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International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, Nov 2011.

IJAET ISSN: 2231-1963

INTELLIGENT INVERSE KINEMATIC CONTROL OF SCORBOT-ER V PLUS ROBOT MANIPULATOR


Himanshu Chaudhary and Rajendra Prasad
Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Roorkee, India

ABSTRACT
In this paper, an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) method based on the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is applied to design an Inverse Kinematic based controller forthe inverse kinematical control of SCORBOT-ER V Plus. The proposed ANFIS controller combines the advantages of a fuzzy controller as well as the quick response and adaptability nature of an Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The ANFIS structures were trained using the generated database by the fuzzy controller of the SCORBOT-ER V Plus.The performance of the proposed system has been compared with the experimental setup prepared with SCORBOT-ER V Plus robot manipulator. Computer Simulation is conducted to demonstrate accuracyof the proposed controller to generate an appropriate joint angle for reaching desired Cartesian state, without any error. The entire system has been modeled using MATLAB 2011.

KEYWORDS: DOF, BPN, ANFIS, ANN, RBF, BP

I.

INTRODUCTION

Inverse kinematic solution plays an important role in modelling of robotic arm. As DOF (Degree of Freedom) of robot is increased it becomes a difficult task to find the solution through inverse kinematics.Three traditional

method used for calculating inverse kinematics of any robot manipulator are:geometric[1][2] , algebraic[3][4][5] and iterative [6] methods. While algebraic methods cannot guarantee closed form solutions. Geometric methods must have closed form solutions for the first three joints of the manipulator geometrically. The iterative methods converge only to a single solution and this solution depends on the starting point. The architecture and learning procedure underlying ANFIS, which is a fuzzy inference system implemented in the framework of adaptive networks was presented in [7]. By using a hybrid learning procedure, the proposed ANFIS was ableto construct an input-output mapping based on both human knowledge (in the form of fuzzy if-then rules) and stipulated input-output data pairs. Neuro-Genetic approach for the inverse kinematics problem solution of robotic manipulators was proposed in [8]. A multilayer feed-forward networks was applied to inverse kinematic problem of a 3degrees-of freedom (DOF) spatial manipulator robot in [9]to get algorithmic solution. To solve the inverse kinematics problem for three different cases of a 3-degrees-of freedom (DOF) manipulator in 3D space,a solution was proposed in [10]usingfeed-forward neural networks.This introduces the fault-tolerant and high-speed advantages of neural networks to the inverse kinematics problem. A three-layer partially recurrent neural network was proposed by [11]for trajectory planning and to solve the inverse kinematics as well as the inverse dynamics problems in a single processing stage for the PUMA 560 manipulator. Hierarchical control technique was proposed in[12]for controlling a robotic manipulator.It was based on the establishment of a non-linear mapping between Cartesian and joint coordinates using fuzzy logic in order to direct each individual joint. Commercial Microbot with three degrees of freedom was utilized to evaluate this methodology. Structured neural networks based solution was suggested in[13] that could be trained quickly. The proposed method yields multiple and precise solutions and it was suitable for real-time applications.

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International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, Nov 2011. IJAET ISSN: 2231-1963
To overcome the discontinuity of the inverse kinematics function,a novel modular neural network system that consists of a number of expert neural networks was proposed in[14]. Neural network based inverse kinematics solution of a robotic manipulator was suggested in[15]. In this study, three-joint robotic manipulator simulation software was developed and then a designed neural network was used to solve the inverse kinematics problem. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) using backpropagation algorithm was applied in [16]to solve inverse kinematics problems of industrial robot manipulator. The inverse kinematic solution of the MOTOMAN manipulator using Artificial Neural Network was implemented in [17]. The radial basis function (RBF) networks was used to show the nonlinear mapping between the joint space and the operation space of the robot manipulator which in turns illustrated the better computation precision and faster convergence than back propagation (BP) networks. Bees Algorithm was used to train multi-layer perceptron neural networks in [18]to model the inverse kinematics of an articulated robot manipulator arm. This paper is organized into four sections. In the next section, the kinematicsanalysis (Forward as well as inverse kinematics) of SCORBOT-ER V Plus has been derived with the help of DH algorithm as well as conventional techniques such as geometric[1][2], algebraic[3][4][5] and iterative [6] methods. Basics of ANFIS are introduced in section3. It also explains the wayfor input selection for ANFIS modeling. Simulation results are discussed in section 4. Section 5 gives concluding remarks.

II.

KINEMATICS OF SCORBOT-ER V PLUS

SCORBOT-ER V Plus [19] is a vertical articulated robot, with five revolute joints. It has a Stationary base, shoulder, elbow, tool pitch and tool roll. Figure 1.1 identifies the joints and links of the mechanical arm.

2.1. SCORBOTER V PLUS STRUCTURE


All joints are revolute, and with an attached gripper it has six degree of freedom. Each joint is restricted by the mechanical rotation its limits are shown below. Joint Limits: Axis 1: Base Rotation: 310 Axis 2: Shoulder Rotation: + 130 / 35 Axis 3: Elbow Rotation: 130 Axis 4: Wrist Pitch: 130 Axis 5: Wrist Roll Unlimited (electrically 570) Maximum Gripper Opening: 75 mm (3") without rubber pads 65 mm (2.6") with rubber pads The length of the links and the degree of rotation of the joints determine the robots work envelope. Figure 1.2 and 1.3 show the dimensions and reach of the SCORBOT-ER V Plus. The base of the robot is normally fixed to a stationary work surface. It may, however, be attached to a slide base, resulting in an extended working range.

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2.2. FRAME ASSIGNMENT TO SCORBOTER V PLUS


For the kinematic model of SCORBOT first we have to assign frame to each link starting from base (frame {0}) to end-effector (frame {5}). The frame assignment is shown in figure 1.4.

Here in model the frame {3} and frame {4} coincide at same joint, and the frame {5} is end effector position in space.

Joint i 1 2 3 4 5

/2 0 0 /2 0

( ) 16 221 221 0 0

( ) 349 0 0 0 145

1 2 3 /2 + 4 5

Operating range 155 + 155 35 + 130 130 + 130 130 + 130 570 570

2.3. FORWARD KINEMATIC OF SCORBOTER V PLUS


Once the DH coordinate system has been established for each link, a homogeneous transformation matrix can easily be developed considering frame {i-1} and frame {i}. This transformation consists of four basic transformations.
0

T5 = 0T1 * 1T2 * 2T3 * 3T4 * 4T5

(1)

C1 0 S1 a1 * C1 0T = S1 0 C1 a1 * S1 1 0 1 0 d1 0 0 0 1

(2)

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International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, Nov 2011. IJAET ISSN: 2231-1963
C2 S 1 T2 = 2 0 0
C3 S 2 T3 = 3 0 0

S2 C2 0 0
S3 C3 0 0

S 4 0 3T = C 4 0 4 0 1 0 0 C 5 S 5 4T = S 5 C 5 5 0 0 0 0

0 a2 * C2 0 a2 * S 2 1 0 0 1 0 a3 * C3 0 a3 * S3 1 0 0 1 C 4 0 S 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 d 5 0 1

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

Finally, the transformation matrix is as follow: C S + C S S CC C (a + a C + a C + d C ) S S C C S CS SCS CC +SS S SC S (a + a C + a C + d C ) T = T = (7) SC S (d a S a S d S ) C C 0 0 0 1 Where, = ( ), = ( ) = ( + + ), = ( + + ). The T is all over transformation matrix of kinematic model of SCORBOT-ER V Plus, from this we have to extract position and orientation of end effector with respect to base is done in the following section.
1 5 1 5 234 5 1 1 5 234 1 234 1 1 2 2 3 23 5 234 0 1 5 1 5 234 1 5 1 5 234 1 234 1 1 2 2 3 23 5 234 5 5 234 5 234 234 1 2 2 3 23 5 234

2.4. OBTAINING POSITION IN CARTESIAN SPACE


The value of , , is found from last column of transformation matrix as: (8) (9) Y = S1 (a1 + a2 C2 + a3C23 d5C234 ) Z = ( d1 a2 S 2 a3 S23 d5 S 234 ) (10) For Orientation of end-effector frame {5} and frame {1} should be coincide with same axis but in our model it is not coincide so we have to take rotation of 90 of frame {5} over y5 axis, so the overall rotation matrix is multiplied with 90 as follow: X = C1 (a1 + a2 C2 + a3C23 + d5C234 )
cos( 90o ) 0 sin(90o ) Ry = 0 1 0 sin(90o ) 0 cos(90o )
0 0 1 Ry = 0 1 0 1 0 0

(11)

The Rotation matrix is: 0 0 1 S1S5 C1C5 S234 R = 0 1 0 C1 S5 S1C5 S 234 1 0 0 C5C234 C5 S1 + C1 S5 S234 C1C5 + S1S5 S234 S5C234 C1C234 S5C234 S234

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International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, Nov 2011. IJAET ISSN: 2231-1963
C5C234 R = C1S5 S1C5 S 234 S1S5 C1C5 S 234 S5C234 C1C5 + S1S5 S234 C5 S1 + C1 S5 S 234 S 234 S5C234 C1C234

(12)

Pitch: Pitch is the angle of rotation about y5 axis of end-effector

pitch = 2 + 3 + 4 = 234

(13)
2

(14) Here we use atan2 because its range is [ , ], where the range of atan is [ /2, /2]. Roll: The = 5 is derived as follow: (15) 5 = a tan 2(r12 / C234 , r11 / C234 ) Yaw: Here for SCORBOT yaw is not free and bounded by 1.
234 = a tan 2( r13, r 23 + r 33 )

2.5. HOME POSITION IN MODELING


At home position all angle are zero so in equation (1.7) put So the transformation matrix reduced to:THome 0 0 = 1 0 0 1 a1 + a2 + a3 + d5 0 0 1 0 0 = 1 0 0 d1 0 0 1 0
1

= 0,

= 0,

= 0,

= 0,

=0

0 1 603 1 0 0 0 0 349 0 0 1

(16)

The home position transformation matrix gives the orientation and position of end-effector frame. From the 33 matrix orientation is describe as follow, the frame {5} is rotated relative to frame {0} such that 5 axis is parallel and in same direction to 0 axis of base frame; 5is parallel and in same direction to 0 axis of base frame; and 5axis is parallel to 0but in opposite direction. The position is T given by the 3 1 displacement matrix a1 + a2 + a3 + d5 0 d1 .

2.6. INVERSE KINEMATICS OF SCORBOT-ER V PLUS


For SCORBOT we have five parameter in Cartesian space is x, y, z, roll ( ), pitch ( ).For joint parameter evaluation we have to construct transformation matrix from five parameters in Cartesian coordinate space. For that rotation matrix is generated which is depends on only roll, pitch and yaw of robotic arm. For SCORBOT there is no yaw but it is the rotation of first joint 1. So the calculation of yaw is as follow: = 1 = a tan 2( x, y ) (17) Now for rotation matrix rotate frame {5} at an angle about its x axis then rotate the new frame {5 } by an angle with its own principal axes , finally rotate the new frame {5} by an angle with its own principal axes ''. = ( ) ( ) ( )
1 0 = 0 C 0 S 0 C S 0 C S 0 S C 1 0 S 0 C 0 S C 0 0 0 1

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International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, Nov 2011. IJAET ISSN: 2231-1963
C C C S = C S C S S C C + S S S S S C C S S C + S C S Now rotate matrix by 90 about y axis: COS (90o ) Ry ( 90o ) = 0 o SIN (90 )
0 0 1 R y (90o ) = 0 1 0 1 0 0

S C S C C

(18)

SIN (90o ) 1 0 o 0 COS (90 ) 0


(19)

After pre multiplying the equation 19 with equation 18, one will get following rotation matrix: S S C C S = C S C S S C C S C + S C S C C + S S S C S C C C S S

(20)

So, the total transformation matrix is as follows: S S C C S C S C S S T = C C 0 S C + S C S C C + S S S C S 0 C C C S S 0 X Y Z 1

(21)

After comparing the transformation matrix in equation (7) with matrix in equation (21), one can deduce: 1 = , 234 = , 5= , Now, we have 1 and 5 directly but 2, 3 4 are merged in 234 so we have separate them, to separate them we have used geometric solution method as shown in Figure 1.6

Here for finding

2,

3,

4,

we have X, Y, Z in Cartesian coordinate space from that we can take:-

(22) We have pitch of end-effector 234 = , from that we can find point 2, 2 is calculated as follows: X 2 = X 1 d5 cos 234 (23) Y2 = Y1 + d5 sin 234

X 1 = ( X 2 + Y 2 ) andY1 = Z

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International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, Nov 2011. IJAET ISSN: 2231-1963
Now the distance
3and 3can

be found: X 3 = X 2 a1 Y3 = Y2

From the low of cosines applied to triangle ABC, we have: cos 3 =


2 2 2 ( X 3 + Y32 a2 a3 ) 2 a2 a3

3 = a tan 2( 1 cos 2 3 , cos 3 )

(24) (25) (26)

From figure 1.6

or 2 = 2 = a tan 2(Y3 , X 3 ) a tan 2(a3 sin 3 , a2 + cos 3 )

Finally we will get: 4 = 234 2 3

III.

INVERSE KINEMATICS OF SCORBOT-ER V PLUS USING ADAPTIVE NEURO FUZZY INFERENCE SYSTEM (ANFIS)

The proposed ANFIS[7][20][21] controller is based on Sugeno-type Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) controller.The parameters of the FIS are governed by the neural-network back propagation method. The ANFIS controller is designed by taking the Cartesian coordinates plus pitch as the inputs, and the joint angles of the manipulator to reach a particular coordinate in 3 dimensional spaces as the output. The output stabilizing signals, i.e., joint angles are computed using the fuzzy membership functions depending on the input variables. The effectiveness of the proposed approach to the modeling is implemented with the help of a program specially written for this in MATLAB. The information related to data used to train is given inTable 1.2.
Sr. No. Manipulator Angles No. of Nodes No. of Parameters Linear 01. 02. 03. 04. Theta1 Theta2 Theta3 Theta4 193 193 193 193 405 405 405 405 Nonlinear 36 36 36 36 441 441 441 441 Total No. of Parameters No. of Training Data Pairs 4500 4500 4500 4500 No. of Checking Data Pairs 4500 4500 4500 4500 No. of Fuzzy Rules 81 81 81 81

The procedure executed to train ANFIS is as follows: (1) Data generation: To design the ANFIS controller, the training data have been generated by using an experimental setup with the help of SCORBOT-ER V Plus. A MATLAB program is written to govern the manipulator to get the input output data set. 9000 samples were recorded through the execution of the program for the input variables i.e., Cartesian coordinates as well as Pitch. Cartesian coordinates combination for all thetas are given in Fig.1.7

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International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, Nov 2011. IJAET ISSN: 2231-1963
(2) Rule extraction and membership functions: After generating the data, the next step is to estimate the initial rules. A hybrid learning algorithm is used for training to modify the above parameters after obtaining the Fuzzy inference system from subtracting clustering. This algorithm iteratively learns the parameter of the premise membership functions and optimizes them with the help of back propagation and least-squares estimation. The training is continued until the error minimization..The input as well as output member function used was triangular shaped member function.The final fuzzy inference system chosen was the one associated with the minimum checking error, as shown in figure 1.8.it shown the final membership function for the thetas after training.
D e g r e e o f m e m b e r s h ip D e g r e e o f m e m b e r s h ip

D e g re e o f m e m b e rs h ip D e g re e o f m e m b e rs h ip

D e g re e o f m e m b e rs h ip D e g re e o f m e m b e rs h ip

in11 m f1

i n 1 m f2

i n 1 m f3

in12 m f1

i n 2 m f2

i n 2 m f3

in1 m f1 1

in 1 m f2

in 1 m f3

D e g r e e o f m e m b e r s h ip D e g r e e o f m e m b e r s h ip

in12 m f1

in 2 m f2

in 2 m f3

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0 -0 . 5 0 in p u t 1 i n 3 m f2 0 .5

0 -0 . 4 -0 . 2 0 in p u t 2 i n 4 m f2 0.2 0.4

0 -0 . 5 0 in p u t 1 in 3 m f2 0 .5

0 -0 . 4 -0 . 2 0 in p u t 2 in 4 m f2 0 .2 0 .4

i n1 m f1 3

i n 3 m f3

in1 m f1 4

i n 4 m f3

in13 m f1

i n 3 m f3

i n1 m f1 4

in 4 m f3

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0 -0 . 2 0 0 .2 0.4 in p u t 3 0.6 0.8

0 -4 -2 0 in p u t 4 2 4

0 -0 .2 0 0.2 0 .4 in p u t 3 0.6 0 .8

0
o f m e m b e rs h ip

o f m e m b e rs h ip

o f m e m b e rs h ip

-4

-2

0 in p u t 4

in1 m f1 1

i n 1 m f2

i n 1 m f3

i n 1 m f1 2

i n 2 m f2

in 2 m f3

i n1 m f 1 1

in 1 m f2

in 1 m f3

o f m e m b e rs h ip

i n12 m f 1

in 2 m f2

i n 2 m f3

o f m e m b e r sDh e pg r e e i

o f m e m b e r sDh ei pg r e e

o f m e m b e r s Dh e pg r e e i

0 -0 .5 0 in p u t1 i n 3 m f2 0 .5

0 -0 .4 -0 . 2 0 in p u t 2 i n 4 m f2 0 .2 0 .4

0 -0 .5 0 in p u t 1 i n 3 m f2 0 .5

o f m e m b e r s Dh e pg r e e i

0 .5

0 .5

0 .5

0 .5

0 -0 . 4 -0 .2 0 in p u t 2 in 4 m f2 0 .2 0 .4

i n13 m f1

i n 3 m f3

i n 1 m f1 4

in 4 m f3

i n13 m f1

in 3 m f3

i n 1 m f1 4

i n 4 m f3

D e g re e

D e g re e

D e g re e

D e g re e

0 .5

0 .5

0 .5

0 .5

0 -0 .2 0 0 .2 0 .4 in p u t3 0 .6 0 .8

0 -4 -2 0 in p u t 4 2 4

0 -0 . 2 0 0 .2 0 .4 in p u t 3 0 .6 0 .8

0 -4 -2 0 in p u t 4 2 4

(3) Results: The ANFIS learning was tested on a variety of linear and nonlinear processes. The ANFIS was trained initially for 2 membership functions for 9000 data samples for each input as well as output. Later on, it was increased to 3 membership functions for each input. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed combination, the results are reported for a system with81 rules and a system with an optimized rule base. After reducingthe rules the computation becomes fast and it also consumes less memory. The ANFIS architecture for 1 is shownin Fig. 1.9.

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International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, Nov 2011. IJAET ISSN: 2231-1963
Five angles have considered for the representation of robotic arm. But as the 5 is independent of other angles so only remaining four angles was considered to calculate forward kinematics. Now, for every combination of 1, 2, 3 and4 values the x and y as well as z coordinates are deduced using forward kinematics formulas.

IV.

SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The plots displaying the root-mean-square error are shown in figure 1.10. The plot in blue represents error1, the error for training data. The plot in green represents error2, the error for checking data. From the figure one can easily predict thatthere is almost null difference between the training error as well as checking error after the completion of training of ANFIS.
E r r o r C u rve s R M S E (R oo t M ea n S q u a r e d E rro r ) R M S E (R oo t M ea n S q u a r e d E rro r ) 0 .9 0.34 E r r o r C u rve s

0.85

0.32

0 .8

0 .3

0.75

0.28

0 .7

0.26

0.65

0 .6

0.24

0.55

10 E poc hs
E r r o r C u rve s

12

14

16

18

20

1
R M S E (R o o t M e a n S q u a r e d E r r o r )

0.22

10 E poc hs
E r r o r C u rve s

12

14

16

18

20

R M S E (R o o t M e a n S q u a r e d E rro r)

0 .7

0 .44

0 .42

0 .65

0 .4

0 .6

0 .38

0 .55

0 .36

0 .5

0 .34

0 .45

3
0 2 4 6 8 10 E poc hs 12 14 16 18 20

0 .32

10 E pochs

12

14

16

18

20

In addition to above error plots, the plot showing the ANFIS Thetas versus the actual Thetasare given in figures1.11,1.12,1.13 and 1.14 respectively. The difference between the original thetas values and the values estimated using ANFIS is very small.
Theta1 and ANFIS Prediction theta1 3

-1

-2

-3

Experimental Theta1 ANFIS Predicted Theta1 0 50 100 150 Time (sec) 200 250 300 350

-4

Theta2 and ANFIS Prediction theta2 2 Experimental Theta2 ANFIS Predicted Theta2 1.5

0.5

-0.5

-1

50

100

150 Time (sec)

200

250

300

350

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International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, Nov 2011. IJAET ISSN: 2231-1963
Theta3 and ANFIS Prediction Theta3 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3

Experimental Theta3 ANFIS Predicted Theta3 0 50 100 150 Time (sec) 200 250 300 350

Theta4 and ANFIS Prediction Theta4 2

-1

-2 Experimental Theta4 ANFIS Predicted Theta4 -3 0 50 100 150 Time (sec) 200 250 300 350

The prediction errors for all thetas appear in the figures 1.15, 1.16, 1.17, 1.18 respectively with a much finer scale. The ANFIS was trained initially for only 10 epochs. After that the no. of epochs were increased to 20 for applying more extensive training to get better performance.
Prediction Errors for THETA 1 3 Prediction Error Theta1 2

-1

-2

-3

50

100

150 Time (sec)

200

250

300

350

Prediction Errors for THETA2 1 Prediction Error Theta2 0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5

50

100

150 Time (sec)

200

250

300

350

Prediction Errors for THETA3 2 Prediction Error Theta3 1

-1

-2

-3

50

100

150 Time (sec)

200

250

300

350

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International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, Nov 2011. IJAET ISSN: 2231-1963
Prediction Errors for THETA4 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 Prediction Error Theta4 -2 0 50 100 150 Time (sec) 200 250 300 350

V.

CONCLUSION

From the experimental work one can see that the accuracy of the output of the ANFIS based inverse kinematic model is nearly equal to the actual mathematical model output, hence this model can be used as an internal model for solving trajectory tracking problems of higher degree of freedom (DOF) robot manipulator. Asingle camera for the reverse mapping from camera coordinates to real world coordinateshas been used in the present work, if two cameras are used stereo vision can be achieved andproviding the height of an object as an input parameter would not be required. The methodology presented herecan be extended to be used for trajectory planning and quite a few tracking applications with real world disturbances. Thepresent work did not make use of color image processing; making use of color image processing can helpdifferentiate objects according to their colors along with their shapes.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
As it is the case in almost all parts of human endeavour so also the development in the field of robotics has been carried on by engineers and scientists all over the world.It can be regarded as a duty to express the appreciation for such relevant, interesting and outstanding work to which ample reference is made in this paper.

REFERENCES
[1] F. R, "Position and velocity transformation between robot end-effector coordinate and joint angle," International Journal of Robotics, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 35-45, 1983. [2] L. G. C. S., "Robot arm kinematics, dynamics and control," IEEE, vol. 15, no. 12, pp. 62-79, 1982. [3] D. J., Analysis of Mechanism and Robot Manipulators. New York, USA: Wiley, 1980. [4] D. Manocha and J. Canny, "Efficient inverse kinematics for general 6r manipulators," IEEE Transaction on Robotics Automation, IEEE, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 648-657, 1994. [5] R. Paul, B. Shimano, and G. Mayer, "Kinematic control equations for simple manipulators," IEEE Transaction on System, Man and Cybernetics, IEEE, vol. SMC-11, no. 6, pp. 66-72, 1982. [6] J. Korein and N. Balder, "Techniques for generating the goal-directed motion of articulated structures," IEEE Computer Graphics and Application, IEEE, vol. 2, no. 9, pp. 71-81, 1982. [7] J.-S. R. Jang, "ANFIS : Adap tive-Ne twork-Based Fuzzy," IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernatics, IEEE, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 665-685, Jun. 1993. [8] K. Rasit, "A neuro-genetic approach to the inverse kinematics solution of robotic manipulators," Scientific Research and Essays, The Academic Journals, vol. 6, no. 13, pp. 2784-2794, Jul. 2011. [9] B. B. Choi and C. Lawrence, "Inverse Kinematics Problem In Robotics Using Neural Networks," NASA Technical Memorandum 105869, pp. 1-23, 1992. [10] D. M. A. L. R. O. B. W. H. E. H. Jack, "Neural Networks and The Inverse Kinematics Problem," Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, vol. 4, pp. 43-66, 1993. [11] A. F. R. Arahjo and H. D. Jr., "A Partially Recurrent Neural Network To Perform Trajectory Planning, Inverse Kinematics and Inverse Dynamics," Systems, Man and Cybernetics, IEEE, vol. 2, pp. 1784-1789, 1998. [12] D. W. Howard and A. Zilouchian, "Application of Fuzzy Logic for The Solution Of Inverse Kinematics And Hierarchical Controls Of Robotic Manipulators," Journal of Intelligent and Robotic Systems, Kluwer

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International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, Nov 2011. IJAET ISSN: 2231-1963
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Authors Himanshu Chaudhary received his B.E. in Electronics and Telecommunication from Amravati University, Amravati, India in 1996, M.E. in Automatic Controls and Robotics from M.S. University, Baroda, Gujarat, India in 2000.Presently he is a research scholar in Electrical Engineering Department, IIT Roorkee, India. His area of interest includes industrial robotics, computer networks and embedded systems.

Rajendra Prasad received B.Sc. (Hons.) degree from Meerut University, India in 1973. He received B.E.,M.E. and Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Roorkee, India in 1977, 1979 and 1990 respectively. . He also served as an Assistant Engineer in Madhya Pradesh Electricity Board (MPEB) from 1979- 1983. Currently, he is a Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee (India).He has more than 32 years of experience of teaching as well as industry. He has published 176 papers in various Journals/conferences and received eight awards on his publications in various National/International Journals/Conferences Proceeding papers. He has guided Seven PhDs, and presently six PhDs are under progress. His research interests include Control, Optimization, System Engineering and Model Order Reduction of Large Scale Systems and industrial robotics.

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