Professional Documents
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Congenital
C
I Inflammatory
M Metabolic
E Endocrine
T Traumatic
I Infective
D Degenerative
I Iatrogenic
N Neoplastic
E Everything
Else
Congenital abnormalities:
4-Megacolon.
N.B- Normal bowel motion:
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Constipation-
1-Megacolon-
a Cong. –(Hirschsprung’s disease)
b- Acquired (Non-hirschsprung’s megarectum &megacolon)
The absence of ganglion cells always begins at the anus & extends a varying
distance proximally.
Incidence:
Pathology
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Presentations:
I- In Infants
Symptoms vary widely in severity, but almost always occur shortly after
birth
The infant passes no or little meconium within 24h
Chronic or intermittent constipation
Progressive abdominal extension, bilious vomiting, reluctance to feed,
diarrhea, irritability & poor growth
PR exam. In the infant may be followed by expulsion of the stool & flatus
with remarkable decompression of abd distension.
I.O --may be complicated by enterocolitis
II- In Children
1-chronic constipation & abd. Extension are characteristic
2-Passage of flatus & stool requires great effort& stools are small in caliber
5-Impacted stools in the greatly dilated & distended sigmoid colon can be
palpable across the lower abd.
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Dx
1-Radiology:
3-Biopsy- Full thickness, 1-2 cm strip of mucosa & muscularis from post.
Rectum proximal to dentate line under G.A
DDx
I-Low I.O In neonate;1-rectal or colonic atresia
2-meconium plug syndrome
3- meconium ileus
4-Functional causes As; a-Hypermagnesemia
b-hypocalcemia
c-hypokalemia
d-hypothyroidism
2- Patients who develop enterocolitis & diarrhea may mimic other causes of
diarrhea.
3- In functional constipation; stool normal in caliber ,
soiling is frequent &
enterocolitis is not usually a problem
PR- Stool is palpable in lower rectum
Ba enema-shows uniformly dilated bowel to
the anus
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Treatment
Prognosis
M.R in untreated cases in infancy may be 80%. The main cause;
enterocolitis
Patients who are properly treated for Hirschsprung’s disease do well
Crohn’s disease & ulcerative colitis – chronic inflam. Disorders of the gut of
unknown etiology.
U/colitis affects only the large bowel, whereas Crohn’s dis can affect any
part of GIT, from the mouth to the anus.
Occ.the two forms can be difficult or even impossible to distinguish.
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Epidemiology:
Crohn’s disease
U/Colitis
Incidence(UK) 5/ 100,000( 5/
constant) 100,000(increasing)
Age of onset Peak 20- Peak late teens
39years
Age of Dx Soon after 20-39years
onset of
symptoms
Sex 1:1 1;1.5
distribution(
M:F)
Geographical More More common in
distribution common in Anglo-Saxon &
Anglo-Saxon European races
& European
races
Associated HLA-B27 Smoking
factors
Implicated Autoimmune Measles virus
theories dis. Against Hypersensitivity
mucosal reaction(H.S)
cytoplasmic Pseudotuberculosis
Ag organism inf.
Milk protein H.S.
Toxic eff. Of small
bowel chyme
contents(>0.22μ
mdiameter)
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Pathology
U/Colitis:
A-Gross appearance
1-Changes confined to the rectum & colon, except when total colitis causes
incompetence of ileocaecal valve & back-wash ileitis.
2-the involvement is continuous & always includes the rectum, often the L.
colon & sometimes the whole colon.
3- the extend varies between patients & may do in a single patient over time.
5- in more severe dis., diffuse small ulcers appear on the red granular
mucosa with contact bleeding & loss of vascular pattern. The mucosa bet the
ulcers are abnormal.
B-Microscopic:
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Clinical Features & Dx:
General features
3- there may be systemic features , either associated with more severe dis ,
or as extra-intestinal manifestation.
Site-Specific features:
Proctitis-or proctosigmoiditis:
Gradual onset of rectal bleeding
Tenesmus
Urgency
Are usually well systemically
Dx- by rigid sigmoidoscopy &biopsy
The proximal extent can be established at colonoscopy.
The disease may extend proximally over time
Left-sided disease:
more symptoms of colonic inflammation with bloody mucoid diarrhea.
Abdominal pain may be a feature.
Systemic features of malaise & feeling unwell are more likely.
Infective causes of diarrhea need to be distinguished from recent onset
U/colitis wit stool culture & microscopy.
Total colitis:
the systemic features are more pronounced, with fatigue, anorexia weight
loss.
Symptoms of distal involvement.
Dx by Colonoscopy& biopsy –extent & severity of the disease.
8
Acute severe (toxic) colitis:
8-Nuclear WBC scanning can judge the extent of the disease, avoiding bthe
risk of colonoscopy in the acute setting.
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Investigations:
Lab.
Radiological:
Plain XR-megacolon
Ba enema-should not be preceded by catharsis in acute cases & should not
be performed at all in severely ill patients because it may precipitate acute
colonic dilatation.
It show; mucosal irregularity from fine serrations to rough, ragged
undermined ulcers .
Loss of hautration, narrowing & shortening of colon,(lead-pipe appearance)
Widening of the space between rectum & sacrum(due to periproctitis or
shorteningof bowel)
Stricture( although majority benign, but suspect malignant changes)
Indium 111-labelled leukocyte scan-if the presence of inflammation in the
colon is in question.
Colonoscopy-done if sigmoidoscopy & radiographic findings are not
diagnostic.
Contraindicated in the presence of toxic colon & with great care if the
disease is active
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Complications:
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DDx-
13-AIDs-related GI infection
15-Antibiotic-associated colitis.
18-Functional diarrhea
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Rx-
Conservative measures:
1-Mild Attack:
-reduced physical activity-even bed rest is advisable.
-diet- free of bovine milk products& any other food that exacerbates diarrhea
in the individual patient
-Medical therapy;
Sulfasalazine-2-8g/d orally—effective in controlling acute attack.
aminosalicylic acid agents(5-ASAs)- derivative of sulfasalazine, but have
fewer side –effects; oral preparation, topical-allergic to sulfonamide drugs
can obtain similar benefit with oral mesalamine, 2-5 g./d
-Patients
Maintenance doses –prevent in 50-80% of patients over 12months.
Bone marrow suppression is an occasional problem.
Corticosteroids-Topical –foam or suppository- for distal colitis.
2-Severe attack-
-hospitalization
-N/G suction in colonic dilatation.
-TPN & if the danger of colonic dilatation passed , oral (entral) nutrition is
effective.
-Corticosteroids- i.v. 100-300 mg./ d. or prednisolone 20-80 mg/d
-AB-metronidazole + gentamycin or cephalosporin
-Cyclosporine(immunosuppressive agent)- drug of choice for steroid-
resistant acute severe attack.
4mg./kg./d i.v.
3-Maintenance:
- For distal colitis;Nightly mesalamine suppositories or oral mesalamine-
- more severecolitis- oral mesalamine or 5-ASA- reduces relapse rates
-Immunosuppressive Rx in patients who cannot tolerate discontinuation of
steroid Rx
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B-Surgical Rx:
1-Indications:
A-acute disease;
i- Emergency op. for perforation of colon
ii- Urgent op. for an acute problems; toxic megacolon
haemorrhage
fulminating colitis
These are treated medically at 1st & then surgically if the response is
inadequate.
If toxic megacolon does not respond to Rx within a few hours, operation is
essential to avoid perforation.
Fulminating disease without megacolon should improve in 4-5 days or less;
otherwise, op. may be advisable.
Prolonged medical R may result in the need for a staged surgical approach,
whereas earlier intervention may require only one operation.
Chronic disease;
2-Surgical procedures:
1-Subtotal colectomy, end ileostomy
2-Proctocolectomy & end ileostomy
3-Total abdominal colectomy & ileorectal anastamosis
4-Proctocolectomy , ileal pouch & ileoanal anastamosis(restorative
proctocolectomy)
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Prognosis;
Written By:
Rand Aras Najeeb
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