CT Saturation Tutorial

CT Saturation Tutorial
Presented by Tony Giuliante
Bushing CT
IS
IP
N Turns
Copyright ATG Consulting 2003
Physical Properties of Core

Length L Area A
B-H Characteristic
B-H Characteristic
B
Flux to Volts per Turn

=
s B
dA
= B A sin (t) V = d = B A cos (t) N dt
Flux to Volts per Turn
V = BA N
Electric Field to Ampere Turns

=
dL
= H L
Convert B-H Characteristic

B V = BA N
= H L
V/N vs. NI
V N
NI
CT Exciting Characteristic
2000:5
300:5
VS
IS
Simplified Bushing CT Circuit

IS
IP
N
REB
REB = RLEADS + RDEVICES

RCT IS
IP
N
XM IM
REB

IS
IP
N
XM IM
V = IS RTB
RTB
Flux vs Voltage
V = N d dt 1 = N 1 = N
dt
IS RTB
dt
Flux vs Voltage
1 = N
IS RTB
dt
Flux equals the AREA under the Voltage
Voltage Demand IS RTB
Voltage & Flux Waveforms

IS RTB
Flux Design Limits

+ S
- S
Secondary Current
No Saturation
10
Increased Voltage Demand Five times IS RTB

5*IS RTB
Flux for Ideal CT

No Saturation
5*IS RTB
11
Current Output for Ideal CT

No Saturation
Primary Current Secondary Current
Amperes
Time (Seconds)
Flux Design Limits

+ S - S
12
Flux Design Limits

+ S - S
Flux Excursion
13
Current vs Flux
AC Saturation
14
AC Saturation
Large Fault Current Large Burden Low CT Kneepoint Voltage
AC Saturation
Relay Applications
Large Fault Current
Unit Auxiliary Transformers
Large Burden
High Impedance Bus Differentials
Low CT Kneepoint Voltage

Compact Distribution Switchgear
15
Unit Auxiliary Transformers

G
87UAT
DC Offset
Transformer
Fault current includes a dc component, or offset, that makes the current asymmetrical. L/R = 100 ms X/R = 37.7
16
Offset Current vs Flux

Primary Current Flux Sec. Amperes or Flux Density
Time (Seconds)
Secondary Current
Amperes
Time (Seconds)
17
Secondary Current Observations

Secondary current is distorted due to the core flux saturation Secondary current distorts after a short time (time-to-saturation) Distortion slowly dissipates as primary dc offset decays
Secondary Current 100 Amps 50 0 -50 0 2 Tesla 1 0 -1 0 1 2 3 4 Cycles 5 6 7 I SEC 1 2 3 4 5 6 Magnetic Flux Density (B) 7 I PRIM
18
Large Differential Current

Secondary Current Primary Current
Amperes
Differential Current
Time (Seconds)
DC Saturation Factors
Large DC Time Constant Large Burden Low CT Kneepoint Voltage High Remanent Flux
19
Remanent Flux
Trapped magnetic flux in core if a previous offset current is interrupted before reaching a symmetrical state High X/R ratios make remanent flux more likely due to the slow decay rates of offset current
Remanent Flux Survey

Remanent flux in % of saturation 0 - 20 21 - 40 41 - 60 61 - 80 Percentage of cts 39 18 16 27
20
Remanent Flux Example

CT data
1200:5, C800, burden = 1.6 +j 0.7 ohm
Fault current 24,000 amps with dc offset X/R ratio = 19 Display ct secondary output current for remanence of 0%, 50% and 75% of saturation
0% Remanent Flux
Amperes
Time (Seconds)
21
50% Remanent Flux

Amperes
Time (Seconds)
75% Remanent Flux

Amperes
Time (Seconds)
22
Remanent Flux Results

Remanent flux 0% 50% 75% Time-to-saturation 1+ cycles 1/2 cycle 1/3 cycle
IEEE Guide for the Application of Current Transformers Used for Protective Relaying Purposes C37.110-1996
23
CT Classification
CT Accuracy Class
ANSI defines accuracy rating classes by a letter and number C100, C800 or T100, etc. Letter designates how the accuracy can be determined Number designates the minimum secondary terminal voltage under a standard burden
24
Accuracy Class Letter

C means by Calculation
non-gapped cores with negligible leakage flux, such as bushing cts
T means by Test
cts with leakage flux, such as cts with wound primaries
Old classes H and L

H T and L C
Accuracy Class Number

Minimum secondary terminal voltage produced
at 20 times rated current into a standard burden without exceeding a 10% ratio correction factor
25
What is a Standard Burden?

IEEE Standard Requirements for Instrument Transformers C57.13-1993 the standard relaying burdens are 1, 2, 4 and 8 ohms at a lagging 0.5 p.f. 20 times rated secondary current of 5 A is 100 A, and 100 A times the standard burdens yield C ratings of 100, 200, 400 and 800 V
CT Knee Point Voltages

45o Tangent A B 300:5 2000:5
VS
IS
26
Knee Point Definitions

Point A is the ANSI knee point voltage
point tangent to 45 degree slope line
Point B is the IEC knee point

where a 10% increase in voltage causes a 50 % increase in current
IEC knee point is higher than ANSI knee point
CT Excitation Impedance
Excitation curve represents the exciting impedance in terms of voltage and current The ANSI knee point (A) represents the point of maximum permeability of the iron core
27
Examples
Determine Accuracy Class Selecting CT Ratings Calculating Time to Saturation
Example - Find Accuracy Class

Find the approximate ct accuracy class from the excitation curve
the C class is defined for a 10% ratio correction factor at 20 times rated current
10% of (20 X 5 A) is 10 A for IE = 10 A, use the excitation curve to find VS as about 500 V
next find the ct terminal voltage by subtracting the internal voltage drop from VS
(continued)
28
Example - Equivalent Circuit

IP VS = 500 IS = 100 A IE = 10 A VB = ? ZB
Example - continued
VB (voltage to the burden)
VB = VS - (IS X RS) VB = 500 - (100 X 0.61) VB = 439 V
The approximate ct accuracy class is the next lowest ANSI class number (C400)
29
Examples
Avoiding CT Saturation
VX > IS ZTB (1 + X/R)
VX = saturation voltage IS = secondary current ZTB = total ct secondary burden
30
CTs for Generator Differentials

For generators, typically cts cannot be sized to avoid saturation because of:
high fault current high X/R ratio
Common applications would:

select adequate ct primary rating select highest practical C class match manufacturer and types of cts
Examples
31
Transient Response of Current Transformers

Power Systems Relaying Committee
Time to Saturate Equation
VK I F R TB
( I - KR )
TCT TS
T CT - T S
-t TCT
-e
-t TS
+1
32
VK
VK 2000:5 Tangents Intersect 300:5
VS
IS
Saturation Parameters
R TB = RCT + R LEADS +R DEVICES I F = FAULT CURRENT (SEC RMS AMPS) KR =
.5 - .75 IRON CORE .1 AIR GAP
= 377
L TCT = M R TB
33
VM & I M
45o Tangent VM 300:5 2000:5
VS
IM
IS
CT Inductance
LM TCT = RTB VM
XM =
IM
XM
LM =
34
DC Offsets
DC Offset Current
Depends on where in the voltage wave the fault occurs. Fault time is defined as: F I A => Fault Initiation Angle
35
Voltage Waveform
FIA
45
90 4.16
135 180 225 270 345 360 8.33 12.5
Degrees
60 Hz
16.67 Time ms
Voltage Waveform
FIA
45
90 5
135 180 225 270 345 360 10 15
Degrees
50 Hz
20 Time ms
36
Power System
R L
Z = R2 + X2 = ARCTAN ( L / R)
Power System
R L
= Characteristic Angle
37
Fault at FIA = No Offset

R L
Current Waveform No Offset FIA =

2 1
0 Current
-1
-2
-3 0 10 20 Time - Milliseconds 30 40 50
38
Fault at FIA = 90 Max Offset

R L
Current Waveform Max Offset FIA = + 90

2 1
0 Current
-1
-2
39
Total Current
2 1
0 Current
-1
-2
Equations
v(t) = Vmax * sin ( Wt + Close_Ang ) i (t) = i ss (t) + i trans (t) i ss (t) = [ Vmax / Z ] * sin ( Wt + Alpha ) Alpha = Close_Ang - ArcTan ( WL/R ) i trans (t) = [ e^ (-R/L) t ] * [ -Vmax / Z ] * sin ( Alpha )
40
Power System Time Constants

L/R (MS) 1 2 5 10 30 100 200 400 1000 X/R 0.377 0.754 1.885 3.770 11.310 37.699 75.398 150.796 376.991 Ang (deg) 20.66 37.02 62.05 75.14 84.95 88.48 89.24 89.62 89.85 Power System High Fault Resistance Distribution Lines Subtransmission Lines EHV Lines Transformers Generators Large Generators
Subtransmission Line L/R = 10 ms

2 1
0 Current
-1
-2
41
Generator L/R = 200 ms

2 1
0 Current
-1
-2
EHV Line L/R = 30 ms

2 1
0 Current
-1
-2
42
Distribution Line L/R = 5 ms

2 1
0 Current
-1
-2
43

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CT Saturation Tutorial

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CT Saturation Tutorial

Presented by Tony Giuliante

Copyright ATG Consulting 2003

Physical Properties of Core

Copyright ATG Consulting 2003

Flux to Volts per Turn

= B A sin (t) V = d = B A cos (t) N dt

Copyright ATG Consulting 2003

Flux to Volts per Turn

Electric Field to Ampere Turns

Copyright ATG Consulting 2003

Convert B-H Characteristic

Copyright ATG Consulting 2003

Simplified Bushing CT Circuit

REB = RLEADS + RDEVICES

Copyright ATG Consulting 2003

Simplified Bushing CT Circuit

Simplified Bushing CT Circuit

Copyright ATG Consulting 2003

Flux equals the AREA under the Voltage

Copyright ATG Consulting 2003

Voltage Demand IS RTB

Voltage & Flux Waveforms

Copyright ATG Consulting 2003

Flux Design Limits

Copyright ATG Consulting 2003

Increased Voltage Demand Five times IS RTB

Flux for Ideal CT

Copyright ATG Consulting 2003

Current Output for Ideal CT

Flux Design Limits

Copyright ATG Consulting 2003

Flux Design Limits

Copyright ATG Consulting 2003

Copyright ATG Consulting 2003

Low CT Kneepoint Voltage

Copyright ATG Consulting 2003

Unit Auxiliary Transformers

Copyright ATG Consulting 2003

Offset Current vs Flux

Copyright ATG Consulting 2003

Secondary Current Observations

Copyright ATG Consulting 2003

Large Differential Current

Copyright ATG Consulting 2003

Remanent Flux Survey

Copyright ATG Consulting 2003

Remanent Flux Example

Copyright ATG Consulting 2003

50% Remanent Flux

75% Remanent Flux

Copyright ATG Consulting 2003

Remanent Flux Results

Copyright ATG Consulting 2003

Copyright ATG Consulting 2003

Accuracy Class Letter

Old classes H and L

Accuracy Class Number

Copyright ATG Consulting 2003

What is a Standard Burden?

CT Knee Point Voltages

Copyright ATG Consulting 2003

Knee Point Definitions

Point B is the IEC knee point