MiCOMho P443 and P445 High Performance Distance Protection

Sam Sambasivan Calvin Vo

Sept 2005

MiCOMho Introduction

> MiCOMho P443

MiCOMho Introduction
MiCOMho P443

High performance distance protection

Universal mho characteristics Quadrilateral characteristics for short lines/cables, and where boosting of resistive fault coverage is required

Sub cycle - no excuses (P443) Advanced protection and control within one device
Includes directional comparison and DEF schemes

Simple to set and test

Easy set option

> MiCOMho P443

MiCOM Protection Portfolio

P900 P800 P700 P600 P500 P400 P300 P200 P100

Frequency Protection Relays Autoreclose, Breaker Fail ... Busbar Protection Schemes Transformer Protection Relays Line Differential and Unit Schemes Distance Protection Relays Generator Protection Relays Universal Motor Protection Relay Feeder Management Relays

MiCOMho
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MiCOMho P443: Subcycle Transmission Network Protection

Subcycle tripping, single pole settable - no excuses
Trip time includes contact closure time

Full-scheme, non-switched distance protection Mho and quadrilateral characteristics freely selectable for phase and ground faults Setting-free power swing blocking
No blinders or starter zones to set - universal application

Additional main protection: DEF and delta directional comparison

Deltas - fast signal send for channel-aided schemes

Optional InterMiCOM interface for teleprotection:

InterMiCOM EIA (RS) 232 typically for MODEM links InterMiCOM64 for 56/64kBits/s digital links or direct fiber

P443 - 80TE modular case for binary I/O up to 24/32.

5 > MiCOMho P443 5

P443: Subcycle Tripping Performance

Typical Operating Time P445 P443 - Fast: General Purpose: 0.7 to 1 cycle 1 to 1.3 cycle

40

30 Performance: Subcycle up to 75% Reach

P443

20

10

50%

70% 80% 90%

Example Timing Contour, 60Hz, SIR = 5

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MiCOMho
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MiCOMho P445: Distribution / Subtransmission Protection

Three pole tripping typically 1 to 1.3 cycle
Successor to popular Optimho and Quadramho ranges

Full-scheme, non-switched distance protection Mho or quadrilateral characteristics settable for ground faults, mho phase characteristics. Setting-free power swing blocking
No blinders or starter zones to set - universal application

Additional main protection: DEF Optional InterMiCOM interface for teleprotection:

InterMiCOM EIA (RS) 232 typically for MODEM links InterMiCOM64 for 56/64kBits/s digital links or direct fiber

P445 - specially designed for retrofit applications

40TE (8 width) replaces vertical mount relays 60TE models offer more binary I/O, up to 16/16
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P445: Tripping Performance

Typical Operating Time P445 P443 - Fast: General Purpose: 0.7 to 1 cycle 1 to 1.3 cycle (price premium)

40

30

20

P445

10

50%

70% 80% 90%

Example Timing Contour, 60Hz, SIR = 5

8 > MiCOMho P443

MiCOMho
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P443 and P445 I/O and Comparison Table

Case P443 A B P445 A B C 80TE 80TE 40TE 60TE 60TE

Optos 16 24 8 12 16

Contacts 24 32 8 12 16

Distance Subcycle Phase: Mho and Quad Gnd: Mho & Q 1 to 1.3 cycle Phase: Mho Ground: Mho and Quadrilateral

DEF Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Delta Schemes Yes Yes

A versatile range: from simple retrofit to EHV

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Protection & Control: List of Main Features

CON FIGURATION Dista nce Directiona l E/ F

CON FIGURATION

21P/N/78 67N I/V

Supervision Fa ult Loca tor

CTS/VTS

Directiona l Comp Overcurrent N eg Sequence O/ C Broken Conductor Ea rth Fa ult Residua l O/ V N VD Therma l Overloa d Volt Protection CB Fa il

System Checks Auto- Reclose Disturb Recorder Commission Tests Control Inputs Direct Access InterM iCOM

25 79

50/51/67 46/67 46BC 67N 59N 49 27/59 50BF

Teleprot

P443 only, not P445

10

10

> MiCOMho P443

Distance Elements

MiCOMho
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MiCOMho Introduction

P443/P445 Use Superimposed Current

Compares pre-faulted system Acts as a fault detector and faulted phase detector Can quickly recognize evolving faults and power swings Provides secure phase selection for complex fault conditions Sensitive to any fault type

Proven Delta Techniques

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MiCOMho
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Faulted = Unfaulted + Superimposed

Prefault Current:i rly = i mem + ir = Superimposed Fault

Proven Delta Techniques

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Superimposed Components Simple Theory

No Change!

AB
Change!

BC
Change!

CA
2 cycle window
Ground Fault, Phase C

1 Cycle Comparison

1 Cycle Comparison

MiCOMho
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Distance Zones Mho Characteristics

Available for Phase and Ground Protection (21P and 21G)

Z3 Zp Z2 Z1

Three independent Forward zones

Z1, Z2, Z3 (Z3 optional reverse offset)

One Reverse zone

Z4

Programmable Fwd/Rev zone

Zone p

Z4

MiCOMho
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P443 Trip Times (60Hz)

Speed: Sub-cycle Technology

P443
Zone 1 Trip min. 12 ms Zone 1 Trip max. 16.5 ms

SUB CYCLE
SIR < 30

MiCOMho
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Use of the Load Blinder to Avoid Load Encroachment Trips

X Z Blinder Angle

Load Area

Blinder Impedance Setting

Blinder Allows Stability Notch around Load

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Removal of Load Blinder For Faults

X Z Characteristic Expansion

Rf

Load Area

Blinder disappears for volts below V<

Better Resisitive Coverage on Fault Inception

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MiCOMho
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Quadrilateral Characteristics
Z3 (reverse offset) Available for Phase and Ground Protection (21P and 21G)

Z2

Independently selectable
Z1 eg. Mho phase + quad ground fault Ground faults only in P445 Zp (if reverse looking) Z4

(Directional line shown simplified)

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Setting Applied for Phase Fault Detection

A-B Zone 1 shown:

ZS

IA - IB

Z1 Ph Line Phase Reach

VS

VAB

R1 Ph / 2

Fault

Xab

Z1 ph Z1 R1ph/2 Positive Sequence Model Rab

MiCOMho
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Setting Applied for Ground Fault Detection

A-N Zone 1 shown:

ZS

IA

Z1 Gnd Line Ground Reach IA Fault

VS

VA IN kZn x Z1 Gnd

R1 Gnd

Line Residual Reach Xab Z1 ph Z1

R1Gnd/(1+Kn)

Group Loop Model Rab

MiCOMho
21 > MiCOMho P443 21

Negating Under / Overreach Effects of Infeed

Ground Faults:

During a single phase to ground fault the Negative Phase Sequence current is approximately in phase with the fault arc current The reactance line of the Ground Quad Elements is polarized from Negative Sequence Current Under and overreach effects are minimized dynamically
Phase Faults:

A downwards tilt can be implemented on the reactance line

Removes the chance of a spurious trip
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MiCOMho
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Preventing Zone - 1 Overreach Quadrilateral Characteristic

Prefault power export A IA EA R jX B RF X Allow reactance line to tilt down A R RF B IB IF EB

MiCOMho
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Preventing Zone - 2/3 Underreach Quadrilateral Characteristic

Prefault power import A IA IB RF jX B X RF A R Allow reactance line to tilt up EB B

EA

MiCOMho
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Easy Setting of Distance Protection Zones (1)

GROUP 1 LIN E PARAM ETERS Line Length Line Impeda nce Line Angle Residua l Comp Residua l Angle

GROUP 1 DISTAN CE SETUP Setting M ode Digita l Filter CVT Filters SIR Setting Loa d Blinders

Long Line? CVT and high SIR?

M utua l Comp M utua l Angle

Protected Line

Loa d/ B Impeda nce Loa d/ B Angle Loa d Blinder V<

M utua l cut- off (k) Pha se Rota tion Trip M ode

ABC CBA

Dista nce Pola rising

% Memory?

*
25 > MiCOMho P443

P443 only, not P445

25

Easy Setting of Distance Protection Zones (2)

GROUP 1 LIN E PARAM ETERS Line Length Line Impeda nce Line Angle Residua l Comp Residua l Angle M utua l Comp M utua l Angle M utua l cut- off (k) Pha se Rota tion Trip M ode
GROUP 1 DISTAN CE ELEMEN TS PHASE DISTAN CE Z1 Pha se Rea ch Z1 Pha se Angle GROUN D DISTAN CE Z1 Ground Rea ch

%
Easy Set Mode: Automatic Reach Conversion

Z1 Ground Angle Z1 Residua l Comp Z1 Residua l Angle

MiCOMho
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Distance Polarizing

A distance relay needs secure voltage polarizing to ensure:

Immunity to CVT transient effects - correct forward/reverse reaction for close-in faults Characteristic expansion for mho elements to boost resistive fault coverage Cross-polarizing from unfaulted phases where memory is unavailable Maintained optimum polarizing, even throughout power swings

Open book policy:

The P443/P445 meets all of these stringent requirements

Fine tuned from in-house and customer simulator experience

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Power Swing Blocking

28

> MiCOMho P443

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Power Swing Blocking

A power swing will result in continuous change of current Continuous output from the relay superimposed current element can be used to block for a power swing Using this method the relay is able to operate for faults occurring during a power swing All detection relies on delta elements with adaptive thresholds - nothing for the user to set!

Setting-Free Power Swing / Out of Step

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Power Swing, Summary (1)

Locus of power swing Load area I

Power swings are detected by continuous superimposed current presence - I. Swings are detected much earlier than for conventional devices - where the locus must cross into a band which surrounds the trip characteristics. No PSB start-up zone, no blinders (or load encroachment issues), no timers to set setting-free. Setting-Free Power Swing / Out of Step
30 > MiCOMho P443 30

Power Swing, Summary (2)

Fault Inception

Continuous I During Swing

Minimal I Present

Relay trips for all faults occurring during a power swing. The power swing block is removed instantly for an unbalanced fault, on reselection by the phase selectors. In the unlikely event of a 3 phase fault, a step change in I resets the block.
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Pilot / Aided Schemes

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> MiCOMho P443

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Channel Options for Aided Schemes, Permissive and Blocking

GROUP 1 DIRECTION AL FN DEF SETTIN GS DEF Pola rising

GROUP 1 DIRECTION AL FN DELTA DIRECTION Delta Sta tus

GROUP 1 DISTAN CE SCHEM ES AIDED SCHEM E 1 Aided 1 Dist dly

Delta Cha r Angle

DEF Cha r Angle

tReversa l Gua rd Delta V Fwd WI Single Pole Trip Delta V Rev WI V< Threshold Delta I Fwd WI Trip Dela y Delta I Rev

DEF VN pol Set DEF V2pol Set DEF Threshold

Directional Ground 67N IN> faults Sensitive

Directional Wave/Compar. LFDC delta .(P443 only)

Distance Aided 21PILOT PUR.. POR WI.. block

All IEC and ANSI/IEEE Scheme Types

33 > MiCOMho P443

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Directional Ground Fault

34

> MiCOMho P443

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Directional Ground Fault Protection (DEF)

High resistance ground faults Instantaneous or time delayed IEC and IEEE curves Single or three pole tripping in aided scheme

ZA0398 35 > MiCOMho P443 35

DEF Directional Security

Negative Sequence polarizing not affected by:

Zero sequence mutual coupling Standing zero sequence May be used in parallel line applications

Use of Healthy Phase polarizing is very secure:

Calculates -3V0 direction from the two unfaulted phases No need for current polarizing even when 3V0 or V2 are negligible

Virtual Current Polarizing

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Differentiating Factor Virtual Current Polarizing of Aided DEF

All traditional DEF protection (ground fault pilot protection scheme) relied on sufficient polarizing voltage to make a directional decision. If this were not available, current polarizing from an extra CT input would be needed. Virtual Current Polarizing ensures correct directional polarizing, even with no residual voltage generated, and without an extra CT input.

Market Leading Technology

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Healthy Phase (Zero Sequence) Polarizing

A Va
Va

FAULT
(All relays pre-LFZR) Typical A-N fault: A phase voltage falls Result Vres -Vres is OK to directionalize (P443/P445 and LFZR) Can cover faults with no Vres Phase selector removes Va Residual = Vb + Vc Always a voltage -Vres

Vc Voltage set: No fault

Vb
Vc Vres Va Ia Vc V residual

Ia Vb

Vb

Virtual Current: to Calculate a pseudo (-Vres)

38 > MiCOMho P443

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DEF Backup Overcurrent Protection 51P/51N/67

Four stages of directional/non-directional phase overcurrent protection
I>1 and I>2 IDMT or definite time I>3 and I>4 definite time (t=0, instantaneous)

Four stages of directional/non-directional earth fault protection

IN>1 and IN>2 IDMT or definite time IN>3 and IN>4 definite time (t=0, instantaneous) Directional decision polarized from VN or V2, allowing use of open delta VTs
I> and IN> elements can be enabled permanently, or on

channel failure

39

> MiCOMho P443

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Backup Overcurrent Protection 51P/51N/67 IDMT Curves

IEC Curves
Operating Time (s) 1000

IEEE Curves
Operating Time (s) 100

IEC SI IEC VI IEC EI IEC LTS

100 10

US MI US VI US EI US I US SI

10

1 1

0.1 1 10 100 Current (Multiples of Is)

40 > MiCOMho P443

0.1 1 10 100 Current (Multiples of Is)

40

Fault and Disturbance Records

Prefault

Postfault

Analog channels Digital channels Sample 48 times per cycle 2.4kHz Resolution at 50Hz

MiCOM S1 saves file in the COMTRADE format for advanced fault diagnostics Fault location:
Distance to fault V and I measurements

41

> MiCOMho P443

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Distance to Fault Locator

P443 Offers additional Mutual Current Compensation

16%

3.8 16km

10miles
MiCOMho
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> MiCOMho P443

Programmable Scheme Logic

Px40 relays contain powerful PSL, for customizing protection and control functionality where required
An internal programmable logic controller, set via MiCOM S1 Comprises AND, OR, PROGRAMMABLE, MAJORITY, NOT, NAND and NOR gate functions. Internal timers for sequencing, and general delays Permits latching of output contacts and LEDs

Use for extra protection functions such as Trip Circuit Supervision, and customized control (eg. Interlocking).

No inherent delay, designed to avoid race problems

43 > MiCOMho P443 43

MiCOM Px4x Platform Communication Interface

Scope of Communication Interfaces
(Future)

Courier
Measurements Status Controls Records Fault Location Disturbances Settings Peer - Peer

DNP3

IEC103 61850

X X X

X X

44 > MiCOMho P443

Public Private Not supported by protocol

44

Easy Set, and Easy Test: Static Test Commissioning Setting

Many secondary injection test sets are not designed to simulate a real dynamic fault. To allow all test sets to be used with the relay there is a Static Test Mode in the commissioning menu

Bypasses delta phase selection Reverts to simple (non-delta) directional line Cross polarizing replaces memory

No need to change test sets

45 > MiCOMho P443

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MiCOM P443 Summary (1)

High performance distance protection
Universal mho characteristics Quadrilateral characteristics for short lines/cables, and where boosting of resistive fault coverage is required

Sub cycle - no excuses

Includes output contact Even in capacitor VT applications

Easy selection of aided schemes and backup options From the same family as successful predecessors:
LFZP Optimho: Over 11500 relays installed since 1989 SHNB Micromho: Over 2500 installed since 1983 P443 MiCOMho mixes experience with proven new technology

Proven design pedigree

46 > MiCOMho P443

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MiCOM P443 Summary (2)

Fast fault clearance for optimum network stability and voltage profile management Versatile characteristics shaped for stability under all load flows load blinders defend the system in severe contingencies Advanced protection and control within one device
Possible universal HV/EHV protection solution: distance or directional comparison

Simple to set and test

Easy set option Static test mode

Customer benefits
47 > MiCOMho P443

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MiCOM P445 Summary

Small case size - perfect for retrofitting in existing panels and cubicles Easy selection of aided schemes and backup options From the same family as successful predecessors:
LFZP Optimho: Over 11500 relays installed since 1989 SHPM Quadramho: Over 6400 installed since 1984 P445 MiCOMho mixes experience with proven new technology

Simple to set and test

Easy set option Static test mode

Customer benefits
48 > MiCOMho P443

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Design Pedigree: AREVA HV/EHV Distance

PD571 Algos.
MiCOM

PXLN Algos. Algos.

SHNB

mho Algos.

TRIP ALARM OUT OF SERVICE HEALTHY EDIT

ENTER

Control

Algos.

TRIP ALARM OUT OF SERVICE HEALTHY EDIT

G C G G G

G O I L/R

ENTER

P432 EHV ONE-BOX SOLUTION

P442/P444 DISTANCE PROTECTION

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> MiCOMho P443

G G

P439

= =

CLEAR READ

G C

P437

EPAC Algos.
MiCOM

TRIP ALARM OUT OF SERVICE HEALTHY EDIT

= =

CLEAR READ

G C

LFZP Optimho Algos. SOTF, Schemes Direction P44x/P54x H/W

LFZR LFDC Algos. Ph/select

P443/P445 MiCOMho PROTECTION

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