NCERT TEXT BOOK PAGE 74

Question 1: Explain: (a) Why growth of nationalism in the colonies is linked to an anti-colonial movement. (b) How the First World War helped in the growth of the National Movement in India. (c) Why Indians were outraged by the Rowlatt Act. (d) Why Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement. Answer 1: (a) Colonisation affected peoples freedom, and nationalist sentiments surged during the process of struggle against imperial domination. The sense of oppression and exploitation became a common bond for people from different walks of life, and this resulted in the growth of nationalist ideals. Thus, growth of nationalism in the colonies is linked to anti-colonial movements. (b) During the First World War, the British army conducted forced recruitment from rural areas in India. To finance the defence expenditure, high custom duties and income taxes were imposed. Also, during 1918-19 and 1920-21, crops failed in many parts of India, thereby resulting in acute food shortages. All this caused extensive anger and opposition against the British colonial rule, and the national movement of India headed towards a stronger, more definitive direction. (c) The Rowlatt Act was passed hurriedly through the Imperial Legislative Council despite opposition from Indian members. It gave the government autocratic powers to repress political activities besides allowing it to detain political prisoners without a trial, for two years. The Indian were outraged by this act as it was clearly undemocratic and oppressive, and hurt national sentiments and dignity. (d) Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement due to various incidents of violence perpetrated by the masses, especially the Chauri Chaura incident in 1922 where the people clashed with the police, setting a police-station on fire. Gandhiji felt that the people were not yet ready for a mass struggle, and that satyagrahis needed to be properly trained for nonviolent demonstrations.

Question 2: What is meant by the idea of satyagraha? Answer 2: The idea of satyagraha implies a unique method of mass agitation that emphasises the power of truth, and the need to search for truth. It upholds the belief that if the cause is true and the fight is against injustice, then there is no need for physical force or coercion against the oppressor. Satyagraha is synonymous with non-violent agitation, where an appeal is made to the oppressors conscience to search for justice. Gandhiji believed that this dharma of non-violence could be the cause of national unity and harmony. Question 3: Write a newspaper report on: (a) The Jallianwala Bagh massacre (b) The Simon Commission Answer 3: (a) The Jallianwala Bagh massacrefactson 13 April,1919, General Dyer blocked the exit points from the enclosed ground of Jallianwala Bagh where a large crowd had gatheredsome to protest against the British governments repressive measures, others to attend the annual Baisakhi fair. Dyers objective was to produce a moral effect and terrorise satyagrahis. Hundreds of innocent people including women and children were killed on this day in the indiscriminate firing by British soldiers. This led to large scale strikes, clashes with police and attacks on government buildings by the enraged Indian people. (Base your newspaper report on these facts) (b) The Simon Commissionfactsit arrived in India in 1928 and faced protest slogans of Go Back Simon. It was because this body was to suggest constitutional changes in Indian governance, but it did not have any Indian members. The Congress and the Muslim League jointly demonstrated against it. Lord Irwin announced a vague dominion status for India to quell the movement, leading to a Round Table Conference in October, 1929. (Base your newspaper report on these facts)

Question 4:Compare the images of Bharat Mata in this chapter with the image of Germania in Chapter 1. Answer 4: The image of Bharat Mata as painted by Abanindranath Tagore shows her as bestowing learning, food and clothing. She bears aesthetic quality as denoted by the mala held by her. This is similar to the image of Germania as painted by Philip Veit, where she holds a sword, but looks more feminine. The other painting of Bharat Mata is more manly in its representation. In it, she is shown as bearing power and authority as denoted by the lion and elephant beside her. The latter image is more akin to the image of Germania by Lorenz Clasen, where she wields a sword and shield, and looks ready to fight. Question 5:List all the different social groups which joined the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1921. Then choose any three and write about their hopes and struggles to show why they joined the movement. Answer 5: The different social groups that joined the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1921 were the urban middle class comprising lawyers, teachers and headmasters, students, peasants, tribals and workers. Peasants, tribals and workers joined the movement from the countryside. They did so with hopes of self-emancipation. Peasants rebelled against talukdars and landlords who demanded high rents and also forced them to do begar or free labour. Tribal peasants revolted against the enclosure of large forest tracts by the British government, which left them devoid of a livelihood as well as traditional rights. Plantation workers, on the other hand, desired freedom to move about and retain links with the villages they came from. All three believed that Gandhi Raj would come with the Non-Cooperation Movement, and this would mark an end to their sorrows. Hence, they joined the anti-colonial struggle. Question 6: Discuss the Salt March to make clear why it was an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism. Answer 6: The Salt March was an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism because it was done in revolt against a commoditysalt, used by the rich and the poor alike. The tax on salt, and the government monopoly over its production was a severely oppressive administrative move. The Salt March was effective also because Gandhiji met a large number of commoners during the march and he taught them the true meaning of swaraj and non-violence. By peacefully defying a law and making salt against government orders, Gandhiji set forth an example to the whole nation of how the oppressor could be confronted in a non-violent manner. This also led to the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930.

Question 7:Imagine you are a woman participating in the Civil Disobedience Movement. Explain what the experience meant to your life. Answer7: A woman participating in the Civil Disobedience Movementfactssalt manufactured; foreign cloth boycotted; liquor shops picketed; peaceful satyagrahis attacked, including women and children; brutal repression, many women went to jail as well; mostly from high castes and rich families; saw national service as a sacred duty Question 8: Why did political leaders differ sharply over the question of separate electorates? Answer 8: Political leaders differed sharply over the question of separate electorates because of differences in opinion. While those supporting the cause of minorities and the dalits believed that only political empowerment would resolve their social backwardness, others like Gandhiji thought that separate electorates would further slow down the process of their integration into society. Also, it was feared that the system of separate electorates would gradually divide the country into numerous fragments because every community or class would then ask for separate representations.

AT A GLANCE 1. Indian National Congress Session : Calcutta (Sep. 1920), Nagpur (Dec. 1920), Madras (1927) and Lahore (1929). 2. Important Centres of Indian National Movement (Non-cooperation and Civil Disobedience Movement) (i) Champaran (Bihar) : Movement of Indigo Planters (ii) Kheda (Gujarat) : Peasant Satyagraha (iii) Ahmedabad (Gujarat) : Cotton Mill Workers Satyagraha (iv) Amritsar (Punjab) : Jallianwala Bagh incident. (v) Chauri Chaura (UP) : Calling off the NCM. (vi) Bardoli (Gujarat) : No tax campaign. (vii) Dandi (Gujarat) : Civil Disobedience Movement.

MCQ 1. In which session of Indian National Congress was the demand for Poorna Swaraj or full independence formalised ? a) b) c) d) 2. a) b) c) d) 3. Lahore Session of 1927 Lahore Session of 1929 Madras Session of 1928 Kolkata Session of 1920 Why did the Indians oppose the Rowlatt Act ? It introduced the Salt Law. It increased taxes on land. It gave the British the power to arrest and detain a person without a trial. It put a ban on the Congress party. Which one of the following was not an outcome of the World War I ?

a) b) c) d)

Increased Defence Expenditure. Increased National Income. Increase in the prices of food grain and shortage of essential commodities. Increased forced recruitment in army in rural areas.

4. Why did Gandhiji organise a Satyagraha in Ahmedabad Mill in 1918 ?

To protest against the poor working condition in the factory. b) To demand for a higher wages for workers. c) To protest against high revenue demand. d) None of the above. a)

5. Why did General Dyer open fire on peaceful crowd in Jalianwalla Bagh ? (Mark the most important factor)

a) To punish the Indians. b) To take revenge for breaking martial laws. To create a feeling of terror and awe in the mind c) of Indians. d) To disperse the crowd.

6.

Who among the following two leaders led the Khilafat Movement ?

a) b) c) d) 7.

Shaukat Ali and Muhammad Ali Gandhiji and Sardar Patel Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Abul Kalam Azad Abul Kalam Azad and Jawaharlal Nehru What was the aim of Khilafat Movement ?

a) To organise the Muslims to fight for freedom. To defend the temporal power of the Turkish ruler (Khalifa) and to protest against the harsh b) treatment meted out to him by the British. c) To demand equal rights for the Muslims d) To support the Congress leaders in their struggle

8.

What is meant by begar ?

a) Unemployment

b) Forced labour without paymen c) Beggary d) Working for nominal payment

9.

Why did Gandhiji decide to support Khilafat Movement ?

a) b) c) d)

To express solidarity towards the Khalif To organise a united mass movement against the British. To train the Indians in organised movement. To bring the Muslims in the mainstream of Indian National Movement.

10. Which of the following was not included in the Non-Cooperation Movement ?

a) b) c) d)

Boycott of British institution Picketing of shops Demolishing government buildings Surrendering of British titles and honours

11.

Why did the Simon Commission fail ?

a) b)

Because of protest and demonstration by Indians. Because the commission did not have any Indian representative and did not offer any reform,

c) d) 12.

The British government was reluctant to continue negotiation. The members were in a hurry to go back. Hind Swaraj' was written by

a) b) c) d)

Abul Kalam Azad Mahatma Gandhi Sardar Patel Subhas Chandra Bose

13.

What does the term Khalifa refer ?

a) b) c) d)

Sultan of a Muslim country Spiritual leader of the Muslim Nawab of a Muslim state Badshah of Mughal period

14. Mark the correct response Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859 the peasants were not permitted to

a) b) c) d) 15.

Leave ther village settle in the city leave their plantation without permission allow the women to leave farmlands without permission Why did Mahatma Gandhi decide to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement ?

a) b) c) d)

The leaders failed to organise the movement well People lacked courage The movement turned violent The movement was not widespread enough tocontinue

16.

Why was the Simon Commission sent to India ?

To look into the Indian constitutional matter and suggest reform b) To choose members of Indian Council To settle disputes between the government and c) the Congress leaders d) To set up a government organisation a)

17.

Why was the Round Table Conference held in England ?

a) To discuss the provisions of future IndianConstitution. To discuss the steps to be taken to check Indian b) National Movement c) To give concessions to Indians To make plans for improvement of agriculture d) in India. 18. Which of the following pacts reserved seats for 'dalits' in the provisional and central legislature assemblies ?

a) b) c) d) 19.

Lucknow Pact Gandhi Irwin Pact Poona Pact None of the above By whom was the first image of Bharatmata painted ?

a) b) c) d)

Rabindranath Tagore Abanindranath Tagore Ravi Verma Nandalal Bose

20. During which of the following movements did the women participate in large numbers for the first time ?

a) b) c) d)

Swadeshi and Boycott Movement Non-Cooperation Movement Civil Disobedience Movement Quit India Movement

21. What kind of movement was launched by the tribal peasants of Gudem Hills in Andhra Pradesh ?

a) Satyagraha Movement b) Militant Guerrilla Movement c) Non-Violent Movement

d) None of the above. 22. Why was Satyagraha organised in Champaran in 1916 ?

a) b) c) d)

To oppose the British laws To oppose the plantation system. To oppose high land revenue. To protest against the oppression of the mill workers

23. ?

Which of the following is the most important factor for the growth of nationalism in India

a) b) c) d) 24.

British administrative reforms. Introduction of railways. Social reforms. Colonial exploitation under the British rule. Justice Party of Madras was a party of

a) b) c) d) 25.

non-muslims non-brahmins non-tamils judges Who led a peasant movement during the Non- Cooperation Movement ?

a) b) c) d)

Jawaharlal Nehru Gandhiji Baba Ramchandra Sardar Patel

26.

Baba Ramchandra led a Peasant Movement in Avadh against the

a) b) c) d) 27.

British government the ruler of Avadh the Talukdars the moneylenders By whom was the Swaraj Party formed ?

a) b) c) d) 28.

Motilal Nehru and C.R. Das Subhas Chandra Bose and Sardar Patel Jawaharlal Nehru and Rajendra Prasad Motilal Nehru and Rajendra Prasad With which main demand did the Civil Disobedience Movement start ?

a) b) c) d)

Abolition of Untouchability Abolition of Dowry Abolition of Salt Law None of the above

29. At which of the following places did Gandhiji make salt out of sea water to defy the salt law ?

a) b) c) d) 30.

Sabarmati Wardha Dandi Ahmedabad Who among the following led the Civil Disobedience Movement in Peshawar ?

a) b) c) d)

Lala Lajpat Rai Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan Jawaharlal Nehru

31.

By what name were the dalits referred by Gandhiji ?

a) b) c) d) 32.

Untouchables Shudras Harijans Achchuts When was the Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industries set up ?

a) b) c) d) 33.

1926 1927 1928 1929 Why was Alluri Sitaram Raju well known ?

a) b) c) d) 34.

He led the militant movement of tribal peasants in Andhra Pradesh He led a peasant movement in Avadh He led a satyagraha movement in Bardoli He set up an organization for the uplift of the dalits. Who organised the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930 ?

a) b) c) d) 35.

Sitaram Raju Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Mahatma Gandhi Sardar Patel By whom was the song 'Vande Mataram' written ?

a) b) c) d)

Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay Rabindranath Tagore Sarat Chandra Natesa Sastri

36. Which of the following was the reason for calling off the Non-Cooperation Movement by Gandhiji ?

a) b) c) d)

His arrest The Chauri-Chaura incident Pressure from the British Government Round Table Conference

37. Which of the following was the most important feature of Satyagraha Movement advocated by Gandhiji?

a) b) c) d) 38.

Abolition of untouchability Social equality Truth and non-violence Basic education The resolution of Poorna Swaraj was adopted at which session ?

a) b) c) d) 39.

Karachi Congress Haripur Congress Lahore Congress Lucknow Congress Why did Gandhiji organize Satyagraha in 1917 in Kheda district of Gujarat ?

a) b) c) d) 40.

To support the plantation workers. To protest against high revenue demand. To support the mill workers to fulfil their demand. To demand loans for the farmers The Simon Commission was boycotted because

a) b) c) d)

there was no Indian in the commission it supported the Muslim League Congress felt that the people deserved Swaraj there were differences among the members

41.

When did Jallianwalla Bagh incident take place ?

a) b) c) d) 42.

13th April 1919 14th April 1920 13th March 1919 15th March 1920 Gandhiji organised Satyagraha against Rowlatt Act in 1919 because

the Act was unjust, which denied the civil rights to Indians. b) the Act was passed by the British. c) the Act discriminated against the Muslims d) the Act denied educational rights to Indians. a) 43. The Jallianwalla Bagh incident took place in the city of

a) b) c) d)

Amritsar Agra Meerut Lahore