Pondicherry University

Assignment on HYDROGEN BONDING

Submitted by

Angshuman

Sarkar

11305006

OVERVIEW

What is Chemical Bonding? Types of Bonding. What is Hydrogen Bond? How they are formed? Conditions of forming Hydrogen Bonding. Types of Hydrogen Bond. Properties of Hydrogen Bond. Effect of Hydrogen Bond. Importance of Hydrogen Bond.

WHAT IS CHEMICAL BONDING? The attractive force which holds various constituents (atoms,ions,etc) together in different chemical species is called a

TYPES OF BONDING
1.

Ionic bonds Covalent bonds Metallic bonds Hydrogen bond

2.

3.

4.

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IONIC

COVALENT

METALLIC

Hydrogen bond
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DEFINATION OF Hydrogen Bondinga type of In chemistry, a hydrogen bond is

attractive intermolecular force that exists between two partial electric charges of opposite polarity. Although stronger than most other intermolecular forces, the hydrogen bond is much weaker than both the ionic bond and the covalent bond.

In other words,Hydrogen bond is the attractive force which binds hydrogen atom of one molecule with the electronegative atom(F,O,N) of other molecule.

How They are formed

a hydrogen bond is formed when a charged part of a molecule having polar covalent bonds forms an electrostatic (charge, as in positive attracted to negative) interaction with a substance of opposite charge. Molecules that have nonpolar covalent bonds donot

CONDITION FOR FORMATION OF H-BOND

Molecules must have a polar covalent bond.

Hydrogen atom should be bonded to a highly electronegative atom such as F, O or N. The size of electronegative atom should be small.

TYPES OF HYDROGEN BONDS hydrogen bond Intermolecular

Intramolecular hydrogen bond

InterMolecular hydrogen two different molecules. bond It is formed between

Eg;- H-bond in water molecule,HF molecule.

Intramolecule hydrogen bond It is formed when

hydrogen atom is in between the two highly electronegative(F,O,N) atoms present within the same molecule. Eg;- o-nitrophenol,ochlorophenol,salicylald ehyde

Properties of h-bond

Hydrogen bond is a bond of hydrogen between two electronegative atoms only. It never involves more than two atoms. Hydrogen bonds are classified as weak bonds because they are easily and rapidly formed and broken under normal biological conditions. In the formation of hydrogen bond electron pair is not shared. In this respect it is different from the covalent bond.

The strength of hydrogen bond depends upon the electronegativity of the atom A to which hydrogen atom is attached with a covalent bond Typical hydrogen bond is linear.

Effect of Hydrogen Bonding on Physical Properties of the Molecules

Physical States

Hydrogen bonding also influences the physical state of the substances (solid, liquid or gas). Hydrogen Bond in Solid(Ice)

BOILING POINT
Hydrogen bond has a significant influence on a molecule's boiling points.

MELTING POINT
Melting point for compounds of approximately the same molecular weight

SOLUBILITY
Covalent compounds do not generally dissolve in water, but those that can form a hydrogen bond with water, readily dissolve in it.eg;Ammonia.

IMPORTANCE OF HBONDING Thier presence explains many of the properties

of the molecules.eg:- water. They are used to stabilize and determine the structure of large macormolecules like proteins and nucleic acids. protein folding. They are involved in the mechanism of enzyme catalysis.

ON-GOING WORK
highly cooperative hydrogen bonding in large water clusters (n 24) applicability of continuum methods in highly cooperative systems non-classical hydrogen bonding in clathrates

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