Chapter 4 Human Development Study Guide

visual cliffZygote, Embryo, Fetus-Zygote: is a fertilized egg. Embryo-the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month. Fetus-the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception. Teratogens- agents such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm. FAS (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome)physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant women heavy drinking. It can cause facial misproportions. Maturation-biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in bahvior, relatively uninfluenced by experience. Primary Sex Characteristics-the body structures that make sexual reproduction possible (ovaries and testes) Secondary Sex Characteristicsnonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breast and hips, male voice and body hair. Menarche and MenopauseMenarche- the first menstrual period. Menopause- the time of natural cessation of menstruation also refers to a women decline in reproducing Critical Period(s)-a limited time in which an event can occur usually in result in some kind of transformation. Self-concept-a sense of ones identity

Adolescence- transition period from childhood to adulthood. Alzheimers Disease-a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, physical functioning . Cross-sectional vs. Longitudinal Study- Cross-sectional: is a study in which people of different ages are compared to each other it is cgheap and less time consuming. Longitudinal is a study with the sme people study for many years. Expensive and time consuming, good to study a person change over time. Crystallized vs. Fluid IntelligenceCrystallized- ones accumulated knowledge and verbal skils; tends to increase with age. Fluid: ones ability to reason speedly and abstractly decrease during late adulthood. Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)-potentional for cognitive development in limited to a certain time span. Balance between being helped to much and not being heped. Imprinting- process by which certain animals from attachments during critical period very early in life. Rooting Reflex- a babys tendency when touched on the cheek to open mouth and search for the nipple. Attachment- a close emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness with caregiver. Stranger Anxiety-the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months.

Puberty- period of rapid growth and hormal changes leading to sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproduction Habituation-decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner. Piage object permanence-the awareness that tings continue to exist even when not perceived. conservation the principle (which piaet believed to be part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume& number remain the same despite changes in forms of objects. Schema a concept of framework that organizes and interprets information. Accommodation- adapting ones current understanding to incorporate new information. Assimilation- interpreting ones new experience in terms of ones existing scheme Egocentrism- inability to digstinus one own perceptions, though of feeling from those of others, cannot precise the world in others view. Sensorimotor- this stage is from birth to 2. They only experience the world through senses and action, looking, touching, mouthing and grasping. Preoperational- 2 to 7 representing things with

words and images; use intuitive rather than logical reasoning. Concrete Operational- 7 to 11 thinking logically about concrete events: grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations. Formal Operational- 12 to adulthood abstract reasoning.

Erikson Trust vs. Mistrust- 0-1. Feeding survival needs fulfilled. If needs are dependably met, in far develop a sense of basic trust. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt- toilet training happens. 1-3 toddlers learn to exercise will and do things for themselves, they doubt their abilities. Initiative vs. Guilt- 3-6 why? Stage. Preschools learn to initiate to ask and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent. Competency vs. Inferiority- 6-12 childern learn to pleasure of applying themselves to tasks or they feel inferior. Intimacy vs. Isolation- 2040 young adults struggle to form close relation and to gain capacity for inmate or they feel socially isolated. Identity vs. Role Confusion 10-20 teens work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integration them to form a single id they become confused about who they are.

Generativity vs. Stagnation- 40-60 people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work or they may feel lack of purpose. Integrity vs. Despair-60 death when reflecting on his or her life, the older adult may feel a scene of satisfaction or failure.

Kohlberg Punishment-Obedience Orientation the concern is for self Instrumental Relativistwhat is in it for me? Good BoyNice Girlwhat will people think of me Law and order- no one or group is above the law Social Contract-public interest Universal Ethical Principal Orientation- golden rule Preconventional,-the concern is for self Conventional-morality is based on obeying, society laws, uphold duties to maintain order, to gain social approval. post-conventionalmorality is base on universal ethical principles of justice, dignity and equally