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Fall of the House of Money: Changes in Global Trade and Currency Exchange
Christopher Cole, CFA
520 Broadway, Suite 350 Santa Monica, CA 90401 (310) 496-4526 phone (310) 496-4527 fax info@artemiscm.com
Fall of the House of Money Global currency regime will likely face significant changes in the ensuing decade Self-reinforcing cycle between Debtor-Developed and Emerging-Creditor nations likely to unravel perhaps violently European crisis may tip us into a second global recession Global policy makers are out of stimulus options Dollar hegemony may be challenged in the future
Source: istockphoto.com
US Dollar has lost over 50% of its value since 1985 on a trade weighted basis
FRB Trade-Weighted Dollar is the Major Currency Index published by the Federal Reserve, with the USD weighted by respective merchandise trade volume against EUR, JPY, GBP, CHF, AUD, CAD
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$USD to GB Pound
Examples of Currency Pairs Aussie to Japanese Yen $USD to Mexican Peso Chinese Renmembi to US Dollar
The value of a currency (in relationship to another) is driven by a variety of fundamental and speculative factors including: Economic Data Monetary Policy Interest Rates International Trade Flows International Investment Flows Political Stability/Rule of Law/Taxes Geopolitical Events Human Perception
Strong Currency +GDP growth High Interest Rates Hawkish Monetary Policy Low Government Debt to GDP Sound Political System Rule of Law High Foreign Investment Capital Inflows High Current Account Balance
Weak Currency Low GDP growth Low Interest Loose Monetary Policy High Government Debt to GDP Political Instability or War No rule of law / high taxes Low Foreign Investment Lack of Capital Inflows More imports than exports
United States Ultra-loose monetary policy (ZIRP & Quantitative Easing) Massive government deficits and high debt levels Unsustainable fiscal spending and entitlements Japan ZIRP and debt-GDP-ratios above 200%+ Japanese government intervened in foreign exchange markets for the 4th time in over a year (selling yen and buying dollars & euros) China Yuan is pegged to the dollar and estimated to be as much as 40% undervalued against the US dollar China keeps buying dollars and printing Yuan to maintain this peg Switzerland Swiss Franc was a popular safe haven appreciating +28% against the Euro and +50% against the dollar since 2003 SNB devalued Franc in September pegging it at 1.20x to the Euro Brazil Central bank cuts interest rates twice in the last quarter despite highest inflation in six years
MASSIVE DEBT AND TRADE IMBALANCE BETWEEN Debtor-developed countries will need to DELEVERAGE Emerging-creditor countries maintain growth w/o currency pegs despite slowdown in developed world
High debt Low growth and inflation Bad demographics Low interest rates Shrinking middle class
Low debt High growth & inflation Positive demographics Higher interest rates Emerging middle class
Debtor-Developed nations are net importers and Emerging-Creditor Nations are net exporters
Source: OECD, statistic regarding GDP growth from This Time is Different by Carmen Reinhart & Kenneth Rogoff
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Relationship between Developed-Debtor and Emerging-Creditor Nation Mechanics of Chinese Currency Peg
$1 USD = approx 6.35 Yuan Estimated at 15-40% undervalued to $USD
buy $USD
US consumer buys
$USD
10%
0%
5%
1962 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Interest rates in the developed world are at generational lows fueling leveraged carry trades and increasing public and private debt
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Global asset prices driven by the CARRY TRADE instead of economic fundamentals
RISK ON!
global stock prices commodities safe haven currencies like the USD or Yen
RISK OFF!
global stock prices commodities safe haven currencies like the USD or Yen
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1 AUD = 81.15Yen
Risk Currencies
Depreciate During Economic Weakness
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Excess global liquidity has arguably led to the most correlated period in the history of modern markets rendering diversification futile
(correlation measures the propensity for assets to move in-tandem)
65 55 45 35 25 15 5
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Realized Correlation of 50 Largest Cap S&P 500 stocks (1 month rolling- 2005 to Present)
78 73 68 63 58 53 48 43 38 33
May-07
May-08
May-09
May-10
May-11
Aug-07
Aug-08
Aug-09
Aug-10
Aug-11
Feb-07
Feb-08
Feb-09
Feb-10
Feb-11
Nov-07
Nov-08
Nov-09
Nov-10
Oct-05
Oct-06
Oct-07
Oct-08
Oct-09
Oct-10
Jun-05
Jun-06
Jun-07
Jun-08
Jun-09
Jun-10
Jun-11
120 100 80
Feb-05
Feb-06
Feb-07
Feb-08
Feb-09
Feb-10
Feb-11
60 40 20 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 1 101 201 301 401 9/7/2011 (Highest Correlation at 0.82) 2008 Crash High (11/13/2008 - Correlation at 0.76) Bull Market Low (11/3/2006 - Correlation at 0.10) Ranking (Lowest to Highest) 501 601 701 801 901 1001 1101 1201
0.15 0.05
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Mirror reflection: Stock Market Risk and the Carry Trade are now one is the same!!
Stock Market Volatility = Safe to Risk Currency Pairs (e.g. JPY/AUD, USD/AUD, USD/NZD)
VIX (lhs) vs. Japanese Yen/Aussie Dollar(rhs) Correlation = 0.85 since September 2008
90 80 70 60
Stock market volatility perfectly mimics the appreciation of funding to risk currency pairs
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VIX index %
50 40 30 20
60
80
100 10 0 120
The marriage of volatility and currency is a worrisome development because it implies risk in the stock market is not about company fundamentals but instead is a function of global central banks fueling leveraged carry trades!
Source: Ivolatility & Artemis Capital Management LLC
JPY/AUD
Jan-08
Jan-09
Jan-10
Jan-11
Oct-07
Oct-08
Oct-09
Oct-10
Jul-07
Jul-08
Jul-09
Jul-10
Jul-11
Apr-07
Apr-08
Apr-09
Apr-10
Apr-11
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The status of the US dollar as a GLOBAL RESERVE CURRENCY allows massive financial flexibility $USD accounted for 62% of global currency reserve holdings EUR #2 at 27% and GBP #3 at 4% Commodities markets and derivatives are largely settled in US dollars US dollar is the primary currency for cross-border trade and the global black-market Premier Safe Haven currency and appreciates when market sell-off Many currencies are pegged to the dollar (e.g. Chinese Yuan) Despite these facts due to trade imbalances, excessive government debt, slow growth, and unfavorable demographic trends the influence of the US dollar will likely face SIGNIFICANT challenges over the next 10 to 20 years
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The dollar has lost approximately 30% of its value against a weighted basket of currencies since 2003 and over 50% since 1985
$100 USD translated into Foreign Currencies 2003 to Present
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Swiss Franc 1 year 2 years 3 years 5 years 8 years -8.09% -12.56% -18.00% -31.20% -37.42% US Dollar Currency Appeciation/Depreciation Australian Dollar Canadian Dollar Euro -2.41% -12.40% -16.05% -26.45% -36.46% 0.35% -5.96% -0.49% -8.29% -27.34% -0.22% 8.34% 8.15% -5.82% -14.66% Composite -2.59% -5.65% -6.60% -17.94% -28.97%
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Source: www.forexrate.co.uk
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US dollar typically strengthens when shipping rates fall consistent with safe haven status
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Baltic Dry Index (lhs) vs. FRB Trade Weighted Dollar Index (rhs) -0.54 correlation since 2000
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Baltic Dry Index FRB Trade Weighted Dollar Index
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2,000
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May-03
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Nov-10
Oct-03
Dec-02
Dec-07
Oct-08
Jan-00
Jan-05
Apr-01
Apr-06
Jan-10
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Apr-11
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IMF issued a report in early 2011 on possible replacements for the dollar as the world's reserve currency in response to pressure from emerging economies Russia is actively trying to develop energy markets in alternative currencies China and Brazil are engaging in direct circumventing $USD Special Drawing Rights (SDRS) MOST VIABLE THREAT GOING FORWARD Weighted currency basket of four major currencies: the Euro, the US dollar, the British pound, and the Japanese yen SDRs can be exchanged for freely usable currencies China is in favor of expanding the use of SDRs Gold Pegging currency to the price of gold? you cannot print more gold Removes monetary flexibility and money supply fluctuates with the supply of gold 1971 President Nixon cancelled direct convertibility of the United States dollar to gold
Other Currencies (Yuan, Euro, Yen) - either not liquid enough or structurally weak China issuing Yuan-denominated dim-sum bonds in Hong Kong Euro faces intense structural problems and may not even survive in its current form Japan (Yen) is in worse financial shape than the United States 20
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Source: http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/Historicals
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
10
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US continues to run large government deficits as a percentage of GDP .who is financing this?
6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 -2.0 -4.0 -6.0 -8.0 -10.0 -12.0 -14.0
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Source: http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/Historicals
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The largest holder of US treasury debt is the FEDERAL RESERVE (China is only #2)
During QE2 the Federal Reserve was purchasing approximately 70% of the new issuance of US treasury bonds
1,800 1,600 1,400
1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 0 Federal Reserve / USA China Japan United Kingdom Oil Exporters Brazil Carribean Banking
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Policy Makers (e.g. Fed) are likely to counter further slowdowns with monetary stimulus
but with 0% rate we are out of policy bullets absent outright debt monetization (Quantitative Easing) so what happens to your currency if you just keep expanding the money supply?
2.5 M1 Growth (YOY) 2 M1 15%
25%
Highest YOY M1 growth
20%
1.5
10%
5%
0%
0.5 -5%
-10%
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M1 Growth % (YOY)
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January-22
October-18
October-19
October-20
October-21
October-22
January-23
April-23
Adj. according to USD exchange rate Adj. according to wholesale index numbers In paper marks, Weimar
October-23
July-18
July-19
July-20
July-21
July-22
July-23
10,000,000,000
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Long-term US equity performance is atrocious when adjusted by the FRB trade weighted dollar-index (S&P 500 index since 2000 = -20% nominal loss vs. -50% adjusted for dollar depreciation)
1,800 1,600 1,400 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 0 S&P 500 Index S&P 500 Index Adjusted by FRB Trade Weighted Dollar-Index
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QE2 by FED
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Source:
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1.95
Gold
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Source: Bloomberg
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Perhaps the best way to understand the true value of our currency is to melt down the coins and sell the raw metal
Description
Denomination
Metal Value
5 cents
5.40574 cents
Penny 1909 to 1982 (95% copper) Penny 1982 to 2011 (97.5% zinc)
1 cent
2.37117 cents
1 cent
0.502486 cents
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The Fall of the House of Money Global currency regime will face significant changes in the ensuing decade Self-reinforcing cycle between Debtor-Developed and Emerging-Creditor nations likely to unravel perhaps violently European crisis may tip us into a second global recession Global policy makers are out of stimulus options Dollar hegemony may be challenged in the future
5. CONCLUSIONS
Sources and Reference Material: This Time is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly Carmen Reinhart & Kenneth Rogoff, Princeton University Press 2011 Dying of Money Lessons of the Great German and American Inflation Jens O Parsson, Wellspring press 1974 The Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World Niall Ferguson, Penguin Press 2008
Materials by the Presenter: Fighting Greek Fire with Fire: Correlation, Volatility, and Truth Christopher Cole / October 2011 http://www.scribd.com/doc/67897176/Artemis-Capital-Q3-2011-Fighting-Greek-Fire-With-Fire The Great Vega Short Christopher Cole / December 2010 http://economiemagazine.fr/documents/ACM-The-Great-Vega-Short.pdf Is Volatility Broken: Normalcy Bias and Abnormal Volatility Christopher Cole / April 2011 http://www.thetrader.se/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/artemis-volreport.pdf
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Christopher Cole, CFA Managing Partner & Portfolio Manager Christopher R. Cole, CFA founded Artemis Capital Management after working in capital markets and investment banking at Merrill Lynch. During his career in investment banking while in both NYC and LA he structured over $6 billion in transactions for many high profile issuers. Mr. Cole has since focused on systematic and quantitative trading of volatility. His research and volatility commentary has been quoted by publications such as the International Financing Review, CFA Magazine, FT/Alphaville, and Forbes. His decision to form a fund came after achieving proprietary returns of over 200% between 2008 and May 2009 (net of full pro-forma fees per NFA guidelines / confirmed by independent auditor based on AICPA attestation standards). Mr. Cole holds the Chartered Financial Analyst designation, is an associate member of the NFA, and graduated Magna Cum Laude from the University of Southern California. Artemis Capital Management, LLC Artemis Capital Management LLC. is an investment management firm that employs systematic trading models to generate alpha from the behavior of market volatility. ACMs quantitative algorithms are intended to produce returns in a range of market environments and protect against subjective or emotional bias. The fund seeks to generate excess returns above the market from quantitative volatility trading, remain uncorrelated to traditional assets classes, and serve as a vehicle for sophisticated investors to diversify their broader portfolio. Artemis Capital Management is registered with the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) as a commodity pool operator (CPO) and with the State of California as an investment adviser, and is a member of the National Futures Association ("NFA"). Artemis will offer the Artemis Vega Fund LP for qualified investors beginning in January 2012.
Note: Past returns are not indicative of future performance. Proprietary account performance verified by Rothstein Kass according to AICPA attestation standards. See accompanying notes in the disclosure section for important information. Past returns are not indicative of future performance. The Principal of the General Partner, Christopher R. Cole, used the Proprietary Account as a vehicle to incubate the investment strategy of the Partnership with personal funds prior to the formation of ACI. The Proprietary Account was not subject to a management fee or performance allocation such as those to which the Fund is subject. Accordingly, the net returns presented above reflect the deduction of (i) an investment management fee equal to 2% per annum of each investors capital account balance, charged quarterly in arrears, and (ii) an annual performance allocation equal to 20% of all net profits allocated to each investor, subject to a high water mark. Detailed information on the verified performance history of the incubator fund is available upon request.
Contact Information Christopher Cole, CFA General Partner and Founder Contact Information
Contact Information
8. CONTACT INFORMATION
Artemis Capital Management, L.L.C. 520 Broadway, Suite 350 Santa Monica, CA 90401 (310) 496-4526 phone (310) 496-4527 fax info@artemiscm.com www.artemiscm.com Christopher Cole, CFA Managing Partner (310) 496-4526 phone (310) 496-4527 fax (917) 434-0106 mobile c.cole@artemiscm.com
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Legal Disclaimer THIS IS NOT AN OFFERING OR THE SOLICITATION OF AN OFFER TO PURCHASE AN INTEREST IN ARTEMIS CAPITAL INVESTORS, L.P. or ARTEMIS VEGA FUND L.P. (THE FUND). ANY SUCH OFFER OR SOLICITATION WILL ONLY BE MADE TO QUALIFIED INVESTORS BY MEANS OF A CONFIDENTIAL PRIVATE PLACEMENT MEMORANDUM (THE MEMORANDUM) AND ONLY IN THOSE JURISDICTIONS WHERE PERMITTED BY LAW. AN INVESTMENT SHOULD ONLY BE MADE AFTER CAREFUL REVIEW OF THE FUNDS MEMORANDUM. THE INFORMATION HEREIN IS QUALIFIED IN ITS ENTIRETY BY THE INFORMATION IN THE MEMORANDUM. AN INVESTMENT IN THE FUND IS SPECULATIVE AND INVOLVES A HIGH DEGREE OF RISK. OPPORTUNITIES FOR WITHDRAWAL, REDEMPTION AND TRANSFERABILITY OF INTERESTS ARE RESTRICTED, SO INVESTORS MAY NOT HAVE ACCESS TO CAPITAL WHEN IT IS NEEDED. THERE IS NO SECONDARY MARKET FOR THE INTERESTS AND NONE IS EXPECTED TO DEVELOP. NO ASSURANCE CAN BE GIVEN THAT THE INVESTMENT OBJECTIVE WILL BE ACHIEVED OR THAT AN INVESTOR WILL RECEIVE A RETURN OF ALL OR ANY PORTION OF HIS OR HER INVESTMENT IN THE FUND. INVESTMENT RESULTS MAY VARY SUBSTANTIALLY OVER ANY GIVEN TIME PERIOD. CERTAIN DATA CONTAINED HEREIN IS BASED ON INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM SOURCES BELIEVED TO BE ACCURATE, BUT WE CANNOT GUARANTEE THE ACCURACY OF SUCH INFORMATION.
9. LEGAL DISCLAIMER
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9. LEGAL DISCLAIMER
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