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I1
52
I2
i1
i2
I1
52
I2
i1
i2
I1
52 52
I2
I1 + I2 = 6, >0! I1 + I2 = ID, the differential current
i1
i2
Differential Protection
Looks for the presence of differential current Reliable protection concept Several different techniques
Secure
Incorrect tripping a bus can drop a significant part of the system
I1
52 52
I2
i1 ID
50
i2
CT Replication Error
I1
52 52
I2
i1 ID
50
i2
CT Saturation
I1
52 52
I2
i1 ID
50
i2
I2
52
ID + V R
87
Minuses
Dedicated CTs Matched performance class CTs Identical CT ratios, tapped at full ratio
Reliable
I1
52 52
I2
i1
i2
87
ID= i1 + i2
ID = i1 + i 2
Operate w/ Restraint
Restrain
S2
IOmin
S1
IR = i1 + i 2
IRs
IR
I2
i2
87
ID
High Current Setting
Operate w/ Restraint
S2
IOmin
S1
IRs
IR
I2
i2
87
I1 = 30 I2 = 3180
Operate w/o Restraint
ID
High Current Setting
Operate w/ Restraint
S2
IOmin
S1
IRs
IR
I2
i2
87
ID
High Current Setting
S2
IOmin
S1
IRs
IR
Operate w/ Restraint
Restrain
S2
IOmin
S1
52
52
52
B-PRO NxtPhase
52
52
52
(6) 3-phase inputs 87B function Possible 27, 59, 81 50/51, possible 67 for each input 50BF for each input Possible multiple protection zones
I4
I5
I6
Possible applications
50BF
I1
50BF
I2
50BF
I3
50BF
I4
50BF
I5
87B
I1
50BF
I2
50BF
I3
50BF
I4
50BF
I5
50BF
I6
50BF
87T
52
52
52
52
52
B-PRO NxtPhase
52
52
52
52
52
52
B-PRO NxtPhase
87B
50BF
52
52
52
52 52
52
52
52
52
52
52
I6
I6
50/51 50N/ 50BF 51N
I1
50BF 50/51 50N/ 51N
52
87T 87T 87B
B-PRO NxtPhase
52
B-PRO NxtPhase
87B
81
4
52
50BF
I5
50/51 50BF
50N/ 51N
50/51 50BF
50N/ 51N
50/51 50BF
50N/ 51N
50/51 50BF
50N/ 51N
50/51 50BF
50N/ 51N
50/51 50BF
50N/ 51N
50/51 50BF
50N/ 51N
50/51 50BF
50N/ 51N
50/51 50BF
50N/ 51N
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
87B
I1
I2
I3
I4
I2
I3
I4
I5
I6
4 Pieces of Knowledge
How is the operating characteristic defined?
Curve equations
How does the relay calculate ID and IR? Does the characteristic work in amps or per unit Relay settings
GE B-30
ID = |i1+i2+i3+i4+i5+i6| IR = max (I1, I2, I3, I4, I5, I6) Per unit. Base is maximum primary current on an input
SEL 487B
ID = |i1+i2+i3+i4+i5+i6| IR = |i1|+|i6| Per unit. Base is max CT ratio
NxtPhase B-PRO
ID = |i1+i2+i3+i4+i5+i6| IR = (|i1|++|i6|)/2 Per unit base on Bus MVA / Bus Voltage
Testing Issues
Do I have to test 3-phase?
No! Differential protection is single-phase element
B-PRO Characteristic
ID
High Current Setting
Operate w/ Restraint
Test Zone 1 Test Zone 3
Restrain
IO = S1 * IR 100 IOmin
S2
S1
IO = S 2
(0, IOmin)
IRs
ID = i1 + i 2 + i3 + i 4 + i5 + i 6
IR =
i1 + i 2 + i3 + i 4 + i5 + i 6 2
IR
)
Test Plan
Test Obvious External Fault
Verifies that test setup is correct
Input 1 A Phase
Input 2 A Phase
Input 3 A Phase
Input 4 A Phase
Input 5 A Phase
Input 6 A Phase
Differential Relay
Input 1 A Phase
Input 2 A Phase
Input 3 A Phase
Input 4 A Phase
Input 5 A Phase
Input 6 A Phase
Differential Relay
Test Procedure
Collect B-PRO settings Calculate relay base current Determine test points from differential characteristic Calculate secondary currents Test
Base Current
Base Current is defined by Bus MVA, Bus Voltage
Voltage = 230 kV Base MVA 1000 I Base = 3 kV 796 1000 = 2000 Apri I Base = 3 230
(2000 5 )
(3000 5 )
(2000 5 )
(3000 5 )
Bus Differential (87B) -----------------------------Operating Current, IO (PU) Restraint Current, IR (PU) Note: 1 PU = 796.0 MVA for 87B
You can
Possible Trip Points
IOmin
IRs
ID and IR vary with changing current You must calculate to determine that i1 and i2 from test source match characteristic Must verify this is on characteristic!
A better way
(IR, IO)
IOmin
Determine ID and IR for a specific test point Calculate i1 and i2 Test, varying slightly around this region
IRs
Calculations
Test at (IR, ID ) = (1.00, 0.25) per unit IO = IBin IBout IR = IBin + IBout 2 Continuing example...
IBin = IBout
0.25 + 2 1.00 = 1.125 per unit 2 = IBin IO = 1.125 0.25 = 0.875 per unit
Calculations
IBin = 1.125 per unit = i1 IBout = 0.875 per unit = i 2 1.125 per unit 2000 Apri = 2250 Apri i1 = 2250 Apri
(2000 5 )CTR
= 5.625 Asec @ 0o
(3000 5 )CTR
Bus Differential (87B) -----------------------------Operating Current, IO (PU) Restraint Current, IR (PU) Note: 1 PU = 796.0 MVA for 87B
Summary
Low impedance bus differential is easy to apply Testing
1 phase okay 2 inputs only okay Must understand operating characteristic Have to remember per unit calculations!