MINE ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING ASSIGNMENT-2

DEPARTMENT OF MINING ENGINEERING NIT ROURKELA-769008

Prepared by:MANAS RANJAN BHOI 108MN028

INDEX

Contents 1. Lighting terminology 2. Longwall mine lighting design system 3. Light sources in mining 4. Surface mine illumination 5. Construction and operation of cap lamps

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1.Lighting Terminology As with any technical or scientific discipline, lighting technology has its own special terms and concepts for defining the characteristics of lamps and luminaries and for standardizing the units of measurement. Intensity of light It is the relative amount of luminous energy given by any source and is measured in candles or candle power or candela (cd) A light source generally gives different intensity in different directions. Hence candle power or candela does not convey the correct picture unless direction is specified. Mean horizontal candle power (m.h.c.p) It is the average candle power of a lamp in all direction in a horizontal plane passing through the centre of the source and is usually obtained by rotating lamp about a vertical axis. Mean spherical candle power (m.s.c.p) It is the average candle power of a lamp in all directions, or the candle power of a uniform source given the same total flux of light. It is directly proportional to the total light given by the lamp and is measured by taking intensity readings in all directions. Light Spectrum Light waves of a specific energy level will emit a particular colour. Sir Isaac Newton recognised the visible light spectrum in 1666, and he identified seven colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. Newtons colors are arbitrary segments of the continuous spectrum of colour. When all of the spectral colors travel together, they combine to make white light. Speed of Light Transparent materials cause light to refract, or bend its path, because light travels at different speeds in different mediums, like water or glass. The speed depends on the composition and density of the medium. The reduction in speed causes light to bend upon entry into that medium. Since different wavelengths of light bend at different angles, certain materials can act as prisms, causing white light to visibly split apart into its spectrum. Properties of Light Light can also reflect or bounce off objects. This is what causes us to see. Light rays emitted from a light source reflect off objects in all directions and transmit the image

of that object to your eye. Objects with very smooth surfaces, like mirrors, reflect light so well that they redirect it in a single direction. Light and Radiation Light is taken to mean the electromagnetic radiation that the human eye perceives as brightness, in other words that part of the spectrum that can be seen. This is the radiation between 360 and 830nm, a tiny fraction of the known spectrum of electromagnetic radiation. Luminous Flux () Unit of measurement: lumen [lm] All the radiated power emitted by a light source and perceived by the eye is called luminous flux . Luminous Intensity The luminous intensity of a point source in a given direction=lumens steradian=1, candle=1candela Steradian=solid angle with area r2 in radius r from the apex. Since the area of a sphere=4 (pi*r2,the area subtended by the steradian is 1/(4(pi) of the area of the sphere. Unit of measurement: candela [cd] Generally speaking, a light source emits its luminous flux in different directions and at different intensities. The visible radiant intensity in a particular direction is called luminous intensity . ILLUMINATION OR lluminance E Lumens/m2=lux(lx) Lumens/ft2=footcandle(fe) Lumens/cm2=phot(ph) Illumination lumens.area=I*cos(a)/r2 Where: I=candles=luminous intensity R=distance from surface to point source A= angle between the direction of the flux and normal to the surface Unit of measurement: lux [lx] Illuminance E is the ratio between the luminous flux and the area to be illuminated. An illuminance of 1 lx occurs when a luminous flux of 1 lm is evenly distributed over an area of 1 square metre. Illumination of a surface=(candle of source)/distance in m2)*cos0 lumen(lm) this is the unit of light emitted by a light source. Lumen emitted by a lamp = mean spherical c.p*4pi Lux:- It is the unit illumination in S.I. units. A lux is an illumination of 1 lumen/m2 The minimum amount of light required for reading, writing etc. is 10 lumen/m2, i.e

the given off by 10 international candles at a distance of one meter from the work. Luminance L Unit of measurement: candelas per metre2 [cd/m2] The luminance L of a light source or an illuminated area is a measure of how great an impression of brightness is created in the brain. Luminous Efficiency Unit of measurement: lumens per watt [lm/W] Luminous indicates the efficiency with which the electrical power consumed is converted into light. Colour Temperature Unit of measurement: Kelvin [K] The colour temperature of a light source is defined in comparison with a "Black Body Radiator" and plotted on what is known as the "Planckian Curve". The higher the temperature of this "Black Body Radiator" the greater the blue component in the spectrum and the smaller the red component. An incandescent lamp with a warm white light, for example, has a colour temperature of 2700K, whereas a daylight fluorescent lamp has a colour temperature of 6000K. Light Colour The light colour of a lamp can be neatly defined in terms of colour temperature. There are three main categories here: Warm < 3300 K Intermediate 3300 to 5000 K Daylight > 5000 K Despite having the same light colour, lamps may have very different colour rendering properties owing to the spectral composition of their light. Colour Rendering As a rule, artificial light should enable the human eye to perceive colours correctly, as it would in natural daylight. Obviously, this depends to some extent on the location and purpose for which light is required. The criterion here is the colour rendering property of a light source. This is expressed as a "General Colour Rendering Index" (CRI). The colour-rendering index is a measure of the correspondence between the colour of an object (its "Self Luminous Colour") and its appearance under a reference light source. To determine the CRI values, eight test colours defined in accordance with DIN 6169 are illuminated with the reference light source and the light source under test. The smaller the discrepancy, the better the colour rendering property of the lamp being tested.

A light source with a CRI value of 100 displays all colours exactly as they appear under the reference light source. The lower the CRI value, the worse the colours are rendered.

Luminaire Efficiency Luminaire efficiency (also known as light output ratio) is an important criterion in gauging the energy efficiency of a luminaire. This is the ratio between the luminous flux emitted by the luminaire and the luminous flux of the lamp (or lamps) installed in the luminaire. Average Life The average life of a lamp is an average of the lives of individual lamps operated under standard conditions. (50% failure = average life). Service Life Service life is a simple practical measure of the economical life of a lamp. It is the number of hours of operation after which the system luminous flux (i.e. the product of the relative luminous flux and the relative proportion of lamps still in operation) is still around 80% or the initial value. ANSI Code These are 3 letter codes assigned by the American National Standards Institute. They provide a system of assuring mechanical and electrical interchange-ability among similarly coded lamps from various manufacturers. LIF Code These are assigned by the Lighting Federation of London (UK). They ensure electrical and mechanical interchange-ability of similarly coded lamps. LIF codes are divided into groups according to primary applications. Volts Lamp data is based on operation at rated voltage. Watts Energy used. To find actual energy used (kWh) multiply power (watts shown) x hours of use divided by 1000. Leading Lamp Manufactures GE Osram Philips Sylvania

2.LONG WALL MINE LIGHTING DESIGN SYSTEM Lighting the Stope Innovation in the mining lighting design Impenetrable darkness has been a challenge to underground mining for centuries, posing a hazard to both health and safety. Underground long wall mines are totally dependent on artificial light and lighting in underground operations does not compare favorably with that in other industries with similar types of work. Various forms of illumination have been introduced to improve productivity and safety. In the nineteenth century, for example, Cornish tin miners were each issued with six tallow candles per day and these were either stuck to the hard hats or to pillars with St Agnes clay, sold from the eighteenth century for this purpose. This, however, did not guarantee illumination and improved safety at work. Two centuries later, the improvement is largely marginal, the only sources of illumination typically available at the face being workers cap lamps. The potential safety hazards arising from poor illumination in underground mines are numerous. The work process, avoidance of machinery and overhanging rock, and escape are all dependent on artificial light. Adverse health effects are mainly those of eyestrain and associated symptoms. Although inadequate lighting or vision is rarely cited as a cause of accidents, many accidents and injuries could be prevented by better illumination. SIMRAC has funded research in both the coal and hard rock mining industry to review illumination problems, make recommendations on setting illumination and visibility standards and, most recently, on the role of illumination in reducing risk to health and safety. The potential hazards and recommendations were based on studies of underground work locations at a gold and platinum mine, respectively. Critical visual requirements were identified as: hanging wall conditions, misfires, drilling and charging, and roof supports and barricade installation. In general, the more minute the detail required in the activity and the less the contrast between the task target and its surroundings, the greater the illumination required, particularly if there is additional time pressure. The South African mining workforce is ageing and the effect on vision will have an additional impact on safety and lighting requirements. Because workers perceive most of their environmental information visually, the quantity and quality of lighting is critical to the safe and efficient performance of work. Recommendations from the SIMRAC research were to select cap lamps on the basis of task and worker visual requirements and to consider provision of additional portable light units at the face and other work stations underground. The latter would be ideal but there are challenges to providing artificial lighting. Light fixtures must be easily assembled and disassembled to be protected from blast damage and must be intrinsically safe which imposes restrictions on the nature of the lighting and sources of power.

The Harmony Way - Before and After In April 2001, a novel lighting system was introduced at a stope face in Harmony, Merriespruit 3 shaft. This movable stope lighting system has revolutionised operations in the shaft. In the first year since installation, there have been no accidents and dressing cases of which there was previously, on average, one every two months. Management and the workers attribute this reduction in injuries to the improvement in illumination. In addition, productivity has more than doubled during the same period. Workers interviewed during a recent visit of the authors and Simpross colleagues to the illumination project expressed their pleasure at the improvement in working conditions since the project commenced. Not only has the safety aspect been improved but also remuneration which is coupled to improved productivity from the shaft team. The lighting system for the 30 metre stope panel comprises 10 lights, hung from support packs and powered from a 550/32 volt transformer which is situated about 60 metres away from the stope face. Each light is an intrinsically safe, 15-watt fluorescent tube. (See photographs) This system gives an illuminance reading of between 15 and 25 lux at the face of the lit-up stope. The lighting is sufficient for all the activities at the stope, from drilling to cleaning and inspecting the hanging walls. Cracks in the hanging wall are much more easily detected and this makes barring more effective. The lighting system is removed during blasting and reinstated during cleaning and preparation. The greatest initial drawback of the system was that, as the lights were easily portable and operated off 12-volt batteries, they were pilfered for numerous above ground uses. That challenge has, however, been resolved by modifying to the current 32-volt system. The theory that better lighting results in safer, more productive operations has motivated the development and application of artificial light sources for the industrial environment. After Edison patented the first practical incandescent lamp in 1879, industrial lighting systems evolved rapidly to the modem lighting systems that employ several types of light sources including incandescent, fluorescent, mercury vapour, sodium, and metal halide lamps. Research and observation, both qualitative and quantitative, indicate that improved lighting has in fact resulted in greater safety, increased production, and improved worker comfort. Underground coal mining is one industrial activity that has not kept pace with the application of improved lighting technology in the working environment. There are several reasons for this, including the following: 1. Initially, mining lagged behind other industries because (1) early lamps had short service life in this application because of lack of mechanical strength, and (2) their light output was low, which provided little improvement over the open flame lamps then in use. 2. New electrical equipment had to be introduced into coal mines with particular care because of the potential that it could entail for explosions and mine fires. 3. Systems could not be permanently installed but had to be moved as the mine expanded and advanced. 4. The abusive and hazardous mine environment required the development of special and expensive hardware and circuitry; the limited market did not provide the incentive to develop this special equipment until mine lighting was required by law. Artificial lighting has always been a necessity in the otherwise totally dark underground mine environment. Developments such as the Speeding flint mill, the flame safety lamp, and the carbide lamp were aimed at providing a light source that would not ignite a gassy environment. Prior to perfection of devices that could accomplish this, hundreds of lives were lost to

explosions initiated by light sources. Initial efforts to use incandescent electric lamps in the mines occurred in Europe as early as 1902, but electric lighting was not successfully used at the working face for another 25 yr. 1920's and required the miner to carry a heavy, cumbersome battery that tended to leak acid. After smaller and lighter weight batteries were developed, the lamp's were mounted on miners' caps instead of being handheld as originally used. By 1935, the cap lamp was in common use and is still a primary source of light in coal mines. In 1969, Congress passed the Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act, which included a mandate that "directs and authorizes the secretary to propose and promulgate standards under which all working places in a mine shall be illuminated by permissible lighting while persons are working in such places." As a result of this mandate the Bureau initiated a research and development program to develop (1) information to be used in establishing lighting regulations, and (2) lighting hardware that could be safely used to gain compliance with these regulations. Major results of this research included1. Establishment of 0.06 & as the. minimum reflected light level on all surfaces required by the regulations to be lighted: 2. Development and successful demonstration of permissible lighting hardware for underground application

Light Sources in Mining In 1879 a practical incandescent filament lamp was patented. As a result light no longer depended on a fuel source. Many startling breakthroughs have been made in lighting knowledge since Edisons discovery, including some with applications in underground mines. Each has inherent advantages and disadvantages. Table 74.3 lists the light source types and compares some parameters.

Comparison of mine light sources Type of light source Approximate luminance (clear bulb) Tungsten filament Incandescent Fluorescent Mercury vapour Metal halide 750 to 1,000 5 to 2,000 500 to 30,000 16,000 to 24,000 10,000 to 20,000 Yes Yes Yes Yes with limitations Yes with limitations 5 to 30 28 100 63 125 Excellent Excellent Excellent Average Good Average rated life (h) DC source Approximate initial efficacy lm Colour rendition

High-pressure sodium Low-pressure sodium

12,000 to 24,000 10,000 to 18,000

Not advised Not advised

140 183

Fair Poor

cd = candela, DC = direct current; lm = lumens.

Current to energize the light sources may be either alternating (AC) or direct (DC). Fixed light sources almost always use alternating current whereas portable sources such as cap lamps and underground vehicle headlights use a DC battery. Not all light source types are suitable for direct current.

Fixed light sources Tungsten filament lamps are most common, often with a frosted bulb and a shield to reduce glare. The fluorescent lamp is the second most common light source and is easily distinguishable by its tubular design. Circular and U-shaped designs are compact and have mining applications as mining areas are often in cramped spaces. Tungsten filament and fluorescent sources are used to light such diverse underground openings as shaft stations, conveyors, travel ways, lunchrooms, charging stations, fuel bays, repair depots, warehouses, tool rooms and crusher stations.

The trend in mine lighting is to use more efficient light sources. These are the four high-intensity discharge (HID) sources called mercury vapour, metal halide, high-pressure sodium and lowpressure sodium. Each requires a few minutes (one to seven) to come up to full light output. Also, if power to the lamp is lost or turned off, the arc tube must be cooled before the arc can be struck and the lamp relit. (However, in the case of low-pressure sodium (Sox) lamps, restrike is almost instantaneous.) Their spectral energy distributions differ from that of natural light. Mercury vapour lamps produce a bluish white light whereas high-pressure sodium lamps produce a yellowish light. If colour differentiation is important in underground work (e.g., for using colour-coded gas bottles for welding, reading colour-coded signs, electrical wiring hookups or sorting ore by colour), care must be taken in the colour rendition properties of the source.

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Objects will have their surface colours distorted when lit by a low-pressure sodium lamp. Table 74.3 gives colour rendition comparisons.

Mobile light sources With working places spread out often both laterally and vertically, and with continual blasting in these working places, permanent installations are often deemed impractical because of the costs of installation and upkeep. In many mines the battery-operated cap lamp is the most important single source of light. Although fluorescent cap lamps are in use, by far the majority of cap lamps use tungsten filament battery-operated cap lamps. Batteries are lead acid or nickel cadmium. A miniature tungsten-halogen lamp bulb is often used for the miners cap lamp. The small bulb allows the beam to be easily focused. The halogen gas surrounding the filament prevents the tungsten filament material from boiling off, which keeps lamp walls from blackening. The bulb can also be burned hotter and hence brighter.

For mobile vehicle lighting, incandescent lamps are most commonly used. They require no special equipment, are inexpensive and are easy to replace. Parabolic aluminized reflector (PAR) lamps are used as headlights on vehicles.

Standards for Mine Lighting Countries with a well-established underground mining industry are usually quite specific in their requirements regarding what constitutes a safe mine lighting system. This is particularly true for mines which have methane gas given off from the workings, usually coal mines. Methane gas can ignite and cause an underground explosion with devastating results. Consequently any lights must be designed to be either intrinsically safe or explosion proof. An intrinsically safe light source is one in which the current feeding the light has very little energy so that any short in the circuit would not produce a spark which could ignite the methane gas. For a lamp to be explosion proof, any explosion triggered by the lamps electrical activity is contained within the device. In addition, the device itself will not become hot enough to cause an explosion. The lamp is more expensive, heavier, with metal parts usually made of castings. Governments usually have test facilities to certify whether lamps can be classified for use in a gassy mine. A low-pressure sodium lamp could not be so certified as the sodium in the lamp could ignite if the lamp were to break and the sodium came in contact with water. Countries also legislate standards for the amount of light required for various tasks but legislation varies greatly in the amount of light that should be placed in the various working places. Guidelines for mine lighting are also provided by international bodies concerned with lighting, such as the Illumination Engineering Society (IES) and the Commission international de lclairage (CIE). The CIE stresses that the quality of light being received by the eye is as important as the quantity and provides formulas to ascertain whether glare may be a factor in visual performance.

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Effects of Lighting on Accidents, Production and Health One would expect that better lighting would reduce accidents, increase production and reduce health hazards, but it is not easy to substantiate this. The direct effect of lighting on underground efficiency and safety is hard to measure because lighting is only one of many variables that affect production and safety. There is well-documented evidence that shows highway accidents decrease with improved illumination. A similar correlation has been noted in factories. The very nature of mining, however, dictates that the work area is constantly changing, so that very few reports relating mine accidents to lighting can be found in the literature and it remains an area of research that has been largely unexplored. Accident investigations show that poor lighting is rarely the primary cause of underground accidents but is often a contributing factor. While lighting conditions play some role in many mine accidents, they have special significance in accidents involving falls of ground, since poor lighting makes it easy to miss dangerous conditions that could otherwise be corrected. Until the beginning of the twentieth century, miners commonly suffered from the eye disease nystagmus, for which there was no known cure. Nystagmus produced uncontrollable oscillation of the eyeballs, headaches, dizziness and loss of night vision. It was caused by working under very low light levels over long periods of time. Coal miners were particularly susceptible, since very little of the light that strikes the coal is reflected. These miners often had to lie on their sides when working in low coal and this may also have contributed to the disease. With the introduction of the electric cap lamp in mines, miners nystagmus has disappeared, eliminating the most important health hazard associated with underground lighting. With recent technological advances in new light sources, the interest in lighting and health has been revived. It is now possible to have lighting levels in mines that would have been extremely difficult to achieve previously. The main concern is glare, but concern has also been expressed about the radiometric energy given off by the lights. Radiometric energy can affect workers either by acting directly on cells on or near the surface of the skin or by triggering certain responses, such as biological rhythms on which physical and mental health depends. An HID light source can still operate even though the glass envelope containing the source is cracked or

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broken. Workers can then be in danger of receiving doses beyond threshold limit values, particularly since these light sources often cannot be mounted very high.

SURFACE MINE ILLUMINATION AND ILLUMINATION OF THE SURFACE AREAS OF UNDERGROUND MINES
Surface mining operations occupy vast areas, and activity is dispersed throughout the property, typically continuing 24 hours a day. It is the continuous operation throughout the night that demands consideration of adequate illumination. Federal standards that address illumination of these areas are general in nature and are published in the CFR, Title 30, parts 56.17001 and 77.207 (Anon., 1988.) These sections state, Illumination sufficient to provide safe working conditions shall be provided in and on all surface structures, paths, walkways, stairways, switch panels, loading and dumping sites, and work areas. The problem of providing adequate illumination for surface mining operations can be said to address a number of generic situations. These include the areas surrounding various slow moving machines that typically perform their functions in a stationary mode such as draglines and high wall drills, high-speed machines such as haulers and front-end loaders, and finally, specialized task and area illumination for locations such as the interiors of large equipment and maintenance activities.

3.Construction and operation of cap lamps and safety lamps.:Flame safety lamps:The main safety feature in a flame safety lamp is the wire gauze and its principle of action is illustrated below1. Hold an ordinary iron wire gauze about 30mm over a laboratory Bunsen burner, turn on the gas and ignite it below the gauze. The flame burns only below the gauze but does not pass through it. If the gauze is brought gradually to the mouth of the burner, the flame is extinguished but, instead if held slightly higher for some time, the gauze becomes red hot and the flame passes through it and appears below as well as above the gauze. 2. Now hold the hot gauze in the same position, about 30mm above the burner, turn off the gas, and the gauze to cool for a few minutes. Turn on the gas and apply a flame over the gauze. The gas burns over the gauze as a flame but the later does not pass below the gauze; if the gauze is lifted upwards carefully high enough, the flame is extinguished. The explanation for this behavior of the gas is that iron wire gauze is a good conductor of heat and allows the gas to pass through it but conducts the heat of the flame away so quickly that the gas which is not burning on one side of the gauze fails to reach ignition temperature even though some gas is burning on the other side of the gauze. The gauze thus allows the gas to pass through but not the flame. However if the flame continues to heat the gauze for a few minutes , all the heat of red hot gauze is not conduct away and the gauze allows the flame to pass through. This is the principle behind the safety provided by the wire gauze in a flame safety lamp and it is apparent that such lamp is safe as long as it is not allowed to get unduly hot. A copper gauze is a better conductor of heat than a wire gauze of iron but copper wire gauze is costlier and burns comparatively early. The principle of wire gauze explained so far is made use of in the construction of flame safety lamps which are better known as gas testing flame lamps. These are manufactured in the

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country by mine safety appliances ltd. J.k. dey and sons and one more company. They are used for accumulation test and percentage test of methane by the supervisory staff in coal mines. The flame safety lamps manufactured by j.k. dey and sons are sold under the trade name velox The company, j.k. dey and sons manufacture three types of gas testing flame safety lamp. 1. GL-5 2. GL-50 3. GL-60 Of these GL-5 is used for accumulation test the other two for percentage test. The three lamps differ from one another in some constructional details described later GL-50 lamp consists of three separable sections which can be screw together for complete assembly and use. 1. Lower section:- this comprise a fuel vessel fitted with a burner, a round wick passing through the burner, side oil filling arrangement and a screw spindle flame adjustment device. The oil vessel has ratchet teeth at the top and provision for magnetic locking. 2. Middle section with partly upper section:- this consists of composite lower flange which is screw on the fuel vessel and a composite middle ring assembled with five steel rods to provide bonnet and chimney at top. The steel rods connecting the lower flange and the middle ring also protect the glass. Separate sir inlet and outlet ports are provided to avoid mixing of fresh inlet air with gases of combustion. This improves air circulation and results in sharp reactions of methane gas with the flame. There is only one cylindrical thick toughened glass which forms part of the middle section. During the assembly the glass is provided with asbestos gaskets at the lower end, and also at the upper end below the outer wire gauze. The asbestos gaskets make the glass assembly air tight at the top and at the bottom and should never be omitted during assembly. 3. The upper section:- this consists of a bonnet and chimney with hood provision of top feed device i.e. for enabling mine air near roof to enter the lamp from the top. It also has two wire gauzes each of 20 mesh. The bonnet protects the wire gauzes and is provided with a handle for holding the lamp. The hot gases of the flame rise by convection to the top of the gauzes and through them and the outlet holes of the bonnet, to the atmosphere. The fuel is used is a solvent spirit or motor spirit

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During assembly the upper section is assembled with the middle section. The combined assembly is then screwed onto the lower section and magnetically locked. When the lamp is properly assembled, there will be no sound of any loose components if it is shaken by hands.

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The principle of magnetic locking is illustrated in the given figure (in velox lamps the magnetic locking arrangement is not exactly as shown in the figure but differs slightly). A spring loaded steel bolt is housed in a tubular body, fitted and soldered with the bottom flange of the middle section. The lock bolt passes through the collar into notches on the oil vessel and when the middle and top sections are fitted on the oil vessel by screwing, the lock bolt prevents their unscrewing by the ratchet construction at the top end oil vessel. To unlock the top magnetic locking device is placed below the top pole of magnet un locker in the lamp cabin. The lock bolt is pulled by the magnet and the base of the lamp can then be unscrewed. The magnetic locking arrangement is so designed that ordinary magnet cannot unlock the lamp. The magnetic locking is a important safety feature of flame safety lamps. Weight of GL_50 lamp with fuel is 1.6kg.

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The purpose of the gauze is to prevent the passage of flame from the interior to the exterior of the lamp so that even if the gas is ignited within the gauze, no external ignition will occur. This holds good as long as the gauze itself does not become red hot. The wire gauzes loose their effectiveness is covered with soot or if they are broken on distorted or wire is replaced or becomes thinner due to rust. They should be cleaned with fibre brush and checked daily in the lamp cabin. Defective or repaired components of a safety lamp should not be used and only the genuine spare parts supplied by the manufactures should replace the damaged ones keeping the important safety aspect of the lamp in mind. A flame safety lamp is used mainly for accumulation and percentage test of fire damp. It is an essential equipment of a mining sardar in coal mines. The lamp is to be lighted at the lamp cabin only if it is not provided with relighting arrangements. After lighting proper assembly and magnetic locking it is held before a compressed air jet of 6m/sec velocity. If the lamp is properly assembled the flame should not duly flicker or be affected in any way. At the pit/ incline top , before the lamp is allowed to be taken underground a person deputed to check safety lamps and contraband, tests it for visual defects possibility of unlocking and screwing and blows air by mouth to test for leakages. Modern flame safety lamps can withstand an air velocity of 15m/s GL-5 differs from the GL-50 in following way: 1. It (GL-50) has got 2 cylindrical glasses surroundings the flame. 2. It is used for accumulation test

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3. It uses colourless K oil. 4. It has mid feed arrangement i.e. inlet air enters the lamp at mid height and hot at the top.

GL-60 :- lamp differs from GL_ 50 in some constructional features through external appearances of both is alike. Both use double wire gauzes only single glass and have top feed arrangement. But GL_60 is more sophisticated the differences are : 1. GL-60 has additional bottom feed device. This is incorporated in the lower section of the lamp of allow free air at the base of flame. This makes relighting easy and also results in sharp reaction of methane gas in general body of air as well as detects CO2 nearest to the floor of a working place. When the bottom feed is closed, only the top feed arrangement works; if bottom feed is open both the top feed and bottom feed admit air. Movement of both level of glass seat for feed and bottom feed is indicated by an arrow on circular brass ring supporting the glass. The bottom air feed with shut off device should be opened to ensure an instant relighting yielding steady eve burning light. During gas testing however the lever should be placed at opposition. 2. Automatic flame extinguisher is incorporated as a quite effective device to get the flame automatically extinguished if the fuel vessel of the lamp is accidentally removed during use due to failure of magnetic locking system. 3. The fuel vessel removed is full of cotton absorbent, eliminating possibility of fuel spilling. 4. It has a self contained relighting mechanism which enables the user to relight the lamp himself. However it cannot be relighted if only colourless K oil is used as fuel. 5. Wt. with fuel is 1.7 kg The relighting arrangement in GL-60 lamp is follows: In the oil vessel there is a housing for dry battery consisting of two cells, each 1.5v in series. On the glass seat are fitted a filament unit, a filament channel and spring plate a snuffer tube and a contact ring. A regulating spindle and knob regulate the wick and the height of the flame. For hold the lamp at chest level and turn the regulating knob clockwise. This causes the snuffer tube to go down thereby exposing more length of the wick and at the same time glowing the filament to red hot by completing the electric circuit of the battery. The red hot filament ignites the vapor of fuel in the wick into a flame. As soon as the flame is produced the regulating knob should be turned anticlockwise quickly and the filament ceases to glow. The fuel recommended to carry out the percentage test is ESSO solvent No. 1425 or its equivalent, it is manufacture in our oil refineries but its scarcity has resulted in use of petrol as a fuel for flame safety lamps with the approval of DGMS. The battery cells used are Eveready 935 or its equivalent. They are not rechargeable and they must be kept out of the cell housing when the lamp is not in use. If the battery voltage is below 2.3 it should be discarded. The battery can relight the lamp 600 times in the hot lamp by the use of a graded filament. To achieve smooth ignition the wick should be kept burning for minute or two in the lamp cabin with the help of a match or lighter as the cold wick takes unnecessary long time to light when the lamp is intended for use. For best result pour a few drops of fuel above the wick and then screw the fuel vessel to the top part of the flame

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The cap lamps used in our mines are popularly known Oldham cap lamps and the cap lamps manufactured by mines safety appliances Co. ltd. in both type of cap lamp the entire cap lamp unit hooked to the helmet and a connecting cable. The lead acid battery type consists of 2 cells. In the Oldham cap lamp unit each cell of the lead acid battery consists of a number of composite lead antimony tubes or plates carrying the active material and immersed in 30% solution of sulphuric acid and each cell of the tubular construction, the negative plate is of pasted flat type, Sponac ( a highly absorbent type of wood) which absorbs about 85% of the total acid in the cell, s0 rendering the battery virtually unspillable. In the fully charged condition, the active material in the positive plate in brown red peroxides and in the negative plates it is grey spongy lead. During discharge both positive, negative plates change partly into lead sulphate (PbSO4) with the liberation of water. The Oldham cap lamp (and also the M.S.A cap lamp) is designed for a self-service system in which the miner himself puts high lamp on charge in the lamp room at the end of the shift and removes it himself after 12-16 hours. After charging it ceases automatically when the battery is fully charged . AUDIO-VISUAL ALARM LAMP Mine safety appliances limited (M.S.A) is marketing an alarm lamp which is a portable audiovisual warning system. It is called Bretelite audio-visual alarm lamp and is developed by adding a blinkering red light and intermittent hooter to the basic hand-lamp manufactured and marketing by M.S.A. The product can be used for normal working light and also where required to give warning. The blinkering light and hooter can also work individually. The make and break arrangement for the hooter and the flashing red light is through a sealed electronic module which has a very long life. The alarm lamp has been approved by D.G.M.S. weight of the lamp is 1.5 kg. the battery used is Exide Triclad F-2 which can be charged from the standard battery charging rock used for miners cap lamp. High power LED mining cap lamp KJ3.5LM MY 3500 Specification Explosion-proof mining cap lamp Bulb : Lumiled NI-MH batteries illumination:3000-12000LX Price- US $ 14-20 unit

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The kind of mining cap lamp is a new type of environmental-friendly lamp, which is adopted the most advanced 1w LED made by Lumileds Lighting Company and nickel hydrogen batteries. This kind of mining cap lamp ca n be applied in flammable and explosive environment such as coal mines, chemical industry, oil and road transportation, also can be applied in other mobile lighting places. The kind of miner 's lamp got flameproof certificate ratified by National Coal Mining Machinery Quality Supervision and Testing Center. The kind of mining cap lamp is designed based on GB7857-2003 General requirements for safe ty of miners lamp and MT927-2004KJ mining cap lamp, which have characteristics of small size, light weight, long service life, free of maintenance, environmental protection. Technical Data for KJ3.5LM mining cap lamp rated voltage: 3.6V rated capacity: 3.5Ah lighting time: >17H (main illuminant) illumination: >3500Lx (start of lighting) LED current: 0.2A (main illuminant) battery life: >500 cycle time amperage of charge: 0.6A (average) weight: <450G Ambient Temperature: -15~40 C

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Miner's Cap Lamp KL5LM

Specifications 1. Capacity: 5Ah 2. Illumination: 3500-5000Lux 3. Lighting time: 15hours 4. Weight: 0.5Kg 5. Maintenance-free

Longgen KL series cold light source miner's lamp adopts the battery with safe polymer, as power supply, takes high-power LED house and uses exact IC to protect parts. It has so many virtues, such as miniaturization, light weight, safely environmental protection, energy saving, high efficiency, avoid maintenance and long life. Preventing over-charging and overdischarging, limiting current and short circuit protection etc. So it is designed for illumination in the environment of having combustible gas mixture, such as coal mine, petroleum, chemical, railway etc.

Miner's lamp KL5LM Specifications Item Name 1 Rated Voltage 2 Rated Capacity 3 Lighting Time(Main Light Source) 4 Illumination (Main light Source) Light Beginning After 11hours

Unit V Ah h Lx

Parameter Remark 3.7 5 >15 >5000 Apart 1M from the lamp >3500

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5 6 7 8 9

LED Average current Charging Protection Voltage Discharging Protection Voltage Battery Cycle Life Weight

Main Light Source mA Auxiliary Light Source V V Cycle Kg

350 110 4.200.05 3.000.05 800 0.5 Whole lamp

LED rechargeable cordless miner cap lamp

Price- US $ 21-36/ piece

Specifications

KL1.4 (A) LM LED cordless miner cap lamp anti-explosion & waterproof &Cordless 13h/1200Lx/3.7V/110g Signal light warning danger

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KL1.4 (A) LM LED cordless miner cap lamp Summary KL1.4LM(A) miner cap lamp is a new portable lamp made from advanced LED illuminator and Li-ion battery polymer. It mainly used in coal mine lighting, and also popularly used in mining/ oil extraction/ oil extraction/ chemical engineering/ railway transportation, as well as in electricity/ expedition / tunnel/ travelling. Strictly according to standard The Universal Mining Light Safety Standard of GB7957-2003;The related standard of KL Mining Light of MT927-2004 and KL Mining Light of Q/320206DQHF01-2009 Certification: CE/MA/ATEX/SGS/EXSL/ROHS

Main characteristic 1. Small in size/Portable/High efficiency/Long lifetime/Energy saving / good impact toughness Water-proof/explosion-proof/Anti-static The working mode : 10 lighting working longer than 13 hours. 2. two working mode: 10 lighting working longer than 13 hour while 6 lasted than 25 hour 3. signal lighting used for safety warning

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KL1.4LM(C) KL1.4LM(A) Main technical Charging voltage 5V Rated capacity 1.4Ah Rated voltage 3.7V Continuous lighting time- 13 hour Nominal current 120 Ma Man light source >1200 Lux (>800 lux after 11 hour) Charging time < 6 hour Life of accumulators 500(Cycling time) Weight 110g (including battery)

KL1.4(A)

LM KL1.4(B)

LM KL2(A)

LM KL2.5(A)LM

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Reference:1. http://www.burnbrite.com/Our-Products--Services/ProductDetails/Pages/Electronics/Lighting/Longwall-Mining/Longwall-Mine-LightingSystem.aspx 2. http://www.google.co.in/search?q=mine+lighting+systems&hl=en&safe=active&client=fir efox-a&rls=org.mozilla:enUS:official&prmd=ivns&ei=MspbTviqH8XSrQe995GJCw&start=20&sa=N&biw=1280&bi h=671 3. Deshmukh, D.J., elements of mining technology vol-2,chapter no. 8-mines lighting, Denett and co. publication, 2nd edition,pp-8.1.-8.26 4. http://www.google.co.in/search?hl=en&safe=active&client=firefoxa&rls=org.mozilla%3AenUS%3Aofficial&biw=1280&bih=671&q=mine+lighting+systems&oq=mine+lighting&aq=1 &aqi=g2gv8&aql=&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=33567l39096l0l48376l13l13l0l2l2l0l525l2589l0.6.3.1.0.1l11l 0

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