5.1.1 Define species, habitat, population, community, ecosystem and ecology.

(1)

5.1.2 Distinguish between autotroph and heterotroph.(2)

5.1.3 Distinguish between consumers, detritivores and saprotrophs.(2)

5.1.4 Describe what is meant by a food chain, giving three examples, each with at least three linkages (four organisms).(2)

Food chains show a simple linear flow of' who eats who' and therefore the energy and matter flowing through the links in the chain

Carrot plant ---> Carrot fly ---> Flycatcher -----> Sparrow hawk 1. The carrot fly consumes the carrot plant. 2. Some of the carrot plant molecules are assimilated by the fly for growth of the carrot fly and others are metabolised in fly respiration. 3. The carrot fly is consumed by the flycatcher. 4. Some of the molecules of the carrot fly are assimilated by the fly for growth of the flycatcher and others are metabolised in flycatcher respiration. 5. In turn the flycatcher is consumed by the sparrow hawk. 6. Some of the molecules of the flycatcher are assimilated for the growth of the sparrow hawk and others are metabolised in hawk respiration.

Bushgrass---> Impala ---> Cheetah----> Lion

buckwheat ---> Gopher ---> Gopher snake ----> Red Tailed Kite

As you view each food chain try to focus on the processes in which energy and matter are transferred along the chain from one organism to the next. Consider at each stage how much of the available energy in the food is actually captured by the consumer. What kind of processes will create losses from one link to the next. Consider the question: Why are big, scary predator so rare?

5.1.5 Describe what is meant by a food web.(2).

The food web is a diagram that shows how food chains are linked together into more complex feeding relationships The food web has a number of advantages over a food chains including:

Shows the much more complex interactions between species within a community/ ecosystem More than one producer supporting a community A single producer being a food source for a number of primary consumers That a consumer may have a number of different food sources on the same or different trophic levels That a consumer can be an omnivore, feeding as a primary consumer and as a consumer at higher trophic levels

There are certain problems in drawing a complete food web as this would in most cases require a very complex study and identification of species. For this reason, food webs often reflect the interests of its author. The author will detail the species of interest by name but group other less interesting/ important species into larger family. order groups.

5.1.6 Define trophic level. (1)

The trophic level of an organism defines the feeding relationship of that organism to other organisms in a food.

In a food web a consumer can occupy a number of different trophic levels depending on which organism is the prey.

5.1.7 Deduce the trophic level of organisms in a food chain and a food web.(3)

Using the simple food web to the left. Determine the trophic level of each organism in the diagram using the table in 5.1.6 Check your assessment by placing the mouse-over the diagram.
The red numbers provide the correct answers.

5.1.8 Construct a food web containing up to 10 organisms, using appropriate information.(3)

Constructing a foodweb scroll down the page and click the image 'Create a foodweb.

5.1.9 State that light is the initial energy source for almost all communities.(1)

To maintain food chains, food webs, communities and all their interactions requires energy.

Sunlight is the source of this energy for most communities both aquatic and terrestrial. The principle trap of sunlight energy is the protein molecule chlorophyll found in the chloroplasts of producers cells

There are other energy sources for deep ocean communities based on geothermal energy. These are not studied on this course but can be read about on this external link

5.1.10 Explain the energy flow in a food chain.(3).

a) Not all solar energy will come into contact with chlorophyll and will therefore not be trapped in the synthesis of organic compounds during photosynthesis b) Photosynthesis in which light energy is trapped by producers. c) Consumers feeding and passing on energy in the food molecules. d) Loss of energy as heat from respiration e) death and the consumption of dead organisms by detritivores. Or as food not assimilated because of incomplete digestion. Energy Loss

loss of energy in undigested food which will then be used by saprophytes/ decomposers loss of heat energy in the reactions of respiration ultimately all energy will be lost has heat

5.1.11 State that energy transformations are never 100% efficient.(1)

The transfer of energy from one trophic level to the next is inefficient Approx 10-20 % of the energy on one trophic level will be assimilated at the next higher trophic level

5.1.12 Explain reasons for the shape of pyramids of energy.(3).


This model shows the typical loss of energy from solar radiation through the various trophic levels.

Note how this causes a tapering of the model The volume of one layer is 10% of the layer below. It is this loss of energy which in part makes food chains relatively short. In extreme environments like the arctic the initial trapping of energy by producers is low. Thus the food
chains are short. In a tropic rainforest the trapping of energy is more efficient and therefore food chains are longer, webs are more complex.

This is a more typical pyramid of energy. Note that the initial solar energy is not shown.

The narrowing shape illustrates the gradual loss of energy progressing along the links of a food chain to higher tropic levels (see above for detail).
The base of this pyramid would have a scale = energy/ area/unit time e.g. kJ m-2 yr-1

Unlike pyramids of number (of organisms) a pyramid of energy cannot invert due to the second law of thermodynamics,'energy cannot be created nor destroyed' .

5.1.13 Explain that energy enters and leaves ecosystems, but nutrients must be recycled.(3)

(a) Energy flows: this diagram is a simple version of the pyramids of energy. At each trophic level energy is lost as heat. At the top of the pyramid of energy it tapers to a point showing how all energy is ultimately radiated to space as heat. (b) Matter cycles: new matter is not created, no new carbon, hydrogen or oxygen. Producers (autotrophs) take inorganic molecules and convert them to organic compounds. Consumers feed at different trophic levels taking in organic matter and using it for their own growth. This cycling of matter is the subject of the carbon, nitrogen and water cycle.

5.1.14 State that saprotrophic bacteria and fungi (decomposers) recycle nutrients.(1)
Saprotrophic bacteria and fungi recycle the nutrient (organic molecules) of dead organisms.

Decomposition is a complex process and serves many functions, including the formation of soil, the recycling of nutrients stored in the organic materials, and the reduction of high energy carbon compounds.

Decomposition is a biological process begins with the secretion of extra-cellular digestive enzymes These enzymes are produced by the saprophytic bacteria and fungi They secrete the enzymes onto the dead organism The enzymes hydrolyse the biological molecules of which the dead organism is composed The hydrolysed molecules are soluble and will then be absorbed by the fungi or the bacteria Organic molecules are oxidised to release carbon dioxide back to the atmosphere Organic molecule are oxidised to release nitrogen in form of nitrate, nitrite and ammonium. The oxidation of these organic compounds produces energy for the saprophyte but returns the various forms of matter to the abiotic environment.