ME 372 Thermodynamics II Chapter 8 Gas Power Cycles

Presented by: Damon Ogden 2-13-01

Reciprocating Engines

CH 8 Sections 8.4 - 8.6

Short Video

3.3 Liter V 12 1965 Ferrari 275 Water Brake Dynamometer Over 300 hp

Discussion Topics 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. - History - General Knowledge - 4 Stroke Cycle - Otto Cycle - Diesel Cycle

History
Nikolaus Otto patented the Otto Cycle Engine 1876 Spark ignition engines use the Otto Cycle Rudolf Diesel received patent for Diesel Cycle Engine in 1892 Compression Ignition engines use the Diesel Cycle and hence the name diesel engines

How much do you know?

What are are some differences between gasoline and diesel engines?

Ways to describe an engine

Application Design Geometry Working Cycle Fuel Method of load control Method of ignition

Piston -Cylinder Nomenclature

Otto / Diesel Cycle Differences

Four Stroke Cycle Otto Cycle Throttle Air Fuel/Air mix Load Control Working Fluid During Compression Start Combustion Diesel Cycle Meter Fuel Air

Spark

Inject Fuel

Four-Stroke Cycle
Intake Compression Power Exhaust Suck Squeeze Bang Blow

http://www.howstuffworks.com/engine.htm

Thermodynamic Properties
The working fluid is air, and behaves as an ideal gas. Combustion processes are modeled as heat addition from an external source. Heat reject process to the surroundings is used to restore working fluid to its initial state. All processes are internally reversible.

Combustion

Four Stroke Cycle P-V diagram

Power

Pressure

Exhaust Valve Opens Exhaust Valve Closes

Exhaust Intake Valve Closes

Intake Valve Opens

Intake

TDC

Volume

BDC

Spark Ignition, Otto Cycle Engines

From < 1 hp to > 3000 hp Cars Trucks Motor Cycles Small Engines, i.e.; Lawn Mower, Mems

Spark Ignition Engine Characteristics

Compression Ratio of 6 - 12= V@TDC RPM 900 - 8000 Power per unit Volume 3 - 60 kW / Liter B Ferrari in video @ 68 kW / liter Bore = .05 - .45 m

V@BDC

TDC

BDC

Otto Cycle
p 3
s = constant

2 1

A Quick Review of Terms

s = entropy, h = enthalpy, u = internal energy Isometric = Constant Volume Isobaric = Constant Pressure Isothermal = Constant Temperature = No irreversibilities, Ideal process for adiabatic processes
(adiabatic = no heat transfer)

Isentropic

Otto Cycle Model

Intake and exhaust strokes not modeled Compression modeled as isentropic Heat input modeled as isometric, occurring at TDC Expansion modeled as isentropic Heat rejection modeled as isometric, occurring at BDC

Otto Cycle Analysis

Process 1-2: Isentropic Compression p Apply First Law

qw= u
Since s = 0 2 1 v

v r 2 v2 1 = = vr1 v1 r

Otto Cycle Analysis

Process 2-3 Isometric Heating Apply First Law p 3

qw= u
but v = constant, therefore w = 0 2 1 v

qin = u3 u2

Otto Cycle Analysis

Process 3-4 Isentropic Expansion Apply First Law p 3

qw= u
But since s = 0 2 1 v 4

vr 4 v4 = =r vr 3 v3

Otto Cycle Analysis

Process 4-1 Isometric Cooling Apply First Law p 3

qw= u
but v = constant, therefore: 2 1 v 4

q out = u1 u4

Compression Ignition Diesel Cycle Engines

From < 50 hp to > 6000 hp Cars Trucks Trains Boats Power Plants Construction Equipment

1.47 L, 50 hp Volkswagen

Combustion Ignition Engine Characteristics

Compression Ratios, rc of 12 - 23 Power per unit volume 2 - 26 kW / Liter TDC Bore .075 - 1 m RPM 110 - 5000 B V@BDC BDC 8 Liter rc = V@TDC 400 hp
Caterpillar

Diesel Cycle Model

Intake and exhaust strokes not modeled Compression modeled as isentropic Heat input modeled as isobaric, occurring from TDC to appropriate volume Expansion modeled as isentropic Heat rejection modeled as isometric, occurring at BDC

Diesel Cycle
p 2 3 T p=const 2 4 3 4 v=const 1 v s

s=c

s=c
1

Diesel Cycle Analysis

Process 1-2: Isentropic Compression Apply First Law p

qw= u

Since s = 0

v r 2 v2 1 = = vr1 v1 r

1 v

Diesel Cycle Analysis

Process 2-3 Isobaric Heating Apply First Law p q - w = u 2 but p = constant, therefore w = p v qin = h3 - h2

Cutoff Ratio = rc

r c = v3 - v2

1 v

Only process where Otto and Diesel Cycle differ

Diesel Cycle Analysis

Process 3-4 Isentropic Expansion p Apply First Law 2 q - w = u But since s = 0
3

4 1 v

vr 4 v4 r = = vr3 v3 rc

Diesel Cycle Analysis

Process 4-1 Isometric Cooling Apply First Law p 3

qw= u

2 4 1 v

but v = constant, therefore:

qout = u1 u4

Comparison Of the Two Cycles

Otto cycle utilizes an external energy source to initiate Combustion (spark plug) Diesel cycle relies on temp and pressure to start combustion Diesels only compress air, during compression stroke Otto cycle, spark engines compress both air and fuel during compression stroke

Comparison Continued
Fuel plays major role in cycle differences
Spark ignition engines need fuels that are resistant to (knock) Diesel engines require fuels that will auto ignite under proper pressure and temperature Diesel fuel allows for higher Comp Ratios, = higher efficiencies.

Summary of Reciprocating Engines

Been around for 125 years Havent changed much: Computers, Lower Emissions Good for man, bad for the earth: Not going anywhere soon Future is Hydrogen, exhaust = H2O

Future = Mems Engines?

.001 kW

The End
Any Questions ?

Blank Slide

Diesel Cycle Analysis

Combining above equations:
won = u1 u2

qin = h3 h2 wby = u3 u4 + p2 ( v3 v2 )
q out = u1 u4
wnet = wby + won = (u3 u4 ) + p2 (v3 v2 ) + (u1 u2 )

w net u 3 u 4 + p 2 ( v 3 v 2 ) + u1 u 2 = th = q in h3 h2

Equations:

pv = RT
q w = u

wnet th = qin

wnet MEP = For isentropic processes: v

vr 2 v2 1 = = vr1 v1 r

Example: 9-2 Diesel Cycle An air-standard Diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 16 and a cutoff ratio of 2. At the beginning of compression, p1 = 14.2 psi, V1 = 0.5 ft3, and T1 = 520oR. Determine: (a) the heat added, [Btu] (b) the heat rejected, [Btu] (c) the thermal efficiency (d) the Carnot efficiency (e) the mean effective pressure, [psi]

Summary of Conditions - Diesel Cycle

point p - psia o T R v ft3/lb u - Btu/lb h - Btu/lb vr V - ft3 1 14.2 520 2 3 4

0.5

r = 16,

rc = 2

Solution: (point 1)
RT1 = v1 = p1 1545 ft lb f o 520 R o 28.97lb R 3 ft = 13.56 lb f 144in 2 lb 14.2 2 2 in 1 ft

Solution cont'd (point 2)

(isentropic compression from point 1:

vr 2 v2 1 158.58 = = vr 2 = = 9.911 vr1 v1 r 16

fr = vr 2 vr (1480 ) vr (1520 ) vr (1480 ) 9.911 10.34 = = 0.563 9.578 10.34
o

from air table, T2 is between 1480 & 1520 o

T2 = 1480 + (0.563)(1520 1480 ) = 1502 R

Point 2 cont'd u 2 = 262.44 + (0.563)(270.26 262.44 )

Btu = 266.84 lb h2 = 363.89 + (0.563)(374.47 363.89 )

Btu = 369.4 lb

Point 2 cont'd
p2 v2 p1v1 T2 v1 T2 = p2 = p1 = p1 r T2 T1 T1 v2 T1 lb f 1502 lb f p2 = 14.2 2 (16 ) = 656 2 520 in in
Point 3
T3 = 1502o R (2 ) = 3005o R p3v3 p2 v2 p3 v3 = T3 = T2 = T2 rc T3 T2 p 2 v2

Point 3 cont'd
from Air Table, T3 is between 3000 & 3050oR

using appropriate linear interpolation, determine

Btu u3 = 585.04 + (0.1)(596.28 585.04 ) = 586.16 lb Btu h3 = 790.68 + (0.1)(805.34 790.68) = 792.15 lb vr 3 = 1.180 + (0.1)(1.118 1.180 ) = 1.174

Point 4
Isentropic expansion from point 3
V4 0.5 vr 4 = v r 3 = (1.174 ) = 9.390 V3 0.0625

from table, 1520 & 1560oR, interpolation

fr = vr 4 vr (1520 ) vr (1560 ) vr (1520 ) 9.390 9.578 = 0.273 = 8.890 9.578

T4 = 1520 + (0.273)(1560 1520) = 1531o R Btu u4 = 270.26 + (0.273)(178.13 270.26 ) = 272.4 lb

Summary of Conditions - Diesel Cycle

Point 1 2 3 4 Start of Start of Start of Start of Compressio Heating Expansion Cooling 14.2 520 13.56 88.62 124.7 158.58 0.5 656 1502 266.84 369.84 9.911 0.0313

p - psia T oR v ft 3/lb u - Btu/lb h - Btu/lb vr V - ft 3

3005 586.16 792.15 0.0625

1531 272.4 9.39 0.5

r = 16,

rc = 2

Calculations:
(a)
V1 0.5 ft 2 m= = = 3.69 10 lb 3 ft v1 13.56 lb
3

Btu qin = h3 h2 = 792.15 369.84 = 422.31 lb

Btu Qin = m qin = (0.0369lb ) 422.3 = 15.57 Btu lb

Qin = 15.57 Btu

Calculations cont'd
(b)
Qout Btu = m(u1 u 4 ) = (0.0369lb )(88.62 272.4 ) lb

Qout = 6.78 Btu

(c)
th = 1
Qout Qin 6.78 = 1 15.57

th = 0.564

Otto Cycle Analysis

Combining above equations:
won = u1 u2

qin = u3 u2 wby = u3 u4 q out = u1 u4

wnet = wby + won = (u3 u4 ) + (u1 u2 )

wnet u3 u4 + u1 u2 = th = qin u3 u2

Example: 9-1 At the beginning of the compression process in an air-standard Otto Cycle, p1 = 14.7 psi, T1 = 530oR. The compression ratio is 8. Determine for a maximum cycle temperature of 2000oR: thermal efficiency, Carnot efficiency, and mean effective pressure.

Summary of Conditions
Point 1 2 start start of of compression heating 14.7 530 3 start of expansion 4 start of cooling

p-psia T oR v-ft3/lb u-Btu/lb vr

2000

r=8

Summary of Conditions - data from air table

Point 1 2 start start of of compression heating 14.7 530 90.3 151.38 3 start of expansion 4 start of cooling

p-psia T oR v-ft3/lb u-Btu/lb vr

2000 367.61 4.258

r=8

Equations:

pv = RT
q w = u

wnet th = qin

wnet MEP = For isentropic processes: v

vr 2 v2 1 = = vr1 v1 r

Solution:
1 ft 2 1545 ft lb f 530 o R 28.97lb oR 144in 2 RT1 ft 3 = 13.35 = v1 = lb f p1 lb 14.7 2 in

v1 13.35 ft / lb ft v2 = = = 1.67 r lb 8

vr1 151.38 = = 18.92 vr 2 = r 8

Solution cont'd
From air tables, note that T2 is between 1160 and 1200 oR. doing the interpolation: T2 = 1191 oR u2 = 207.33 Btu/lb

Summary of Conditions - calculations

Point 1 2 start start of of compression heating 14.7 530 13.35 90.3 151.38 3 start of expansion 4 start of cooling

p-psia T oR v-ft3/lb u-Btu/lb vr

1191 1.67 207.3 18.92

2000 367.61 4.258

954 164.2 34.064

r=8

Solution - cont'd

(90.3 207.3) + 0 + (367.7 164.2) + 0 =

Btu 86.4 = wnet lb qin = q23 = u3 u 2 =
Btu (367.6 207.3) = 160.3 = qin lb

wnet = w1 2 + w23 + w3 4 + w41 =

Solution - cont'd
wnet 86.4 th = = = 0.54 = th qin 160.3
530 Tc Carnot = 1 = 1 = 0.74 = Carnot 2000 Th
ft lb f Btu 86.4 778 lb Btu wnet = MEP = v1 v2 ft 3 in 2 (13.35 1.67 ) 144 2 lb ft MEP = 39.9 lb f in 2

Calculations cont'd
(d)

Tc 520 Carnot = 1 = 1 Th 3005

Carnot = 0.827
(e)
MEP = Wnet Q + Qout = in = V1 V2 V1 V2

ft lb f 778 Btu 15.57 Btu 6.78 Btu 0.5 ft 3 0.0313 ft 3 2 144 in 2 ft

MEP = 101

lb f in 2

Internal Combustion Engine Models

Spark Ignition Engine Otto Cycle Compression Ignition Engine Diesel Cycle

The piston moves the length of the cylinder four times for one complete cycle. Hence the name four stroke or four cycle engine.

Otto Cycle Model

Diesel Cycle Model

Piston-Cylinder Nomenclature
Bore = B, Stroke = S Bottom dead center = BDC Top dead center = TDC Mean Piston Speed = Sp = 2SN , N = engine speed in rev/s Clearance volume = VTDC Displacement volume = VBDC - VTDC Compression ratio r = VBDC/VTDC

Method of Load Control

Throttle Air
(Otto cycle, spark ignition)

Fuel Metering
(Diesel Cycle, compression

ignition)

Diesel Cycle
p 2 3 T p=const 2 4 3 4 v=const 1 v s

s=c

s=c
1

Diesel Cycle Analysis

Process 3-4 Isentropic Expansion p Apply First Law 2
3

qw= u
But since s = 0
1

Diesel Cycle Analysis

Process 3-4 Isentropic Expansion p Apply First Law 2 But since s = 0
3

qw= u

4 1 v

vr 4 v4 r = = vr3 v3 rc

Diesel Cycle Analysis

Process 4-1 Isometric Cooling Apply First Law p 3

qw= u

2 4 1 v

but v = constant, therefore:

q out = u1 u4

Intake Stroke (Suck)

Intake valve open Exhaust valve closed Piston moves from TDC to BDC drawing in mixture of fuel and air (Only air for diesel cycle)

Compression Stroke (Squeeze)

Intake valve closes Exhaust valve remains closed Piston moves from BDC to TDC compressing fuel/air mixture, or air only Otto Cycle Near top of stroke, spark ignites fuel/air mixture, causing heat input Diesel Cycle Fuel injected into compressed air, in the cylinder

Power Stroke (Bang)

Both valves closed Hot combustion products expand causing piston to move from TDC to BDC, producing work output

Exhaust Stroke (Blow)

Exhaust valve opens Intake valve remains closed Piston moves from BDC to TDC, forcing spent combustion products out of cylinder

Applications
Auto Semi-Truck Locomotive Marine Aircraft Stationary Power

Design Geometry V Inline Opposed Rotary Radial

Operating Cycle 4 stroke

(There are others, but those will be for a discussion)

Fuels
Gasoline Diesel Natural Gas Liquid Propane Methanol Mixed gases