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Chemistry 30: Chemical Energy Notes

11.1 Energy Demands and Sources Photosynthesis is a major natural contributor to stored chemical energy on Earth (CO2 (g) + H2O (g) +sunlight 6H12O6 (aq) + O2 (g)) C Fossil fuels are a major source of chemical energy, which are said to originate from dead plants and animals, a source of chemical potential energy. Temperature and pressure changed them from decaying plants and animals into hydrocarbons. Fossil fuels sources in Alberta: coal, natural gas, crude oil, heavy oil, oil sands, and coal-bed methane

Alternatives to Current Fossil Fuel Uses Energy Demands Heating residential (~ 15%) Alternative Energy Sources and Practices Solar heating, heat pumps, geothermal energy, biomass gas, and electricity from hydroelectric and nuclear plants Improved building insulation and design

Transportation (~ 30%)

Alcohol/gasohol and hydrogen fuels, and electric and hybrid (electric and gasoline) vehicles Mass transit, bicycles and walking Solar energy, nuclear energy, and hydroelectricity Improved efficiency and waste heat recovery Solar water pre-heating and heat pumps, including geothermal Water and heat conservation

Industry (~ 40%) Commercial and institutional (~ 15%)

11.2 Calorimetry Thermochemistry: the study of energy changes by a chemical system during a chemical reaction Calorimetry: the technological process of measuring energy changes of an isolated system called a calorimeter Thermal energy: the total kinetic energy of the substance Specific heat capacity: the quantity of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by 1C Assumptions made when using Calorimetry: The total system is isolated (no energy is lost) The specific heat capacity of water is 4.19 J/gC (or 4.18 in IB) The specific heat capacity of dilute solutions is the same as water (as 99.99% of dilute solutions is water) Density of dilutions = density of water (1.00 g/mL) The thermal energy gained by the container, lid, thermometer and stirrer of the calorimeter is negligible

Heat Transfer and Enthalpy Change: Three kinds of motion for atoms: Vibrational Translocational Rotational

The chemical potential energy is stored in covalent and/or ionic bonds between the entities and intermolecular forces between entities. Enthalpy: the energy of a reaction losing enthalpy: exothermic gaining enthalpy: endothermic

Enthalpy change: the difference between the enthalpy of the reactants and the enthalpy of the products When using a calorimeter, the formula for finding H is: H = Q or H=mct When dealing with molar enthalpy (because theres a chemical formula in the question), the formula is nH = mct. (heat lost=heat gained)

Endothermic change: a change in enthalpy where the chemical potential energy (Ep) increases and the value is positive. (heat is lost) Exothermic change: a change in enthalpy where the chemical potential energy decreases and the value is negative. (heat is gained) *Note: whether or not the substance is endothermic or exothermic depends on the SYSTEM, not the surroundings e.g. In a calorimeter, the calorimeter would be the surroundings and the substance inside the calorimeter would be the system. The systems temperature would be decreasing due to the breaking of the bonds and energy is needed and is absorbed. The system would be undergoing an endothermic change. The temperature of the surroundings would be increasing due to the formation of bonds, and energy is released. The surroundings would be undergoing an exothermic change.

Increasing energy storage: e.g. water: ice (many bonds) liquid water gaseous water (little bonds) e.g. 2: NaCl and Na: has 11 p+ needs to lose energy in order to bond with Cl Cl: has 17 p+ needs to gain energy in order to bond with Na **Ep bonded atoms < Ep unbonded atoms** 11.3 Communicating Enthalpy Changes Four ways: 1. Stating the molar enthalpy of a specific reactant in a reaction (kJ/mol) a. The coefficient for the leading reactant must be 1. b. Since its the molar enthalpy, the energy must always be in kJ/mol. 2. Stating the enthalpy change for a balanced equation reaction (kJ) a. The coefficients can be changed. b. When using enthalpy, the energy is stated only in kJ 3. Including the enthalpy change in the balanced equation (kJ no negatives) a. Exothermic energy is on the products side b. Endothermic energy is on the reactants side

4. Drawing a chemical potential energy diagram (kJ) a. The x-axis label is known as the reaction coordinate, rather than time. 11.4: Hesss Law To determine an enthalpy change of a reaction using Hesss Law: 1. Write the net reaction equation (if not given) 2. Manipulate the given equations to match the net reaction equation. 3. Multiply, divide, and/or reverse the enthalpy change values in the given equations to get the net equation. 4. Cancel and add the remaining reactants and products to yield the net equation. Elements on their own have no enthalpy and equal 0 (therefore, they can be cancelled) 5. Add each separate enthalpy change together to obtain the net enthalpy change. 6. If necessary, find the molar enthalpy by dividing by the leading coefficient of the reactant or product. 11.5: Molar Enthalpies of Formation (a shortcut to Hesss Law) Reference energy state: the reference point where the potential energy is zero (usually the elements in a reaction) Thermal stability: the tendency of a compound to resist decomposition when heated The lower the value, the greater the thermal stability - in decomposition reactions Reversed in formation reactions (the higher the value, the greater the thermal stability see p. 4 and 5 of the Chemistry data booklet) o E.g. liquid water has a greater thermal stability that gaseous water

In general: rH = the sum of the products the sum of the reactants 12.1: Activation Energy Collision-Reaction Theory A chemical sample consists of entities (atoms, ions, or molecules) that are in constant, random motion at various speeds, rebounding from collisions with each other. (Kinetic energy is conserved during elastic collisions)

A chemical reaction must involve collisions of reactant entities An effective collision requires sufficient energy. Collisions with the required minimum energy have the potential to react. An effective collision also requires the correct orientation (positioning) of the colliding entities so that bonds can be broken and new bonds formed Ineffective collisions involve entities that rebound elastically from the collision.

Activation energy: the minimum energy needed for reactants to collide and form products Activated complex: the point of a reaction where the reactants are in the process of rearranging to form products (the peak of an energy graph) 12.2: Bond Energy and Reactions Bond energy: two definitions

a) The energy required to break a chemical bond b) The energy released when a bond is formed The change in enthalpy represents the net effect from breaking and making bonds. rH = (energy released from bond making) (energy required for bond breaking) Exothermic reaction: making > breaking (rH is negative) Endothermic reaction: making < breaking (rH is positive)

12.3: Catalysis and Reaction Rates Catalyst: a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the overall process The catalyst doesnt change throughout the reaction Catalysts lower the activation energy by providing an alternate pathway for the reaction to occur, while inhibitors raise the activation energy

Enzymes: compounds that act as catalysts in living systems Intermediates: chemical entities that form with varying stability at the end of a step in a reaction mechanism

More stable than the activated complexes, but less stable than the reactants and products E.g. three step equation: o o o Step 1: reactant(s) activated complex intermediate 1 Step 2: intermediate 1 activated complex 2 intermediate 2 Step 3: intermediate 2 activated complex 3 product(s)

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