Both forms end in -ing. Nevertheless it is easy to find out whether it is a Geru nd or a Progressive form.

Progressive tenses These tenses are formed with von to be and the infinitive + - ing. sentences tense He is reading a book. Present Progressive He was reading a book. Past Progressive He has been reading a book for three hours. Present Perfect Progressive He had been reading a book before Mary came in. Past Perfect Progressive He will be reading a book when I get home. will-future Progressive He will have been reading a book. Future Perfect Progressive He would be reading a book if he had time. Conditional Progressive He would have been reading a book if he had had time. Conditional Perfect Prog ressive A book is being read. Present Progressive - Passive A book was being read. Past Progressive - Passive Gerund The Gerund is formed only with infinitive + - ing. sentence Reading books is great fun. He likes reading books. He is looking forward to reading books at the weekend. He is keen on reading books. He is used to reading books. What about reading books? He likes the idea of reading books. After reading the book, he went to bed. I remember having read this book. - Passive we use the Gerund after the following prepositions: after After having a shower, I waited for Steven. before The tablet must not be taken before getting up in the morning. by I manage it by working much longer than 40-hour weeks. in spite of In spite of studying a lot he didn't pass the exams. on She insisted on calling her sister. without He told the joke without laughing.

We use the Gerund after the following verbs: admit He admitted having driven too fast. avoid They avoid going on holiday on Saturdays. carry on If we carry on sleeping so badly, we may need help. consider Ralph is considering buying a new house. delay I delayed telling Max the news. deny She denies reading the book. dislike We dislike reading poems. can't help He couldn't help falling in love with her. enjoy I enjoy playing chess. finish They finished working in the garden. give up Susan gives up playing ice-hockey.

imagine He imagined driving a new car. include Your responsibility includes taking reservations on the phone. involve The project will involve growing plants. justify I cannot justify paying $100 for this ticket. keep (on) They keep on running. mention Did Alex ever mention playing baseball? mind I don't mind sleeping on the couch. miss They miss playing with their friends. practise She practised playing hockey. regret Do you regret having mentioned it? risk You risk catching a cold. suggest She suggested flying to Cairo. We use the Gerund after prepositions. adjective + preposition We use the Gerund after the following phrases: afraid of They are afraid of losing the match. angry about/at Pat is angry about walking in the rain. bad at good at John is good at working in the garden. clever at He is clever at skateboarding. crazy about The girl is crazy about playing tennis. disappointed about/at He is disappointed about seeing such a bad report. excited about We are excited about making our own film. famous for Sandy is famous for singing songs. fed up with I'm fed up with being treated as a child. fond of Hannah is fond of going to parties. glad about She is glad about getting married again. happy about/at The children are not happy about seeing a doctor. interested in Are you interested in writing poems? keen on Joe is keen on drawing. proud of She is proud of riding a snowboard. sick of We're sick of sitting around like this. sorry about/for He's sorry for eating in the lesson. tired of I'm tired of waiting for you. used to She is used to smoking. worried about I'm worried about making mistakes.

Some verbs have different meaning. (when used with Gerund or Infinitive) GERUND INFINITIVE forget He'll never forget spending so much money on his first computer. Don't forget to spend money on the tickets. go on GERUND INFINITIVE Go on reading the text. Go on to read the text.

GERUND INFINITIVE mean You have forgotten your homework again. That means phoning your mother. I meant to phone your mother, but my mobile didn't work. GERUND INFINITIVE remember I remember switching off the lights when I went on holiday. Remember to switch off the lights when you go on holiday. GERUND INFINITIVE

stop

Stop reading the text. Stop to read the text. I tried to run after the

GERUND INFINITIVE try Why don't you try running after the dog? dog, but I was too slow.

The Infinitive with to after: the first Gagarin was the first to fly in a spaceship. the last Peter was the last to watch the film. the next He is the next to get his passport. after: adjectives I'm happy to be here. It's better not to smoke. after: certain verbs (agree, choose, forget, hope, learn, promise, regret, want, a car. after: question words I don't know what to say. Can you tell me how to get to the bus stop? after: want/would like verb + object + to-infinitive NOTE!!! I want to help you. I want you to help me. I helped my dad to clean the car. ) I learn to drive

I want you to help me.

The Infinitive without to after auxiliaries/modals can He can run very fast. could As a boy he could run very fast. may I may fly to Africa this summer. might I might fly to Africa this summer. must I must go now. mustn't You mustn't smoke here. needn't You needn't go. shall We shall sing a song. should We should sing a song. will She will cook a meal for his birthday. would She would cook a meal for his birthday. after to do do I don't know. after the following expressions: had better You had better clean up your room. would rather Susan would rather study for her exam tomorrow. would sooner I would sooner read a book than watch this film. why not Why not ask your neighbour for help? why should we Why should we go by car? why should we not Why should we not go by car? after verbs of perception + object (action has finished): feel She feels the rain fall on her face. hear I heard Peter sing a song. notice Mandy noticed the boy climb the tree.

see They saw him climb up the roof. watch He watched the thieves steal a car. after let + object: let Sandy let her child go out alone. Mother let her daughter decide on her own. let's Let's go for a walk through the park. after make + object: make She made Peggy and Samantha clean the room.

Gerund and Infinitive (no difference in meaning) Gerund/Infinitive - Explanations Gerund/Infinitive - Exercises We use the Gerund or the Infinitive after the following verbs: begin He began talking. He began to talk. continue They continue smoking. They continue to smoke. hate Do you hate working on Saturdays? Do you hate to work on Saturdays? like I like swimming. I like to swim. love She loves painting. She loves to paint. prefer Pat prefers walking home. Pat prefers to walk home. start They start singing. They start to sing. We use the Gerund or the Infinitive after the following verbs. There are two pos sible structures after these verbs. Gerund: verb + -ing Infinitive: verb + person + to-infinitive advise They advise walking to town. They advise us to walk to town. allow They do not allow smoking here. They do not allow us to smoke here. encourage They encourage doing the test. They encourage us to do the test. permit They do not permit smoking here. They do not permit us to smoke here. We use the following structures with the word recommend: recommend They recommend walking to town. They recommend that we walk to town.