need to be
searched intensively (Figure 1).
One to three persons who know the terrain and habitat features of the
beat should conduct the search for tiger sign.
These persons should be equipped and trained to use a pedometer.
The total minimum distance covered while searching for tiger sign should
be 15 km per beat.
There should be 3-5 separate searches (in different compartments within
the beat and/or at different times 1-5 days apart) each search covering
about 4-6 km distance in areas having the best potential for tiger presence.
It is important to record the distance covered (if pedometer is available)
and the time spent during each search separately (in attached data sheet)
and accurately. If time is spent resting or in other activities while conducting
the search, this duration should be reported separately.
Tiger signs should be classified into the following categories 1) Pugmark
trails, 2) Scats (Old : dry with hair and bones visible; Fresh: dry but intact
with shiny surface; Very Fresh: soft, moist, and smelly; 3) Scrapes, 4)
Scent marks (spray, rolling), 5) Rake marks on trunks, 6) Actual sighting,
7) Roaring.
A brief description of the topology and habitat type is to be recorded for
each sign.
In case of pugmark trails, each trail set is considered as one sign (not
each pugmark as one sign). In case a tiger continues to walk along a dirt
10
road for a long distance (say 1 km), then this should be considered as
one sign, and a comment recorded in the remarks section of the data
regarding distance covered by a pugmark trail of a single tiger.
Tiger signs if encountered outside of the sampling route should also be
recorded with GPS coordinates (if available) and with appropriate
comments.
Special emphasis should be given to sign of tigress with cubs, and any
authentic evidence of tiger cubs (sightings of cubs, lactating tigress, tracks,
etc.) obtained within the past one month should be mentioned in the data
sheet.
While sampling for tiger signs, record should also be kept for signs of any
other carnivore that is encountered.
It is important to report data sincerely. It is likely that there may be reliable
information that tiger is present in the beat being sampled, but no tiger
signs are recorded during the intensive search survey. In such cases,
mention should be made in the remarks column of the data sheets.
However, failure in obtaining tiger sign from a beat is equally important as
recording tiger signs and for appropriate analysis of this data the actual
data should be reported.

Observers name ................................................... Start Time ........................................................
Date ..................................................... End Time : ......................................
Forest Circle :........................................ Forest Division: .............................
Range ................................................................ Beat .......................................................................
Total Kms. Walked .....................................-Km. Times Spent in any other activity ............Min.
Sl.
No.
Time Comp.
No.
Species*
Carnivores
Sign Types Remarks
& Lat. Long.

z
s

r

. Evidence of tigress with cubs during the past one month: Mention kind of evidence.........................................
.........., how many cubs ....................approximate age.................
z. In case tigers are known to be present in the beat, but no sign was obtained then mention on what
evidence was tiger presence ascertained and approximate
date.
s.* Carnivore species to be recorded : tiger, leopard, wild dog, bear, hyaena, wolf.
Date Sheet for Tiger &
Other Carnivore Sign Encounter Rate
11
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lri | ii nii |
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n i- - |
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13
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ri i -ii ............................i -iln lnli.......................li |
s.*1 -iii| iln ii, ni, i-ni, ii, ii i ili |
.*2 lri i n-i, iln (l-i), ii, nii (-i|,|), ii
(-|,), -i ii|
14
Sampling for Ungulate Encounter Rates
This protocol outlines a simple method for quantifying ungulate abundance in an
area, based on visual encounters while walking along fixed line transects. The
following procedure needs to be followed for data collection:
A beat would be considered as the unit for sampling.
After considering the shape, size, vegetation, and terrain type of the beat,
a transect line of a minimum of 2 km and not exceeding 4 km will be
marked for sampling.
The transect line should traverse similar habitat (broad vegetation types)
as far as possible. If the beat is composed of 2 or 3 distinct vegetation
types eg. Mixed Teak Forest comprising 40% of the beat and the remaining
60% comprised of Miscellaneous forest with bamboo, then 2 separate
line transects should be marked for sampling as shown in Figure. 2b.
Figure 2. Marking Transects in a Beat.
a) Line transect in a beat with similar habitat b) Line transect in a beat with 2 habitat types.
As shown in figure 2b, the line transect within a beat may be broken up
into 2 or more segments so that each segment has a minimum length of 1
km and traverses similar habitat.
Care should be taken that a line transect is not located near a busy road
nor should it run parallel to a river or other features of the landscape which
may bias sightings of ungulates.
For each transect the point of beginning and end point coordinates (Latitude
and Longitude) should be recorded by a global positioning system.
Each transect should be walked by 1-2 persons during the early morning
hours (6:30 AM to 8:30 AM). Preferably one of the persons walking
should be a good field person who is able to spot wildlife.
tra
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(3

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transect (1.5 km)
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15
Data Sheet
Encounter Rate on Line Transects
A record should be kept of all mammals and peafowl seen during the walk
in the prescribed format (see attached data sheet). For each animal sighting
the following needs to be recorded: 1) serial no of the sighting, 2) time of
the sighting, 3) species (eg. sambar, chital, wild pig, peafowl, langur, etc.),
4) group size number of animals of the same species in the group sighted,
it is important to try to count the number of animals in the group as accurately
as possible. Animals are considered to belong to 2 different groups if the
closest animals from the 2 groups are separated by a distance of over 30
m.
If possible the number of young (fawns/calves less than 1 year of age)
seen in the group should also be recorded.
A broad habitat category (vegetation and terrain type) needs to be recorded
for each sighting eg. S. No.5. 12 chital (10 adults and 2 young) were seen
at 6:40 am, in mixed teak forest, gently undulating terrain.
Observers name ................................................... Start Time .........................................................
Date: ................................................. End Time: ..............................................
ID no. of Line Transect: ....................................... Total LengthKm.
Forest Circle :....................................................... Forest Division: .....................................
Range .......................................... Beat ...............................................
Weather Condition : Cloudy/Clear sky
Beginning GPS Lat: ............................. N; Long : ..............................E.
End GPS Lat: ............................. N; Long : ..............................E.
Sl.No. Comp.
No.
Species*

Total Nos.
( Adults & Young)
Young Remarks

z
s

r

* Species that need to be recorded on the transect: Chital, Sambar, Nilgai, Gaur, Barking Deer,
Blackbuck, Chinkara, Wild Pig, Langur, Peafowl, Hare, Cattle (Livestock),and other mammalian
species seen.
16
F
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17
ii ii | li|n nii i i ii ii | li|n nii i i ii ii | li|n nii i i ii ii | li|n nii i i ii ii | li|n nii i i
r i iii | nii i ii i in n|i r| ; li| ,ii
iln l r -in (-i-) i rini| ; -in i iiln i nii
| li| l-llin r
i ;--i l |- r-i| ;i; rin|
|-, | i-, i, -ln i il-iln liinii iii
z l-| l-| -| iiln -in | ri nii ;i; -
| in||
r iiln -in |- - r| nr | -ln - ii ini| l
|- - i, i i li nr | -lni ri| iri ni
l-ln ini a% i i ri ca% i i i l-ln
i ri n i iiln -in ii -lni - i rin|
i i z. |- - ii ln -in i llrn i i i z. |- - ii ln -in i llrn i i i z. |- - ii ln -in i llrn i i i z. |- - ii ln -in i llrn i i i z. |- - ii ln -in i llrn i
) iiln -in |- - ) iiln -in ri |- -
ri nr | -ln ri nrnr | -ln ri
i | ii z () - nii ni r, |- - iiln -in i i lr-i
i-i ni r| - lr- - l-| i iiln -in rii ilr|
; in i i ii i l iiln -in , | ii i
i| iii -iin ri |
- |- - iiln -in il-i ln- lr- i |a|aa
,ii lat long i rini|
- iiln -in in (c.sa s.sa) i rini | -in
i ln i -ln ii i - ni rii ilr|
nii ii ln iiln -in iii i -i | nii
ni (i ;,i i s)
tra
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(3

k
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transect (1.5 km)
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(
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)
18
- i i ii ni ri i - ii (-i i)
- ii| ) i i i i -, z) i | iln
i i- (iri |n, ii, n| , n, -i, il), s) n
- ii | i, i r| iln ri (lni ri ii |
i iii| ), ) - n | i n li|
r ri l i i li n - r n i i n
- -r ri i || i ni -i - | sa -| i
li ri n ii i i ni - lni i|
n ri ni n - i | nii | i|
- n | lnn| ii, nr | -ln il-iln |
ii| i| | i| iri -, l- i (..) r, z
|n (a iln, z i) - c in, l-ln ini , --
ri nr|
- i - i; |i - i - i; |i - i - i; |i - i - i; |i - i - i; |i
- lii | nii - lii | nii - lii | nii - lii | nii - lii | nii
. -i. .
iln *

i
( i|)
l-i|

z
s

r

ilni l i - i i r |n, ii, |ni, ni, i-| (i|),
ilii, ii -n, lii, n| , n, , -i, iri (inii), -i|
(ni, i, | il) i| i| i| i| i| -nii| (-iiri|,iiiri|)
-|
. -i- i;, i i - -i- -in ri i - |
2- -i- n - l| ii| i n li | iln,
i (i lrn) i- s - li i | i i- - li|
ni ........................................... - ii ............................................
-i- i; -i .............................-i; ............................. - n .............................................
li ...................................................... -i - i,ii
-n ....................................................... - ..................................................
.............................................................. |- ..........................................................
i i |.|.. Lat: ............................. N; Long : ..............................E.
n |.|.. Lat: ............................. N; Long : ..............................E.
19
Sampling for Vegetation and Human Disturbances
To quantify the habitat parameters and determine relative abundance of ungulates
sampling will be done along the same line transect on which ungulate encounter
rates were estimated. For economy of time and effort it would be possible to first
sample the line transect during early morning hours for ungulate encounter rate and
then while returning along the same line sample for vegetation and ungulate pellets.
Again a beat will be the sampling unit, and sampling will be done along the
established line transect.
The same principal of laying line transects as explained in the section on
ungulate encounter rates is applicable here (see Figure 2).
Vegetation would need to be sampled every 200 m along the transect.
It is not necessary to measure this distance (200m interval) with the aid of
a measuring tape, the use of a pedometer would suffice. However, the
coordinates of each plot (Lat. Long.) would need to be recorded using a
GPS.
The vegetation would need to be quantified visually at the following
categories for each plot:
In 15 m. radius circular plot
1) Broad vegetation type and associated terrain type eg. mixed teak
forest on hilly terrain, sal forest on flat land, etc.
2) Within a distance of approximately 15 m of the observer the five most
dominant trees need to be listed in the order of dominance (abundance)
(see Figure 4).
3) The observer needs to list the 5 most dominant shrub species in order
of dominance (abundance) within 15m of the location. He needs to
categorize shrub density (under-story vegetation) as absent (very low),
low, medium, and dense.
4) Within the same 15 m distance the observer needs to record number
of signs of lopping, wood cutting, and presence/absence of human &
cattle trail.
5) The observer needs to visually quantify the canopy cover at the location.
The observer should subjectively classify the proportion of the sky above
20
him that is covered by canopy foliage and categorize it into <0.1, 0.1-
0.2, 0.2-0.4, 0.4-0.6, 0.6-0.8, >0.8 canopy cover (see Figure 5 ).
In 1 m radius circular plot
6) The observer needs to use a 2m long stick to define an imaginary
circle around him with the stick as the radius. Within this circular plot
(2m radius) the observer needs to a) quantify the percent ground
cover, i.e. the proportion of the ground covered by herbs, grasses,
litter, and bare ground, b) List the 3 most dominant grass species,
herb species, and weeds in order of dominance (see Figure 6).
Sampling for Ungulate Pellets
Ungulate abundance will also be indexed by enumerating their faecal pellets. This
exercise will be done on the same line transect that has been sampled for ungulate
encounter rate. To save time, this exercise could be done after the line transect has
been sampled in the early morning for ungulate encounters.
At every 100 m along the transect (line of walk) the observer needs to
sample an area of 2m by 15m, perpendicular to the transect for quantifying
ungulate pellets. This is done by using the 2 m stick held at the centre
horizontally in his hand and by walking slowly, 15m once to the right of
the transect and after another 100 m to the left (see Figure 7).
All ungulate pellets encountered need to be recognized to ungulate species
and recorded in appropriate columns of the attached data sheet
(see appendix 3).
The number of faecal pellets need to be counted. In cases where the
pellets occur in large heaps, then they should be categorized into the
following categories: A (50-100), B (100-200) and C (>200).
In areas where small livestock like sheep and goat are known to be grazed,
it is possible that feacal pellets of these can be confused with wild ungulates
especially those of chital. In such areas, a mention needs to be made that
goat or sheep graze the area.
21
22
Figure. 4. Sampling tree and shrub
species in a 15m plot every 200m
along the transect
i i . i | iln | ri, i i . i | iln | ri, i i . i | iln | ri, i i . i | iln | ri, i i . i | iln | ri,
r-|. i- - r zaa-|. ii ln r-|. i- - r zaa-|. ii ln r-|. i- - r zaa-|. ii ln r-|. i- - r zaa-|. ii ln r-|. i- - r zaa-|. ii ln
-in | -in | -in | -in | -in |
15m
1
m
23
24
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28
-ln, - ,ii iln i-i i i -ln, - ,ii iln i-i i i -ln, - ,ii iln i-i i i -ln, - ,ii iln i-i i i -ln, - ,ii iln i-i i i
ii i i ii i i ii i i ii i i ii i i
iln ll-iln i -i i iii | ni-- nii i ii
iiln -in li ini| r iiln -in r| rini l iii |
nii | in|| - | i l- | n l r in iiln -in
iii | nii | i i | -in i-n r -ln iii
ni i ii li i|
; ii l |- ii ;i; rin|| ii r iiln
-in li ini|
iiln -in i | ii - iii | nii l iii ni
r, i rini
-ln i ii ii ln -in - zaa -|. | | li i |
; iiln -in i-i i n |.|.. li i|
-ln ii, l- i ,ii l-llin lii - li i
r -|. i i i i - r -|. i i i i - r -|. i i i i - r -|. i i i i - r -|. i i i i -
. -i- ni -ln i iiln| i i iri l-ln -|
, ri| ri i, i , -n i il
z. n| r -| | | n - i; i i i | ilni
i |, n| | - rin| i i li (ii)
s. ini ;| r -| - nili | ilni i - i | r|
nr | - rin| i i |, n| li| ii
r| nili | nii i i ni - i- nili i rii, -
nili, -- i li nili|
. ;| r -| | | - i i -i, i | iln, in nii,
i i | i ni i -i ,ii nli|
r. ini i s i i a - | i
s ,ii iii i n| i < a., a.a.z, a.za.,
a.a.c, a.ca.s, >0.s (ii r) - ri|
29
i ii ni ii i i i ii ni ii i i i ii ni ii i i i ii ni ii i i i ii ni ii i i
iiln -in (-i-) l iii | nii | n; | nii
i-n - iii ni i ii li i|
iiln -in - aa -| | | ini i
i (ii| ) sa
a
ii r -| -| i z -| i| ;| -
iii ni | lnn| | r i rii - z -| | | | -
r -| n iiln -in i (ii /), l aa -|.
i i , r li iiln -in n n iri|
i| iii ni -| ri , | i - in|
-ni - li|
iii ni | | ln| i| n | i li ri ni
- | n; lii, A (raaa), B (aazaa) i C (>zaa)
i li|
n ii i - li i i n| ri ni i li -
li, il ; ni i |n ;-il n| ii ni
n ii l- rini r|
-|. i i i - - -|. i i i - - -|. i i i - - -|. i i i - - -|. i i i - -
c. ii, ii i ini l z -| | | ii
i| niii i - i i | ini ;
z -| niii - () -ln ,ii isiln il- lnin i
i , ii, ii, ini, ln| r; l-ii, i i|
l -| () ln| r; l-ii i --| -rli i lnin ()
; niii - ii, ii, ini - n| n| ilni i
|, - - | - rin| i i li (ii c)
30
31
32
33
Appendix-I
Major ungulate species
Chital n| n| n| n| n| Sambar i i i i i i i i i i
Nilgai Male |ni |ni |ni |ni |ni Barking Deer i (i |) i (i |) i (i |) i (i |) i (i |)
Chinkara l ii l ii l ii l ii l ii
Blackbuck ii - n ii - n ii - n ii - n ii - n
Chowsingha i l ii i l ii i l ii i l ii i l ii
34
Appendix-II
Tracks of major carnivores
6 in.
3.5 in.
7 in.
Tiger ii Leopard n i
Hyaena ii Dhole i -ni Jackal n|
Sloth Bear ii
35
Appendix-III
Fecal pellets of wild ungulates and their characteristics
Sambar
Though sambar occur in most forested areas, their preferred habitat is forested
hilly areas with ample water availability. Their fecal pellets are characterized by a
barrel shape, the base of which is flattened to concave in shape. The tip of the
pellet tapers to a flattish point. Adult sambar pellets range in size from 1.5 to 2 cm
in length and 0.8 to 1.4 cm in diameter. Small size pellets from young sambar can
sometimes be confused with chital pellets due to overlap in size.
Chital
Chital are restricted to flattish or undulating forested terrain. They normally avoid
steep hilly terrain. Their fecal pellets are cylindrical with the bottom end rounded
and the apical region tapering to a point. Adult chital pellets range in size from 1.2
to 1.8 cm, but are much slender in comparison to sambar and nilgai pellets. In
degraded areas chital pellets can be confused with goat pellets.
Nilgai
Nilgai occur in open forests, scrub and thorn jungle, and degraded areas. They
can also be found at low densities in prime forests. Nilgai have a tendency to
defecate at fixed latrine sites forming dung piles. The fecal pellets of nilgai are
similar in size to sambar but are distinguished by a cylindrical shape with flat or
smooth angular surfaces. The base of nilgai pellets is not as flat as that of sambar.
Adult nilgai pellets 1.5 to 2 cm in length with a diameter of 1 to 1.4 cm on the
average. The color is often dark brown to blackish.
Barking Deer
Barking deer pellets are likely to be found throughout forested areas except in dry
forested tracts. The fecal pellets are elongated and crinkled often with a twisted
look and dented surface. The pellets taper towards both ends giving a spindle
shape, the tips vary from being long and hook like to blunt. In a clump it is often
common to encounter a large variation in size and shape between individual pellets
from the same animal. They range in size between 1-1.8cm and about 0.4 to 0.7
cm in diameter.
Chowsingha
Chowsingha pellets are small in size. They vary in shape, being ovoid or slightly
elongated. The length of the pellets vary between 0.6 to 1.2 cm and the diameter
is between 0.6 to o.8 cm. There is a distinct habitat separation between chowsingha
and blackbuck and therefore less likely hood of confusing the pellets of the two
species. Often habitats of chital, chausinga and barking deer may overlap.
36
Sambar lka Hkj lka Hkj lka Hkj lka Hkj lka Hkj
Chital phry phry phry phry phry
Nilgai uhyxk; uhyxk; uhyxk; uhyxk; uhyxk;
Barking Deer ?kq Vjh Hks M+ dh ?kq Vjh Hks M+ dh ?kq Vjh Hks M+ dh ?kq Vjh Hks M+ dh ?kq Vjh Hks M+ dh
Chowsingha pkS fla ?kk pkS fla ?kk pkS fla ?kk pkS fla ?kk pkS fla ?kk
Appendix-III
Fecal pellets of wild ungulates and their characteristics
37
i i
ii iin ii - ii ini r, n | rniin i| i ri| ii -
rin| r| ii i ni ii i rini r| li n i| r; i
niii rin| r, | -i; .rz .-|. i a.s. .-|. rini r| ii
si - | li |n nin -i ri n| r n + l n li i i
i rii ii rini| |ni | | nin - ii -i r| rin| r
n ii i |ni - i-i n ri ii ilni i nr ri |
-iii - rin||
|n
|n lin -n i -- +ni i i -ii l-n r| ii l
i i i ri| ii - r| i in| | li l -i rin| r i
n |i rini r| - |n | | .z.s .-|. rin| r i ii
|ni n| rin| r| -i| | i; i i - |n i i | | li
- n ii l- rini r| ;l iii| - iln | ri |
|ni
|ni i , ni|i l- i - i in r| - i - i -
i| i in r| |nii i r| nr ni | in rin| r, l |
ni i n ini r , r -ini i iri lin i i l-n r | |ni
| | nin ii | nr r| nn| r l | nii; ii -i rin|
r| |ni | | i lsi iin ii | nr r| rini r| - |ni |
| .r z .-|. -| i i i . .-|. rini r| | i n nri
-i; i ii rini r| |ni | li - i; in| r|
i (i-|, i|)
i -| | li i - r| i; in| r | ;| i ini i - l- | -iii
- r| r li -|, -i i n|i rin| r i | nr n
rin| r| ii n || i r-i i| rin| r| ;| | r| - ; nr
i - l- | --iii rin| r| | | -i; .s .-| i i a.
a./ .-| nin rini r|
i l ii
i l ii | | in ni i -| ri n| r | ;| -i; a.c .z .-|. i i
a.c a.s .-|. rini r| |n, ilii i i-| i-i ; nri r|
ri n| ilni | li l- | -iii ri n| r|
lli-s lli-s lli-s lli-s lli-s
i ii i ni i ii i ii i ni i ii i ii i ni i ii i ii i ni i ii i ii i ni i ii
38
Annexure-IV
List of participants in Workshop Tiger Evaluation and Monitoring
System Karmajhiri, Pench Tiger Reserve Seoni M.P.
10-11 February 2004
1. Dr. Rajesh Gopal, Director, Project Tiger
2. Shri K. Nayak, FD Kahna Tiger Reserve
3. Shri S.Mukharya, FD Panna Tiger Reserve
4. Shri R. G. Soni, FD Pench Tiger Reserve
5. Shri Satish Tyagi, CF Chhindwara
6. Shri Shyamal Tikadar, DD Project Tiger
7. Shri R.P. Singh, CF Wildlife PCCF Office Bhopal
8. Shri N.S. Dungariyal, CF
9. Shri B.K. Mishra, CF Balaghat
10. Shri Y.V. Jhala, WII
11. K. Qureshi, WII
12. Shri Anand Kumar, DFO North Balaghat
13. Shri M. Singh, DFO South Balaghat
14. Shri B.S. Annagiri, DFO East Chhindwara
15. Shri H.S. Negi, Dy. Director Kanha Tiger Reserve
16. Shri Aseem Shrivastava, Dy. Director, Buffer Kanha Tiger Reserve
17. Shri Subharanjan Sen, Dy. Director, Pench Tiger Reserve
18. Shri M. Ramachandran, Supdt. Bori Satpura N. P.
19. Shri R.K. Sharma, SDO Balaghat
20. Shri Kamal Arora, SDO Sausar, South Chhindwara
21. Shri R.K. Mishra, ACF, Pench Tiger Reserve
22. Shri Sanjeev Jha, ACF , Pench Tiger Reserve
23. Shri L.L. Uikey, ACF , Panna Tiger Reserve
24. Shri S.N. Nachne, Dy. CF Court. Casses Jabalpur
25. Shri S.C. Pandey, RO Katangi Jabalpur
26. Shri Sandesh Maheshwari, RO Chourai(T) Chhindwara
27. Shri J.P. Bhalekar, RO, Gumtara Pench Tiger Reserve
28. Shri Ravi Khude, RO, Karmajhiri Pench Tiger Reserve
29. Shri D. Ekka, GRO, Khajuraho
30. Shri U.S. Parihar, Forester, Panna Tiger Reserve
31. Shri M.S. Ali, Forester, West Balaghat
32. Shri S. Tiwari, Forester, West Chhindwara
33. Shri P.C. Dubey, CF Working Plan Seoni
34. Shri Ajay Yadav, DM Barthat Project Seoni
35. Shri N.P. Tiwari, Forester, Pench Tiger Reserve
36. Shri D.B. Warhave, ACF Jabalapur
37. Shri K.C.Pillai, Dy. Ranger, Pench Tiger Reserve
39
38. Shri Rajiv Shrivastava, Pro Kanha
39. Shri N.S. Chouhan, Forester Satpura N.P.
40. Shri A.K. Saxena, Dy. Ranger, South Chhindwara
41. Shri G.P. Soni, R.A. Alikatta, Pench Tiger Reserve
42. Shri R.N. Sarathe, Dy. Ranger, Pench Tiger Reserve
43. Shri Himanshu Malhotra, News, New delhi
44. Shri Millind Deshmuch, Computer Operator, Balaghat
45. Shri Subhash Verma, Sociologist, Pench Tiger Reserve
46. Dr. Alok Dwivedi, Ecologist, Pench Tiger Reserve
1. Shri G. Krishna Murthy, CF Jabalpur
2. Shri Sunil Agrawal, DFO South Seoni
3. Shri R.D. Mahale, DFO Katani
4. Shri Dilip Kumar, DFO Jabalpur
5. Shri H.U. Khan, DFO East Mandla
6. Shri M. Kali Durai, DFO West Mandala
7. Shri K.P. Bangar, ACF, Pench Tiger Reserve
8. Shri K.S. Netam, DFO Betul (Production)
9. Shri P.C. Dayama, ACF Betul
10. Shri Lal Arvindam, ACF Rukhad, Seoni
11. Shri S.S. Bhadoriya, R.A. Rukhad, Seoni
12. Shri D.M. Baghel, RA, Badalpar Seoni
13. Shri V.K. Sharma RO, Eco, Rukhad Pench Tiger Reserve
14. Shri R.A. Singh, Forester Jabalpur
15. Shri Akhilesh Mishra, RA. Karmajhiri Pench Tiger Reserve.
Participants who joined on February 11, 2004
40
Appendix V
Instructions to Accompany the Data Sheets
ii | l-iln i-i i r n i liil i ii | l-iln i-i i r n i liil i ii | l-iln i-i i r n i liil i ii | l-iln i-i i r n i liil i ii | l-iln i-i i r n i liil i
. . . . . ii l- iiln -ii - ii lri i i i r s l nini li
ini| - l nn -iii - ii lri | ii | in|| -
l l ii -i i- in - i in|
z . z . z . z . z . iii | nii nii -ln i i l i; i i| - -i-
i; r n lin -ilii| i i l-n n i l - |- l |
(Unique) rin|| l |- - li -i- i; i i | ini
n| r ni i;i i -ilii| ,ii il-n i in A, B, C il
i iii ini, iri l l |- i il-n i as ri ni -i-
i;i -i asA, asB il ri n|
s . s . s . s . s . -i- iii | nii nii -ln i i ii i l li ini|
; i r n - -i - i; l - l ii -i z i-i
i in li ini|
. . . . . -is i-i i in - -i- i; - aa -|- i
i i li l li ini| - aa -|- -i- i;
-n lii - | i i| ;| | lii l r aa -|- i rii | lii -
ri ni zaa -|- i lii - rin| i ; i iiii ........ - i
i ii i|
r . r . r . r . r . -i i- i i n -i - i; - zaa -|- r -|- ,i
niii i- nii -ir i- i in -|- ,i i niii
i- - l i i ii i li l li i|
c . c . c . c . c . -is, r r| i- - --n i li l in ir r
i i li - i ri|
/ . / . / . / . / . nii i ri r r| i i r ii| ri i ilr l | |- - l i
l i - r | nii i ri r li lii| r lln n l i
i iii r| -i- i; |-i - ri i| i|
s . s . s . s . s . i i r i| ii| i| rin| l | |- - ii lr l- | iii
l -iii li r|
s . s . s . s . s . -i- i; iii | nii li in c.sa s.sa n i
| i|
a. a. a. a. a. ii lri i i liln l - l| i| - lii i | i n| r|
iii lri | nii - n - i li ~i li i| nii
ii l n li- - i i| ~i i- - l n -ii li i|
- i - i lni - n i li ini l- i- ln - - - i - i lni - n i li ini l- i- ln - - - i - i lni - n i li ini l- i- ln - - - i - i lni - n i li ini l- i- ln - - - i - i lni - n i li ini l- i- ln - -
i i i, iri -i;n l i lin | i i | ln i i i, iri -i;n l i lin | i i | ln i i i, iri -i;n l i lin | i i | ln i i i, iri -i;n l i lin | i i | ln i i i, iri -i;n l i lin | i i | ln
- -n li i r n lin i| i| - -n li i r n lin i| i| - -n li i r n lin i| i| - -n li i r n lin i| i| - -n li i r n lin i| i|
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