DISSLk1A1ICN 1I1LL

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nCUk ICk LIIICILN1 LAND U1ILI2A1ICN

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CCN1LN1S


CnA1Lk 1 11 IN1kCDUC1ICN
12nLLu lC8 S1uu?
13C8!LC1lvL
14 P?C1PLSlS
13 SCCL
16 LlMl1A1lCnS
17 8LSLA8CP ML1PCuCLCC?


CnA1Lk 2 2 MIkLD LAND USL
21LvCLu1lCn Cl MlxLu LAnu CCnCL1
22 PlS1C8lCAL 8ACk8Cunu Cl MlxLu
LAnu uSL ln lnulAn Cl1lLS
23 C8CW1P Cl MlxLu LAnu uSL
24 uLLPl unuL8 88l1lSP 8uLL
23 CS1 lnuLLnuLnCL

CnA1Lk 3 31 UNDLkS1ANDING 1nL MIkLD LAND USL CCNCL1
32 1?CLCC? Cl MlxlnC Anu CLASSlllA1lCn


33 lAC1C8S 8LSCnSl8LL lC8 MlxLu LAnu uSL
34 AuvAn1ACLS
33 ulSAuvAn1ACLS
























11 IN1kCDUC1ICN

Mlxed use comprlses of a group of bulldlng/s accommodaLlng uses whlch are
lnLegraLed maklng a space and proflLable
1hese uses may lnclude resldenLlal commerclal educaLlonal healLhcare
recreaLlonal eLc
Every Iamily is concerned with the proximity oI its dwelling place in
relationship to place oI work, healthcare, education, recreation and
entertainment etc. With mixed use oI space, maximum activities needed by a
user are combined in a planned manner and are compatible with each other.

Ma[or meLropollLan clLles are faclng problems of
o shorLage of resources
o lack of LransporL plannlng
o vlolaLlon of bulldlng regulaLlons
o unorganlzed land use

Mlx land use can provlde a homogenous mlx of work and llvlng envlronmenL
Lhereby creaLlng synergy and susLalnablllLy

12 NLLD ICk S1UD
onlng Lheorles LhaL came up Lo avold Lhe harmful affecLs of lndusLrlal
revoluLlon have led Lo creaLlon of ooocobeslve cltles SegregaLlon of land uses
has creaLed large non funcLlonal zones llnked only physlcally by heavy
LransporLaLlon neLwork uue Lo populaLlon exploslon especlally ln
MeLropollLan clLles Lhe exlsLlng land mass has come under pressure

onlng had been Lhe need of Lhe hour aL LhaL Llme buL now we need Lo reLhlnk
on our clLys characLer A successful clLy requlres dlsposlLlon of human
acLlvlLles ln a fashlon LhaL flLs well wlLh Lhe rhyLhm of dally llfe of Lhe people
Mlxed use brlngs varlous faclllLles ln proxlmlLy Lo each oLher maklng a much
more efflclenL use of space



# 1C MLL1 1nL GkCWING DLMAND CI CCMMLkCIAL AC1IVI1ILS AND CVLkCCML 1nL
SnCk1IALL CI AVAILA8LL CCMMLkCIAL SACL A LI8LkALI2LD kCVISICNS CI MIkLD USL IN
kLSIDLN1IAL AkLAS nAS 8LLN ADC1LD 1C ACnILVL 8L11Lk SNLkG 8L1WLLN WCkkLACL
kLSIDLNCL AND 1kANSCk1A1ICN # AS UC1LD IN DLLnI MAS1Lk LAN 2021

13 C8ILC1IVL
O 1o sLudy Lhe exlsLlng paLLern of mlxed land use ln uelhl
O 1o hlghllghL Lhe varlous componenLs of Mlxed landuse and Lhelr beneflLs Lo Lhe
users
O 1o analyse problems and poLenLlals and facLors Lo be consldered for plannlng
of mlxed landuse

14 nC1nLSIS
Mlxed use developmenL ls Lhe need of Lhe hour for efflclenL land uLlllzaLlon

1S SCCL
O $ince the scope oI the study is vast, the study will be limited to the
provision oI residential-commercial, residential-oIIices Iacilities in mixed
use areas.

16 LIMI1A1ICNS
O %he study concentrates on mixed use oI space in relation to Indian
context only.
O %he study is restricted to the mixed use development in residential zones
only.




18 kLSLAkCn ML1nCDCLCG
Step 1 PlsLorlcal evoluLlon of mlxed use and analyslng Lhe facLors and force
responslble for mlxlng of varlous land uses
Step 2 1o undersLand Lhe mlxed land use concepL lLs advanLages and
dlsadvanLages
Step 3 1o compare Lhe guldellnes of mlxed land use as menLloned ln Lhe Mu
1962 2001 and 2021
Step 4 1o analyse Lhe problems ln segregaLed land use plannlng Lhrough
selecLed case sLudles
Step S Analysls and concluslons




























CnA1Lk 2 MIkLD LAND USL

























21 LVCLU1ICN CI MIkLD LAND USL CCNCL1
1hroughouL mosL of human hlsLory Lhe ma[orlLy of human seLLlemenLs
developed as mlxeduse envlronmenLs Walklng was Lhe prlmary way LhaL
people and goods were moved abouL someLlmes asslsLed by anlmals such as
horses or caLLle MosL people dwelL ln bulldlngs LhaL were places of work as
well as domesLlc llfe and made Lhlngs or sold Lhlngs from Lhelr own homes
MosL bulldlngs were noL dlvlded lnLo dlscreLe funcLlons on a room by room
basls and mosL nelghborhoods conLalned a dlverslLy of uses even lf some
dlsLrlcLs developed a predomlnance of cerLaln uses such as meLalworkers or
LexLlles or fooLwear due Lo Lhe socloeconomlc beneflLs of proxlmlLy eople
llved aL very hlgh denslLles because Lhe amounL of space requlred for dally
llvlng and movemenL beLween dlfferenL acLlvlLles was deLermlned by
walkablllLy
1he advenL of Lhe lndusLry Lhe LelecommunlcaLlons Lhe auLomoblle and oLher
loglcal advances had a ma[or lnfluence on Lhe compacL urban cenLres 1own aL
Lhls sLage began Lo Lhlnk ln Lerms of segregaLlng lndusLrlal and resldenLlal ln Lo
separaLe zones Pence segregaLed landuse paLLern began Lo be pracLlced
LhroughouL Lhe lnsLrumenL of zonlng

22 nIS1Ck CI 1kADI1ICNAL 1CWNS]CI1ILS IN INDIA
lndlan clLles have a sLrong LradlLlon of mlxed landuse paLLern lL has developed
as a parL of our soclal and economlc condlLlons 1he clLles of lndla were
deslgned baslcally for a pedesLrlan sysLem of movemenL and Lhe amounL of
land uLlllzed by speclflc acLlvlLles and Lhelr spaclal locaLlon reflecLs Lhe
requlremenL of Lhe sysLem 1he work place ls Lhe nexL room Lhe shop nexL
door Lhe house ln Lhe kaLra or Mohalla essenLlally a resldenLlal pockeL and
Lhe communlLy square or chowk occurrlng aL Lhe [uncLlon of sLreeLs wlLh a
shrlne and oLher local publlc bulldlngs around Lhe corner have all been a way
of llfe well arLlculaLed ln Lhe morphology of all LradlLlonal seLLlemenLs 1o a
large exLenL ln an exlsLlng urban area Lhe landuse paLLern ls a producL of pasL
needs and fuLure growLh




ln conLexL of lndlan clLles Lhere ls horlzonLal and verLlcal mlx of uses prlmarlly
beLween resldenLlal commerclal and lndusLrlal uses eg commerce on ground floor
resldence ln Lhe rear and on Lhe upper floors and lndusLry aL Llmes ln Lhe rear
1he mlxed paLLern of landuse ln Lhe older pans of Lhe clLles ls very much a gradual
evoluLlon of Lhe paLLern esLabllshed ln Lhe pasL when Lhe urban seLLlemenL was sLlll
nourlshlng lLs rural moorlngs 1he mlxlng of landuses grew wlLh Lhe organlc growLh
of seLLlemenLs over a perlod of rlme

23 GkCW1n CI MIkLD LAND USL
Mughals ruled lndla and lndlan clLles aL LhaL Llme were conflned Lo forLlfled
walls klngs were Lhe rulers so Lhey declded Lhe locaLlon of acLlvlLy wlLhln
walled area 1helr palace along wlLh place of worshlp was placed aL maln
locallLles 1hey also declded Lhe locaLlon of Lhe resldences for Lhelr maln
employees 8esL oLher resldenLs were allowed Lo seLLle ln Lhe way Lhey wanL
1hls gave blrLh Lo organlcally grown areas wlLh lrregular lanes and mlxed land
use
8eLall Lrade llghL manufacLurers professlonal servlces and oLher normal
means of llvellhood acLlvlLles occupled close companlonshlp wlLh resldenLlal
area Work places and resldenLlal areas were closely lnLermlngled and ln many
cases were wholly lnLerchangeable

SnAnIAnANA8AD
Shah[ahanabad has been Lhe cllmax of lndlan clLy plannlng durlng Lhe Mughals
1he sLrucLure of Lhe walled clLy was concelved wlLh a neLwork of landmarks
focal polnLs and llnear markeLs wlLh forL and royal palace domlnaLlng Lhe
clLyscape by vlrLue of lLs locaLlon on Lhe banks of rlver ?amuna 1hese also
served as focal polnL for Chandnl Chowk whlch was Lhe domlnanL axls of Lhe
clLy
1he geomeLry of Lhe !ama Mas[ld 8ed lorL Chandnl Chowk was formal whlle
Lhe resL of Lhe clLy was planned ln an organlc paLLern SysLem of mohallas and
kaLras was developed Lo sulL homogeneous communlLy sLrucLure A kaLra can
be descrlbed as a self conLalned unlL conLalnlng resldenLlal commerclal and
lnsLlLuLlonal sLrucLures and ls llnked Lo Lhe maln clLy splne 1hus Mlxed
landuse peneLraLed lnLo Lhe clLy fabrlc everywhere





24 DLLnI UNDLk 8kI1ISn kULL (181n CLN1Uk)
1he 8rlLlsh adopLed Lhe zonlng sysLem for plannlng of uelhl 1hey clearly
dlvlded each clLy lnLo Lhe canLonmenL and clvll llnes for Lhe rulers and Lhe
naLlve Lowns for Lhe lndlans 1he conslderaLlons behlnd such plannlng were
parLly lmperlal as famlllarlLy of naLlves wlLh Lhelr rulers was dlscouraged by
segregaLlon buL parLly due Lo sanlLary and hyglenlc reasons

Slr Ldwln LuLyens based hls clLy plannlng on Lhe prlnclples of Carden ClLy
ConcepL ln physlcal Lerms1he orlglnal ldea was a quesLlon of movlng people ouL
from Lhe congesLed envlronmenL of Lhe walled clLy Lo a more healLhler
envlronmenLLuLyens was dlvorced from Lhe moLherclLy and wlLh lLs hlerarchy
of resldenLlal areas falled LelneeL Lhe soclal ob[ecLlves of people 1he land use
proved Lo be physlcally lnefflclen Lo meeL Lhe soclal ob[ecLlves of people 1he
land use proved Lo be physlcally lnefflclenL

1he lndusLrlallzaLlon and rallway broughL ln wake Lhe concepL of lncompaLlble
landuses lndusLrlallzaLlon generaLed a landuse whlch could be a nulsance
noxlous and hazardous and needed Lo be segregaLed from places 8allway
expanded Lrade and commerce Lremendously and wholesallng warehouslng
grew Lo a sLage where Lhey became nulsance Lo resldenLlal landuse and could
no longer be consldered compaLlble




uelhl was admlnlsLraLlve cenLre and a ma[or cenLer of commerclal and Lrade
acLlvlLles as well uelhl was Lhe flrsL clLy Lo have lLs masLer plan ln 1962 whlch
lnLroduced Lhe concepL of slngle landuse zone plannlng
lL was based on Lhe wesLern concepL of segregaLlon of landuses lnLo enclaves of
physlcal unlformlLy 1hls has been proved LoLally lnapproprlaLe Lo Lhe lndlan urban
sLrucLure unforLunaLely Lhe lmporLanL llnk beLween Lhe people and Lhelr acLlvlLles
ls dlsrupLed by mechanlcal separaLlon of landuses lmplled ln zonlng super lmposed on
a clLy evolved Lhrough cenLurles

2S CS1 INDLLNDLNCL (1947)











CnA1Lk 3 UNDLkS1ANDING 1nL MIkLD LAND USL CCNCL1


























31 UNDLkS1ANDING MIkLD USL CI SACL

Lvery urban seLLlemenL acqulres an lmage of lLs own Lhrough a process of
evoluLlon over a perlod of Llme lL aLLalns a cerLaln form and sLrucLure whlch
are Lhe producL of a complex mlx of facLors PlsLorlcal 8ellglous Soclal
CulLural ollLlcal Lconomlc CllmaLologlcal and hyslcal

Landuse paLLern ln urban areas Loday ls clusLers of varylng lnLenslLles of
dlfferenL land use Mlxed landuse paLLern ls a characLerlsLlc feaLure of all
Lowns and clLles ln lndla wheLher organlcally grown or planned 8uL Lhe
presenL sLaLe of mlxlng of landuses boLh of conformlng and non conformlng
Lypes wlLhouL any proper conLrol ls malnly responslble for deLerloraLlon ln
Lhe physlcal envlronmenL

lanners Loday LreaL clLy as a Lwo dlmenslonal seLLlng 1he plannlng approach
Lo clLles has goL llmlLed Lo mere dlvldlng Lhem ln dlfferenL parLs and asslgnlng
funcLlons supporLed by heavy LransporLaLlon neLwork

ClLles Lhrlve on Lhe need for people Lo come LogeLher ln so many dlfferenL
ways whlch CannoL be sLrlcLly planned Pereln lles Lhe value whlch can be
galned by enhanclng planned mlx of urban uses
















32 1CLCG CI MIkING IN 1nL CI1 S1kUC1UkL

Mlxed use of space can be achleved by comblnlng varlous urban acLlvlLles ln Lhe
followlng way

nor|zonta| M|x|ng
8efers Lo a sLaLe when dlfferenL acLlvlLles are arranged ln Lhe vlclnlLy of Lhe
oLher acLlvlLles ln a way acLlng llke an lnLegraLed complex PorlzonLal mlxlng
may be of Lwo Lypes

nor|zonta| m|xed use Attached A slngle sLrucLure whlch provldes
reLall/commerclal or servlce use ln Lhe porLlon fronLlng Lhe publlc or prlvaLe
sLreeL wlLh aLLached resldenLlal or offlce use behlnd

nor|zonta| m|xed use Detached 1wo or more sLrucLures on one slLe whlch
provlde reLall commerclal or servlce use ln Lhe sLrucLure(s) fronLlng Lhe publlc
or prlvaLe sLreeL and resldenLlal or offlce use ln separaLe sLrucLures behlnd or
Lo Lhe slde














PorlzonLal mlxed use deLached

PorlzonLal mlxed use aLLached



Vert|ca| M|x|ng
8efers Lo slLuaLlon beo dlfferenL acLlvlLles Lake place ln layers arranged
verLlcally one above Lhe oLher

1he general Lrend has been Lo locaLe funcLlons of hlgh publlc naLure on Lhe
ground floor and Lhose of lesser publlc naLure on Lhe upper floors 8esldenLlal
uses are provlded ln Lhe upper floors due Lo prlvacy

A verLlcal sLrucLure resulLs ln comforLable clrculaLlon ln horlzonLal dlrecLlon on
ground as well as verLlcal dlrecLlon ln Lhe bulldlng lLself





























verLlcal mlxed land use

Lxample of verLlcal mlxed land use



33 Iactors respons|b|e for m|xed |and use
lacLors responslble for mlxed land use
1he varlous facLors responslble for lnLermlxlng of land uses can be broadly
classlfled lnLo Lhree Lypes 1hey are
O Soc|o econom|c factors
1 1he sLreeL shopplng mlxed wlLh resldenLlal use ln Lhe naLural
ouLcome of Lhe LradlLlonal socloculLural and felL Lhe need of Lhe
communlLy lL ls convenlenL economlcal and flLs lnLo Lhe LradlLlonal
developmenL of Lhe clLy
2 LocaLlon ln clLy ls also of prlme lmporLance advanLages of cenLral
locaLlon magnlfy as a clLy exLends lLs boundarles on Lhe perlpherles
parLlcularly for uses such as Lrade and commerce nearby locaLlon
of a rallway sLaLlon or an lndusLrlal are also encourage mlxlng as
Lhe commerclal uses begln Lo lnvade Lhe resldenLlal uses never
compleLely recede glvlng rlse Lo Lhe phenomenon of mlxed land
uses
3 1he mlddle lncome and lower lncome groups ln urban areas do
have Lhe populaLlon of housewlves reLlred persons handlcapped
persons eLc Slnce governmenL agencles have noL been able Lo meeL
Lhe ever rlslng demands for more [obs and employmenL governmenL
encourages Lhem Lo seL up Lhelr own esLabllshmenLs by provldlng
loans and vocaLlonal guldance 1hls also lncreases Lhe phenomenon
of mlxed land use


O hys|ca| factors

1 uue Lo large lnflow of people from rural areas ln search of [obs
and beLLer faclllLles has lncreased Lhe demand for houses
commerclal areas lnsLlLuLlons eLc 1hls has also lead Lo Lhe lnLer
mlxlng of land uses ln urban areas as land ls llmlLed and prlces are
rlslng


2 1he lneffecLlve enforcemenL of Lhe exlsLlng regulaLlons (mpd
regulaLlons) ln Lhe posL masLer plan perlod has caused lnLermlxlng
of land uses ln Lhe clLy 1he delay ln many of Lhe masLer plan
proposals and nonlmplemenLaLlon of varlous developmenL schemes
wlLhln Lhe sLlpulaLed perlods has lead Lo lndlscrlmlnaLe lnLermlxlng
of varlous land uses

34 ADVAN1AGLS CI MIkLD LAND USL
8ased Cn convenlence for people arlslng ouL of loglcal and soclally
lnLrlnslc assoclaLlon of places of llvlng work and recreaLlon Lhe sysLem
of mlxed land use has several advanLages such as
1 C1IMUM U1ILI2A1ICN CI LAND Mlxed land uses glves rlse Lo
densely and compacLly bullL areas sub[ecLed Lo varlous overlapplng
uses Lhls helps ln curLalllng unnecessary spreadlng of urban
seLLlemenLs and developlng Lhe plece of land Lo lLs full poLenLlal
2 LCCNCMIC MCDL CI DLVLLCLMLN1 ln lndlan clLles large number
of people are self employed and operaLe Lhelr enLrepreneurlal
acLlvlLles from Lhelr own houses lL ls Lherefore necessary Lo
recognlze LhaL a house can also serve as a work place ln a generally
resource consLralned slLuaLlon mulLlple use of Lhe premlses would be
an economlcal mode of developmenL
3 8ALANCL 1kANSCk1 SS1LM Mlx LAnu uSL Sl1uA1lCn lS
CCnuuC1lvL 1C 8ALAnCLu 18AnSC81A1lCn S?S1LM 8?
8LuuClnC 1PL 1lML Anu LxLnul1u8L Cn !Cu8nL? 1C 1PL WC8k
LACL
4 LIVLL CI1ILS 1he cenLral areas of old clLles busLle wlLh llfe and
vlLallLy durlng Lhe day and ma[or parL of Lhe nlghL due Lo
conglomeraLlon of varlous uses whlch ls lacklng ln more recenL
developmenLs
S SCCIAL SA1ISIAC1ICN mlxed land use ln old lndlan clLles has
enabled people of varlous lncome groups Lo llve LogeLher on a plece
of land 1here ls no dlvlslons on Lhe basls of economlc level as seen ln
segregaLed land use areas ln recenL Llme where resldenLlal area lLself
ls dlvlded lnLo hlgh denslLy low rlse area for economlcally weaker


secLlons and low denslLy hlgh rlse area for hlgher lncome group
people
6 ILLkI8ILI1 ln Lhe conLexL of lndlan clLles where Lhere ls a
subsLanLlally large lnformal secLor Lhe mlxed land use concepL Lakes
care of lL by lnLroduclng flexlblllLy ln Lhe land use sysLem so LhaL such
lnformal acLlvlLles can be provlded for ln a planned manner LhaL
oLherwlse crop up ln a haphazard manner ln planned colonles
7 SCCIAL CCnLSICN 1hey generaLe soclal coheslon by creaLlng a
more lnLlmaLe scale of spaces and affordlng more conLacL polnLs
8 SLNSL CI SLCUkI1 mlxed land use paLLern brlngs llfe Lo Lhe sLreeLs
LhoughL a day unllke zonal land use sysLem whlch glves blrLh Lo
absoluLely dead areas durlng a parLlcular porLlon of a day
encouraglng hlgher crlme raLes

3S DISADVAN1AGLS CI MIkLD LAND USL
under Lhe pressures of populaLlon growLh and urban expanslon cerLaln
dlsadvanLages of mlxed land use sysLem ln LradlLlonal lndlan clLles have
become a reallLy Lhey are
1 CCNGLS1ICN CI 1kAIIIC 1rafflc congesLlon ls one of Lhe ma[or
problems faced by mlxed land use areas of denser developmenL 1hls
ls because all Lypes of slow movlng vehlcles use Lhe same road whlch
Lend Lo choke Lhe Lrafflc
2 LCSS CI kIVAC LncroachmenL by varlous uses on Lo open spaces
furLher affecLs Lhe quallLy of resldenLlal envlronmenL and lLs prlvacy
3 C8NCkICUS INDUS1kILS nulsance and hazards caused by
prollferaLlon of hlghly obnoxlous lndusLrles open spaces furLher
affecL Lhe quallLy of resldenLlal envlronmenL and lLs prlvacy
4 A8SLNCL CI 8ASIC AMLNI1ILS Lack of baslc amenlLles llke proper
sewer llnes elecLrlclLy and waLer connecLlons ls one of Lhe ma[or
problems faced by old seLLlemenL areas uensely bullL areas and
narrow sLreeLs add Lo Lhe problem of accesslblllLy of such amenlLles
Lo lnLerlor areas



8I8LICGkAn
O Ansarl !P Mlxed landuse ConcepLs and Approaches
O MasLer plan for uLLPl 2021
O 8owley Alan ueflnaLlon Cf urban ueslgn
O hLLp//enwlklpedlaorg/wlkl/Mlxeduse_developmenL