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汉武帝徙民会稽史事证释
辛 德 勇
© 1995-2006 Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
历 史 研 究 2005 年第 1 期
一 从史料角度看汉武帝徙民会稽的可信性
© 1995-2006 Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
汉武帝徙民会稽史事证释
其次 , 《史记 ・匈奴列传》有涉及此事的相关记载云 :
浑邪王杀休屠王 , 并将其众降汉 , 凡四万余人 , 号十万 。于是汉已得浑邪王 , 则陇西 、
北地 、河西益少胡寇 , 徙关东贫民处所夺匈奴河南新秦中以实之 , 而减北地以西戍卒半 。
《汉书 ・匈奴传》所记除个别文字外 , 内容也是完全与《史记》相同 , 同样没有提到 “会稽”。
基于上述情况 , 葛剑雄先生认为 : “从史料角度分析 , 《史记 ・平准书》及《汉书 ・食货志》的
”①
记载是可靠的 , 而《汉书 ・武帝纪》中 ‘会稽’二字当系传抄时窜入 。
这样看待有关史料记载的歧异 , 当然也有一定道理 , 但是在上下文中根本找不到相应文字
的情况下 , 何以会凭空窜入毫不相干的 “会稽”二字 ? 单纯从文献校勘角度来看 , 使人觉得颇
有些费解 。
上述史料可以划分为三组 : 第一组 , 只有《汉书 ・武帝纪》; 第二组 , 为《史记 ・平准书》
和《汉书 ・食货志》; 第三组 , 为《史记 ・匈奴列传》和《汉书 ・匈奴传》。
首先让我们来分析《汉书 ・武帝纪》。初看起来 , 《汉书 ・武帝纪》的记载不像《食货志》
和《匈奴传》的记载那样 , 可以在《史记》中找到史源 , 似乎显得有些薄弱 。但是如众所周知 ,
今本《史记》早已佚失司马迁《孝武本纪》原本 , 我们现在所看到的《孝武本纪》, 是两晋间人
用《封禅书》补缀而成的赝品 。② 它与司马公原本 , 已经毫不相干 。对比今本《史记 ・孝武本
纪》和《汉书 ・武帝纪》, 可见《汉书 ・武帝纪》纪事原原本本 , 详瞻明晰 , 价值远远超过《史
记 ・孝武本纪》。班固撰著《汉书》, 自有可靠文献依据 , 不能因其比《史记》晚出即不予采信 。
至于《汉书 ・武帝纪》徙民会稽的记载 , 是否属于衍生的文字 , 也需要首先注重文献学的
依据 。葛剑雄先生在论述这一问题时已经注意到 , 《通典 ・食货典》引述东汉崔寔《政论》, 谓
“武帝遂徙关东贫民于陇西 、北地 、西河 、上郡 、会稽 , 凡七十二万五千口”, 与《汉书 ・武帝
纪》的记载完全相同 。葛氏认为 , 崔寔这些话 , 应当完全是在转述《汉书》的记载 。崔寔为东
汉桓帝时人 , 去班固之死不过几十年时间 , 而所见《汉书 ・武帝纪》就与今本相同 , 记有移民
会稽史事 , 所以单纯从文献学角度来看 , 似不宜轻率揣测 “会稽”二字为传抄过程中增衍而
来 。③
《史记 ・平准书》的记载与《汉书 ・食货志》雷同 , 二者之间存有因袭关系 , 这是显而易见
的事情 , 但是却未必一定是《食货志》因袭《平准书》。近人崔适之《史记探源》, 尝谓《史记》
“八书皆赝鼎”, 并谓其中自《律书》以下包括《平准书》在内的六书 “皆后人取《汉书》诸志
补之也”。后来曲颖生先生又撰文伸畅其说 , 进一步论证《平准书》与《封禅书》、《河渠书》等
是直接移录《汉书》相应各志 。④ 所以 , 《史记 ・平准书》的记载 , 是不是真的早于《汉书 ・食
货志》, 还是一个需要深入探讨的问题 。但不管怎样 , 至少可以在这里暂时抛开《史记 ・平准
书》成书年代早于《汉书 ・武帝纪》的问题 , 看看是否一定如葛剑雄先生所云 , 是《食货志》
可靠而《武帝纪》衍有 “会稽”二字 。
辨析利用史料 , 首先应当明了其一般记述方法 , 这就是所谓古书通例 。这样才能避免因过
© 1995-2006 Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
历 史 研 究 2005 年第 1 期
© 1995-2006 Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
汉武帝徙民会稽史事证释
© 1995-2006 Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
历 史 研 究 2005 年第 1 期
© 1995-2006 Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
汉武帝徙民会稽史事证释
二 从接纳条件看汉武帝徙民会稽的可能性
© 1995-2006 Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
历 史 研 究 2005 年第 1 期
三 从边防形势看汉武帝徙民会稽的必要性
① 《史记》卷 30 《平准书》。
② 《汉书》卷 49 《晁错传》。
③ 《汉书》卷 6 《武帝纪》。
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© 1995-2006 Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
汉武帝徙民会稽史事证释
① 《汉书》卷 49 《晁错传》。
② ③ 《盐铁论 ・复古》。
④ 《史记》卷 114 《东越列传》。
⑤ 《汉书》卷 64 上《严助传》。《汉书》因避东汉明帝讳改庄助姓 , 称 “严助”, 参见陈垣《史讳举例》卷
2 、卷 8 。
・83 ・
© 1995-2006 Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
历 史 研 究 2005 年第 1 期
① 《汉书》卷 64 上《严助传》。
② 《史记》卷 6 《秦始皇本纪》。
③ 《盐铁论 ・备胡》。
④ 《汉书》卷 64 《严助传》。
⑤ 《汉书》卷 6 《武帝纪》。
⑥ 《汉书》卷 6 《武帝纪》。
⑦ 葛剑雄 : 《西汉人口地理》第 10 章第 3 节《武帝时徙民会稽辨正》, 第 197 页 。
⑧ 《史记》卷 114 《东越列传》。
・84 ・
© 1995-2006 Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
汉武帝徙民会稽史事证释
( 责任编辑 : 宋 超)
© 1995-2006 Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
H ISTORICAL R ESEA RC H NO1 1 , 2005
shape who abused their power and lined their own pocket s. This not only gave rise to long2term clashes
with Western merchant s , represented mainly by the British , but affected the financial interest s of the
Qing government . After the Opium War , the Qing government gradually accepted British suggestions
for agreed pm tariffs to ensure it s customs revenues. The establishment of a system of customs tariff s
after the Opium War was in fact a result of the long2standing and evolving conflicts between China and
foreign countries on customs tariff s at Guangzhou before the war.
Evidence of Migration to Kuaiji during the Reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty Xin Deyong (75)
According to Han S hu ( Records of the Han Dyansty) , a large scale migration to Kuaiji took place
in the fourth year of Yuanshou during the reign of Emperor Wu in the Han dynasty. Important as it was
in terms of Chinaπs history of migration and demographic geography , the event was widely believed to be
a false entry in Han S hu that had never taken place in historical reality. However , a more careful and
extensive study of the historical records point s to evidence that contradicts this widespread belief . Kuaiji
was geographically more suitable than Longxi and other regions to receive victims of natural disasters.
The lasting flood caused by the collapse of the Huzi River dam provided a direct cause for the imperial
courtπs decision on resettlement . A more far2reaching motivation for the transfer of population was that
in addition to achieving a more densely populated frontier to discourage incursions by Yue tribesmen , the
transfer served the strategic purpose of reinforcing the southeastern borders of the empire.
A Discussion on the“Crop Rotation of Rice and Wheat”in the Song Dynasty Zeng Xiongsheng (86)
When more rice and wheat were grown in the south in the Song dynasty , they began to be grown in
rotation. However , the practice was not widely adopted at the time. A careful study of the materials be2
lieved to be evidence of rice2wheat rotation shows that they are inadequate for the conclusion that rice2
wheat rotation“became popular”and was in“a stage of steady development towards maturity”in the
Song dynasty. In most cases , rice and wheat were grown on separate pieces of farmland. Wheat was
generally grown on higher fields and rice on lower fields. The first rice2wheat rotation might have oc2
curred in wheat fields , as a result of the fact that rice was gradually grown on higher fields in the Song
dynasty. Even though rice and wheat were indeed grown in rotation in the middle and lower reaches of
the Yangtze River in the Song dynasty , the practice was by no means widespread.
A Study of Agricultural Taxes and Rents in the Western Xia : Interpreting Documents of Agricultural Taxes
and Land Rents in Xixia Script Shi Jinbo (107)
Some newly found document s on agricultural taxes and rent s in Xixia script show that there was
fixed agricultural taxation based on the area of farmland in the Heishui Cheng area in the Western Xia.
The ratio between wheat and other food grains as land rent in kind was 1 to 4. The“yong”and“cao”
that were unique to the region were also collected according to the area of farmland. Each farming house2
hold had an account for rent ,“yong”and“cao”in each“qianli u” (a neighborhood similar to“li”
) . The
head2tax constituted a heavy burden. All taxes were collected each year after the autumn harvest and
then forwarded to the state storehouse.
The Master2Disciple Relationship in the Multi2ethnic Networks of the Yuan Dynasty Literati
Xiao Qiqing (119)
The master2disciple relationship forms an important link in the multi2ethnic networks of the Yuan
・191 ・
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