EXPERIMENT NUMBER 8 ALDEHYDES AND KETONES OBJECTIVES: To identify the properties of aldehydes and ketones.

. To differentiate aldehydes from ketones. MATERIALS AND APPARATUS NEEDED: 1 set test tube 1 pc evaporating dish 1 pc bunsen burner 1 pc stirring rod 2 pcs medicine dropper 2 pcs 0-ml beaker CHEMICAL REAAGENTS USED: propanone, methanol, ethanol, ethanol, benzaldehyde, butanone, solution of glucose, hexane, Benedicts reagent, Tollens reagent, 3 M NaOH, iodine solution, and kerosene PROCEDURE: A. Complete Oxidation ( Flammability ) of Aldehydes and Ketones 1. Place about 5 drops of each to be tested in an evaporating dish. 2. Ignite the substance with the flame from bunsen burner. 1 pc spatula 1 pc 500 ml beaker 1 pc 10 ml graduated cylinder 1 pc tripod 1 pc wire gauze

3. Observe and record your observations. Substance Methanal Ethanal Benzaldehyde Propanone Observations (Color of flame) Light Orange Orange Yellow Orange Orange

B. Solubility and Odors Test the physical properties of the substances listed in the table below. 1. To test for solubility add 3 drops in a test tube of each liquid to approximately ml of the solvent. 2. Observe and record the results as miscible/immiscible for solubility and smell or fruity flavour for odor. Table: Substance Propanone Water Miscible Kerosene Immiscibl e Methanal Ethanal Benzaldehyde Miscible Miscible Immiscible Immiscibl e Immiscibl e Miscible Sour type smell Smell chico Smell like like Water Odorless Kerosene Smell like a Plastic Balloon Smell like a

Floor Wax a Smell like chico a Kerosene smell dominates

Bubble Gum

C. Oxidation with Benedicts Reagent

Prepare a boiling water bath in a 500 ml beaker. Get clean and dry test tubes and label each with the name of the substance listed below.

1. In a 150 ml beaker place 10 ml of Benedicts reagent using graduated cylinder. 2. Add 5 drops of a 3M NaOH. Mix evenly. Divide the solution equally into labelled test tube. 3. Place the tubes in the boiling water bath for 10 minutes. 4. Observe any changes in color and note the time required for the change. 5. Fill the table below. Substance Methanal Solution Propanone (Acetone) Ethanol Ethanal Solution Benzaldehyde Water (control) Solution of Glucose Color dark green blue (no change) blue (no change) dark red blue (no change) but immiscible blue (no change) dark brown Time (sec) 213 43 51

D. Oxidation with Tollens Reagent 1. Into each of the four test tubes, place about ml of the Tollens reagent.

2. Add 2 drops of the four substances to be tested to the labelled test tubes. 3. Let it stand for 5 minutes. Observe the reactions. 4. Transfer those test tubes that have not reacted after 5 minutes into the boiling water bath. 5. Observe the reactions. Record the result below. Substance Tested Silver Mirror (Positive Negative) Methanal Propanone Glucose Solution Water Positive Negative Positive Negative or

E. Iodoform Test 1. In a test tube add the substance to be tested and then add 3 drops of 3 M NaOH solution. Mix thoroughly by shaking the test tube. 2. Add a solution of iodine (dissolved potassium iodide) dropwise until a yellow color appears. 3. Place the test tube in a beaker of water and heat up to 60 degrees C. 4. A positive test is indicated by the formation of a yellow precipitate of iodoform.

5. Test all the substances listed for the formation of iodoform. Record your results. Substance Tested Iodoform Precipitate (Positive Negative) Ethanol Benzaldehyde 2-Propanal Negative Negative Positive or

QUESTIONS: 1. List any differences in the results obtained in the substances that reacted with Benedicts and Tollens reagent.
The substances that reacted with Tollens reagent form a shiny

mirror on the sides of the test tube and also form a black precipitate. From that I can say that the substances produce metallic silver. 2. For what purpose can Benedicts and Tollens tests be used?
Benedicts and Tollens tests can be used in the identification of

aldehydes and ketones. In the Benedicts test the presence of a brick red precipitate of Cupric Oxide indicates that there is an aldehyde while the absence of that, indicates the absence of aldehydes. Ketones are unaffected by Benedicts solution. For the Tollens test, the presence of a shiny silver precipitate (silver

mirror)

indicates

the

presence

of

an

aldehyde.

Stronger

conditions are required in some cases thats why a negative test may become positive upon heating.

3. Describe the solubilities of aldehydes and ketones in water and in kerosene. Account for the differences.
Methanal and ethanal are soluble in water because they are

miscible with it while in kerosene they are insoluble because it is immiscible with it. These two aldehydes are soluble in water in all proportion. On the other hand, benzaldehyde is insoluble in water because it is immiscible with it while it is soluble in kerosene because it is miscible with it. The propanone is soluble in water because it is miscible with it while insoluble in kerosene.
4.

What is the substance known formalin?

Formalin is

an

aqueous It

solution typically

of

the

chemical about 40%

compound formaldehyde.

contains

formaldehyde by volume, and a small amount of stabilizer, usually 10% to 12%methanol. The formaldehyde in formalin is responsible for its disinfectant properties, while the water helps dilute it, making the solution safer to use. Methanol also helps make the solution safer, as it helps prevent oxidization and polymerization of the formaldehyde, either of which could result in fire or explosion. 5. Give some of the uses of methanal.

 Uses of Methanal a. Aqueous solution of methanal (formalin) is antiseptic and so.it is used to preserve the dead bodies of animals. b. It is a useful reagent as raw material in plastic industry. Methanal is used as monomer in plastics like bakelite, melamine etc. c. It is useful in preparation of dyes, phenol formaldehyde resins (polymer) fibres. 6. Enumerate the substances with positive iodoform reaction. Only 2-propanal gave a positive test in the iodoform reaction which means that the Iodoform reaction is used to determine the presence of ketones

CONCLUSION: The following are the conclusion that can be derived from the experiment:
Aldehydes and ketones with fewer than 5 carbons atoms will be

completely soluble in water but as the number of carbon atom increases, solubility falls off markedly. The reason is that the carbonyl group can be accommodated by water through hydrogen bonding and dipole- dipole interaction The presence of brick red and silver precipitates are the indication that the Benedicts and Tollens tests are positive for aldehydes

 The yellow precipitates after the reaction indicates that the Iodoform test is positive for ketones.