Microwave - Docu

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING
ECE212
COMMUNICATIONS IV
MICROWAVE COMMUNICATIONS
MICROWAVE PROJECT
DESIGN OF MICROWAVE SYSTEM FROM
SANTA ANA, BULACAN TO ANGONO, RIZAL
SUBMITTED BY:
MARY GRACE ANNE P. VICTORIO
5 ECE – C
SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. IRINEO P. QUINTO
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. OBJECTIVES ............................................................................... 1
II. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 2
III. SITE DEMOGRAPHY AND DESCRIPTION
A. NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION ........................................... 3
B. CENTRAL LUZON ................................................................. 13
C. SOUTHERN TAGALOG ........................................................ 22
IV. PATH DATA
A. CALCULATION SHEET ........................................................ 32
B. PATH PROFILE ...................................................................... 52
C. TRANSMISSION CALCULATION ...................................... 61
D. AZIMUTH CALCULATION ................................................. 71
V. CONCLUSION .............................................................................. 74
VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................. 75
VII. SPECIFICATION SHEETS ......................................................... 76
VIII. MAP ........................................................ SEE ATTACHED ENVELOPE

INTRODUCTION
Microwave technology is vastly used today especially in broadcast and
telecommunications as relays and satellite. A microwave system is widely used for its
practicality in terms of economic costs, flexibility, and reliability. It is a form of
electromagnetic radiation with a frequency ranges from 300MHz to 300GHz. Due to the
high frequency, more information can be carried making it ideal for high data rate
applications. In addition, this high frequency also limits microwave transmission to a
line of sight between the transmitter and receiver. It is not able to penetrate the earth’s
surface requiring the placement of repeaters for long ranges.
Good microwave transmission engineering should be done in order to meet
requirements of carrying information reliably from one point to another. Effort should be
made in design that involves data gathering of site data such as terrain, weather, and
elevation. These will be the primary deciding factors to be considered to make decisions
in others such as equipment and antenna.

I. SITE DEMOGRAPHY AND DESCRIPTION
II. PATH DATA
A. CALCULATION SHEET
MICROWAVE PATH DATA CALCULATION SHEET

CUSTOMER UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS
PROJECT NO. 1 FREQUENCY 6.585 GHz
SITE A R
LATITUDE 15o5’40.54”N 14o53’2.43”N
LONGITUDE 120o46’3.03”E 121o3’24.55”E
SITE ELEVATION (m) 10 100
TOWER HEIGHT (ft) 50 200
TOWER TYPE SS SS
o o
AZIMUTH FROM TRUE NORTH 126 3’00.91” 306 3’02.82”
PATH LENGTH (km) 41
PATH ATTENUATION (dB) 140.4259425
RIGID WAVEGUIDE (m) N/A N/A
FLEXIBLE WAVEGUIDE (m) 20.1 22.1
WAVEGUIDE LENGTH (m) 20.1 22.1
WAVEGUIDE LOSS (dB) 0.9140475 1.0049975
CONNECTOR LOSS (dB) 0.5 0.5
CIRCULATOR OR HYBRID LOSS (dB) N/A N/A
RADOME LOSS (dB) 0.5u 0.5u
TOTAL FIXED LOSSES (dB) 1.9140475 2.0049975
TOTAL LOSSES (dB) 144.3449875
PARABOLA HEIGHT (m) 14 16
PARABOLA DIAMETER (ft) 8 8
REFLECTOR HEIGHT (m) N/A N/A
REFLECTOR SIZE, TYPE (m) N/A N/A
PARABOLA REFLECTOR SEP. (m) N/A N/A
ANTENNA SYSTEM GAIN (dB) 42.21197799 42.21197799
TOTAL GAINS (dB) 84.42395599
NET PATH LOSS (dB) 56.8930423
TRANSMITTER POWER (dBm) 29
MED. RECEIVED POWER (±2 dB) (dBm) -31.8120873
RECEIVER NOISE THRESHOLD N/A
THEORETICAL RF C/N RATIO N/A
PRACTICAL THRESHOLD (dBm) -72
FADE MARGIN (dB) 40.1879127
RELIABILITY (%) 99.99779896
PROFILE NUMBER 1
ENGINEER: J.D.C. Date: January 13, 2007

SITE R A
LATITUDE 14o53’2.43”N 15o5’40.54”N
LONGITUDE 121o3’24.55”E 120o46’3.03”E
TOWER TYPE SS SS
AZIMUTH FROM TRUE NORTH 306o3’02.82” 126o3’00.91”
PATH LENGTH (km) 41
PROFILE NUMBER 2

SITE B R
LATITUDE 14o31’55.14”N 14o53’2.43”N
LONGITUDE 121o19’10”E 121o3’24.55”E
TOWER TYPE SS SS
o o
PATH LENGTH (km) 35
PROFILE NUMBER 3

SITE R B
LATITUDE 14o53’2.43”N 14o31’55.14”N
LONGITUDE 121o3’24.55”E 121o19’10”E
TOWER TYPE SS SS
o o
PATH LENGTH (km) 35
PROFILE NUMBER 4

B. TRANSMISSION CALCULATION
Transmitter Output Power (Pt) = 29 dBm

Receiver Threshold = -72 dBm
Reliability = 99.99%
Fade Margin (FM) = 38 dB
Waveguide Length (from antenna base): 6.1 m allowance to equipment
Radome Loss = 0.5 dB
Connector Loss = 0.5 dB
A TO R
Frequency = 6.585 GHz

Distance = 41 km
Waveguide Loss (at 6.46Ghz) = 4.5475 dB/100m
Antenna Height (A) = 14m
Antenna Height (R) = 16m
Receiver Signal level (RSL) = FM + Receiver Threshold

RSL = 38 dB – 72 dB
RSL = -34 dB
Free Space Loss (FSL) = 92.4 + 20log F (GHz) + 20log D(km)

FSL = 92.4 + 20log(6.46) + 20log(39)
FSL = 140.4259425 dB
Waveguide Loss A = Waveguide Loss * (Antenna Height + Allowance) / 100

Waveguide Loss A = 4.5475 * (14 + 6.1) / 100
Waveguide Loss A = 0.9140475 dB
Waveguide Loss R = Waveguide Loss * (Antenna Height + Allowance) / 100

Waveguide Loss R = 4.5475 * (16 + 6.1) / 100
Waveguide Loss R = 1.0049975 dB
Total Waveguide Loss = Waveguide Loss A + Waveguide Loss R

Total Waveguide Loss = 0.9140475 + 1.0049975
Total Waveguide Loss = 1.919045 dB
Total Connector Loss = 0.5 dB per site * 2

Total Connector Loss = 1 dB
Total Radome Loss = 0.5 dB per site * 2

Total Radome Loss = 1 dB
Total Fixed Losses A = Waveguide Loss A + Connector Loss + Radome Loss

Total Fixed Losses A = 0.9140475 + 0.5 + 0.5
Total Fixed Losses A = 1.9140475 dB
Total Fixed Losses R = Waveguide Loss B + Connector Loss + Radome Loss

Total Fixed Losses R = 1.0049975 + 0.5 + 0.5
Total Fixed Losses R = 2.0049975 dB
Total Losses = FSL + WG loss + Connector Loss + Radome Loss

Total Losses = 140.4259425 + 1.919045 + 1 + 1
Total Losses = 144.3449875 dB
Total Antenna Gain = RSL – Pt + Total Losses

Total Antenna Gain = -34 – 29 + 144.3587025
Total Antenna Gain = 81.3449875 dB
Antenna Gain = Total Antenna Gain / 2

Antenna Gain = 81.3449875 / 2
Antenna Gain = 40.67249375 dB
Antenna Diameter (B):

Antenna Gain = 7.5 + 20log F (GHz) + 20 log B (ft)
40.67935125 = 7.5 + 20log (6.46) + 20log B
B = 7.053296968 ft
Note: Antenna chosen is 8 ft.
REVERSE CALCULATION
Antenna Gain = 7.5 + 20log F (GHz) + 20 log D (ft)

Antenna Gain = 7.5 + 20log (6.46) + 20log 8
Total Antenna Gain = Antenna Gain * 2

Total Antenna Gain = 41.7664501 * 2
Net Path Loss = Free Space Loss – Total Antenna Gain

Net Path Loss = 140.4259425 - 83.5329002
Net Path Loss = 56.8930423 dB
Receiver Signal Level = Pt + Total Antenna Gain – Total Losses

Receiver Signal Level = 29 + 83.5329002 - 144.3587025
Receiver Signal Level = -31.8120873 dB
Fade Margin = Receiver Signal Level – Receiver Threshold

Fade Margin = -31.8120873 + 72
Fade Margin = 40.1879127 dB
Undp = 2.5*a*b*f*D^3*10^(-FM/10)*10^-6
Undp = 2.5*4*0.25*6.54*(39/1.609344)^3*10^(-1*40.1879127/10)*10^-6
Undp = 2.20104 x 10^-05
Reliability = (1 - Undp)*100%
Reliability = (1 - 2.20104 x 10^-05)*100%
R TO A
Frequency = 6.8GHz
Distance = 39km
Antenna Height (A) = 14m

RSL = 38 dB – 72 dB
RSL = -34 dB

FSL = 92.4 + 20log(6.8) + 20log(39)
FSL = 140.8714704 dB
Waveguide Loss A = Waveguide Loss * (Antenna Height + Allowance) / 100

Waveguide Loss A = 4.43 * (14 + 6.1) / 100
Waveguide Loss A = 0.89043 dB

Waveguide Loss R = 4.43 * (16 + 6.1) / 100



Total Fixed Losses A = Waveguide Loss A + Connector Loss + Radome Loss

Total Fixed Losses A = 1.89043dB

Total Fixed Losses R = 1.97903dB

Total Losses = 140.8714704 + 1.86946 + 1 + 1 dB

Antenna Gain = 81.74093039 / 2

40.8704652 = 7.5 + 20log (6.8) + 20log B
B = 6.855108723 ft
REVERSE CALCULATION



Net Path Loss = 140.8714704 - 84.42395599


Fade Margin = -31.31697441 + 72
Undp = 2.5*a*b*f*D^3*10^(-FM/10)*10^-6
Undp = 2.5*4*0.25*6.8*(39/1.609344)^3*10^(-40.6830229/10)*10^-6
Undp = 2.06725 x 10^-05
Reliability = (1 - 2.06725 x 10^-05)*100%
B TO R
Frequency = 6.54GHz
Distance = 40km
Antenna Height (B) = 60m

RSL = 38 dB – 72 dB
RSL = -34 dB

FSL = 92.4 + 20log(6.54) + 20log(40)
FSL = 140.7527548 dB
Waveguide Loss B = Waveguide Loss * (Antenna Height + Allowance) / 100

Waveguide Loss B = 4.524* (60 + 6.1) / 100
Waveguide Loss B = 2.990364 dB

Waveguide Loss R = 4.524* (54 + 6.1) / 100
Total Waveguide Loss = Waveguide Loss B + Waveguide Loss R



Total Fixed Losses B = Waveguide Loss B + Connector Loss + Radome Loss

Total Fixed Losses A = 2.990364+ 0.5 + 0.5


Total Losses = 140.7527548 + 5.709288 + 1 + 1

Antenna Gain = 85.55252279 / 2

42.7310214 = 7.5 + 20log (6.54) + 20log B
B = 8.830256549 ft
REVERSE CALCULATION



Net Path Loss = 140.7527548 - 87.62310993


Fade Margin = -31.92941286 + 72
Undp = 2.5*a*b*f*D^3*10^(-FM/10)*10^-6
Undp = 2.5*0.25*0.25*6.54*(40/1.609344)^3*10^(-40.07058714/10)*10^-6
Undp = 1.5119 x 10^-06
Reliability = (1 - 1.5119 x 10^-06)*100%
R TO B
Frequency = 6.88GHz
Distance = 40km
Antenna Height (B) = 60m

RSL = 38 dB – 72 dB
RSL = -34 dB

FSL = 92.4 + 20log(6.88) + 20log(40)
FSL = 141.1929686 dB
Waveguide Loss B = Waveguide Loss * (Antenna Height + Allowance) / 100

Waveguide Loss B = 4.3988* (60 + 6.1) / 100
Waveguide Loss B = 2.9076068 dB

Waveguide Loss R = 4.3988* (54 + 6.1) / 100

Total Connector Loss = 0.5 dB per site


Total Fixed Losses B = Waveguide Loss B + Connector Loss + Radome Loss

Total Fixed Losses R = Waveguide Loss R + Connector Loss + Radome Loss


Total Losses = 141.1929686 + 5.5512856 + 1 + 1

Antenna Gain = 85.74425419 / 2

42.8721271 = 7.5 + 20log (6.88) + 20log B
B = 8.531353089 ft
REVERSE CALCULATION



Net Path Loss = 141.1929686 - 88.50353753


Fade Margin = -31.24071666 + 72
Undp = 2.5*a*b*f*D^3*10^(-FM/10)*10^-6
Undp = 2.5*0.25*0.25*6.88*(40/1.609344)^3*10^(-40.67130734/10)*10^-6
Undp = 1.38584 x 10^-06
Reliability = (1 - 1.4142 x 10^-06)*100%
Overreach Interference Criteria
The sites A and B do not have major obstructions between them and have line of sight.
Because of this, the total discrimination should be calculated with a minimum of 50db
needed.
Distance Discrimination = 20log(AB/RB)

Distance Discrimination = 20log(74.65/40)
Distance Discrimination = 5.419 dB
Antenna A Discrimination = 30 dB
Antenna B Discrimination = 32 dB
Total Discrimination = Distance + Antenna A + Antenna B Discriminations

Total Discrimination = 5.419 + 30 + 32
Total Discrimination = 67.419 dB
Distance Discrimination = 20log(AB/RA)

Distance Discrimination = 20log(74.65/39)
Distance Discrimination = 5.639 dB
Antenna A Discrimination = 30 dB
Antenna B Discrimination = 32 dB
Total Discrimination = Distance + Antenna A + Antenna B Discriminations

Total Discrimination = 5.639 + 30 + 32
Total Discrimination = 67.639 dB
Based on the calculation, the total discrimination for each exceeds the 50 dB requirement.
C. AZIMUTH CALCULATION
SITE A AND R
Site A:
Latitude: 15o5’40.54”N
Longitude: 120o46’3.03”E A
Site R:
Longitude: 121o3’24.55”E r
r = Latitude A – Latitude R
r = 15o5’40.54” - 14o53’2.43”
r = 0o12’38.11”
a R
a = Longitude A – Longitude R
a = 121o3’24.55” - 120o46’3.03”
a = 0o17’21.52”
Using Napier’s Rule:
sin(a) = cot(R) * tan(r)

sin(0o17’21.52”) = cot(R) * tan(0o12’38.11”)
R = 36o3’02.82”
sin(r) = tan(a) * cot(A)

sin(0o12’38.11”) = tan(0o17’21.52”) * cot(A)
A = 53o56’59.09”
Azimuth from True North:
A1 = 180o – A
A1 = 180o - 53o56’59.09”
A1 = 126o3’00.91”
R1 = 270o + R
R1 = 270o + 36o3’02.82”
R1 = 306o3’02.82”
SITE B AND R
Site B:
Latitude: 14o31’55.14”N R
Longitude: 121o19’10”E
Site R:
Longitude: 121o3’24.55”E b
b = Latitude R – Latitude B
b = 14o53’2.43” - 14o31’55.14”
b = 0o21’07.29”
r B
r = Longitude B – Longitude R
r = 121o19’10”- 121o3’24.55”
r = 0o5’45.45”
Using Napier’s Rule:
sin(r) = cot(B) * tan(b)

sin(0o5’45.45”) = cot(B) * tan(0o21’07.29”)
B = 74o45’08.02”
sin(b) = tan(r) * cot(R)

sin(0o21’07.29”) = tan(0o5’45.45”) * cot(R)
R = 15o14’53.04”
Azimuth from True North:
R1 = 180o – R
R1 = 180o - 15o14’53.04”
R1 = 164o45’06.96”
B1 = 270o + B
B1 = 270o + 74o45’08.02”
B1 = 344o45’08.02”
III. CONCLUSION
There are numerous factors that must be considered when designing a microwave
system. First of all, you must meet the design requirements such as traffic capacity,
frequency, reliability, and location. Once the primary requirements have been considered,
additional requirements for transmitter site and geographical path of the microwave
signal should be surveyed for suitability. The equipment will have to be chosen to meet
the requirements. All of these can be supported by design computations such as losses,
gain, signal levels, and reflection.
The designed microwave transmission system is capable of carrying at least the
requirement of 1,200 voice channels with room to spare. In addition, the system
reliability has exceeded the minimum requirements of 99.99% this further reducing
system downtime. The most important in designing this microwave system is being able
to correctly survey the path taken of the microwave as it will dictate the items needed to
build the system.

IV. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank the Lord for guide me in this project.
I would like to thank Engr. Irineo Quinto for the explanations and discussions in
proceeding with this project.
I would like to thank the Choco Mocha and Bibbo and the Hotdogz Groups as
well as the entire class of 5ECEC for their assistance and support.
I would like to thank Namria for the maps, Jolis for the photocopying service,
Andrew and Harris for the microwave equipment, and Robert F. White for the reference
book.

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UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

II. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 2

III. SITE DEMOGRAPHY AND DESCRIPTION

A. NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION ........................................... 3

B. CENTRAL LUZON ................................................................. 13

C. SOUTHERN TAGALOG ........................................................ 22

IV. PATH DATA

A. CALCULATION SHEET ........................................................ 32

B. PATH PROFILE ...................................................................... 52

C. TRANSMISSION CALCULATION ...................................... 61

D. AZIMUTH CALCULATION ................................................. 71

VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................. 75

VII. SPECIFICATION SHEETS ......................................................... 76

VIII. MAP ........................................................ SEE ATTACHED ENVELOPE

Microwave technology is vastly used today especially in broadcast and

practicality in terms of economic costs, flexibility, and reliability. It is a form of

applications. In addition, this high frequency also limits microwave transmission to a

surface requiring the placement of repeaters for long ranges.

Good microwave transmission engineering should be done in order to meet

in others such as equipment and antenna.

MICROWAVE PATH DATA CALCULATION SHEET

ENGINEER: J.D.C. Date: January 13, 2007

ENGINEER: J.D.C. Date: January 13, 2007

ENGINEER: J.D.C. Date: January 13, 2007

ENGINEER: J.D.C. Date: January 13, 2007

Transmitter Output Power (Pt) = 29 dBm

Frequency = 6.585 GHz

Receiver Signal level (RSL) = FM + Receiver Threshold

Free Space Loss (FSL) = 92.4 + 20log F (GHz) + 20log D(km)

Waveguide Loss A = Waveguide Loss * (Antenna Height + Allowance) / 100

Waveguide Loss R = Waveguide Loss * (Antenna Height + Allowance) / 100

Total Waveguide Loss = Waveguide Loss A + Waveguide Loss R

Total Connector Loss = 0.5 dB per site * 2

Total Radome Loss = 0.5 dB per site * 2

Total Fixed Losses A = Waveguide Loss A + Connector Loss + Radome Loss

Total Fixed Losses R = Waveguide Loss B + Connector Loss + Radome Loss

Total Losses = FSL + WG loss + Connector Loss + Radome Loss

Total Antenna Gain = RSL – Pt + Total Losses

Antenna Gain = Total Antenna Gain / 2

Antenna Diameter (B):

Note: Antenna chosen is 8 ft.

Antenna Gain = 7.5 + 20log F (GHz) + 20 log D (ft)

Total Antenna Gain = Antenna Gain * 2

Net Path Loss = Free Space Loss – Total Antenna Gain

Receiver Signal Level = Pt + Total Antenna Gain – Total Losses

Fade Margin = Receiver Signal Level – Receiver Threshold

Receiver Signal level (RSL) = FM + Receiver Threshold

Free Space Loss (FSL) = 92.4 + 20log F (GHz) + 20log D(km)

Waveguide Loss A = Waveguide Loss * (Antenna Height + Allowance) / 100

Waveguide Loss R = Waveguide Loss * (Antenna Height + Allowance) / 100

Total Waveguide Loss = Waveguide Loss A + Waveguide Loss R

Total Connector Loss = 0.5 dB per site * 2

Total Radome Loss = 0.5 dB per site * 2

Total Fixed Losses A = Waveguide Loss A + Connector Loss + Radome Loss

Total Fixed Losses R = Waveguide Loss B + Connector Loss + Radome Loss

Total Losses = FSL + WG loss + Connector Loss + Radome Loss

Antenna Gain = Total Antenna Gain / 2

Antenna Diameter (B):

Note: Antenna chosen is 8 ft.

Antenna Gain = 7.5 + 20log F (GHz) + 20 log D (ft)

Total Antenna Gain = Antenna Gain * 2

Net Path Loss = Free Space Loss – Total Antenna Gain

Receiver Signal Level = Pt + Total Antenna Gain – Total Losses