MATH2310 SEPTEMBER 2004 EXAMINATION

PSB (SINGAPORE) CAMPUS

SOLUTIONS

AIDAN SIMS

Contents
1. Solutions 2

Answers
Question1: B
Question2: C
Question3: C
Question4: A
Question5: C
Question6: B
Question7: A
Question8: D
Question9: D
Question10: D
Question11: E
Question12: B
Question13: A
Question14: E
Question15: A
Question16: ≈ 3.756 (using 1st order Euler — improved Euler not
covered in 2006)

Date: May 11, 2006.

1
2 AIDAN SIMS

1. Solutions

Question 1. (Answer: B) √
R = {(x, y) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, 12 x ≤ y ≤ x}. So
√
ZZ Z 2 Z x
xy dA = xy dy dx
x
R 0 2
Z 2  √x
1 2
= xy dx
0 2 x
2
2
x2 x3
Z
= − dx
0 2 8
 3 2
x x4
= −
6 32 0
8 16
= −
6 32
5
= .
6
 MATH2310 PRACTISE EXAM SOLUTIONS 3

Question 2. (Answer: C)
R = {(x, y) : 0 ≤ x − y ≤ 1, 1 ≤ x + y ≤ 3}. We have x = u+v 2
and y = u−v
2
. So
u+v u+v
x+y = + u − v2 = u andx − y = − u − v2 = v.
2 2
So changing variables from x, y to u, v, the region R has bounds 0 ≤ v ≤ 1 and 1 ≤ u ≤ 3.
The integrand is x−y
x+y
. We have v = x−y 2
so x − y = 2v and likewise x + y = 2u, so the
x−y 2v v
integrand becomes x+y = 2u = u . Finally, the Jacobian for the change of variables is
    ∂x ∂x      
x, y    1/2 1/2   −1  1
J = det ∂u ∂y
∂v
∂y
 = det = = .
u, v ∂u ∂v
  1/2 −1/2   2  2
Hence
1 1 3v
 
x−y
ZZ ZZ Z Z
v x, y
dx dy = J du dv = du dv
R x+y R u u, v 2 0 1 u
4 AIDAN SIMS

Question 3. (Answer: C)
Z 0 Z x2 Z x/y Z 0 Z x2
x/y
y dz dy dx = [yz]z=0 dy dz
−1 0 0 −1 0
Z 0 Z x2
= x dy dx
−1 0
Z 0
2
= [xy]x0 dx
−1
Z 0
= x3 dx
−1
0
x4

=
4 −1
1
=− .
4
 MATH2310 PRACTISE EXAM SOLUTIONS 5

Question 4. (Answer: A)
Parameterise the surface using the polar coordinates x = u cos(v), y = u sin(v) for R2 . So
r(u, v) = (u cos(v), u sin(v), 4 − u2 ), and S = {r(u, v) : 0 ≤ u ≤ 2, 0 ≤ v ≤ 2π}.
ZZ
SA = kru × rv k du dv
R
Z 2π Z 2
= k(cos(v), sin(v), −2u) × (−u sin(v), u cos(v), 0)k du dv.
0 0
Calculating the cross-product,
k(cos(v), sin(v), −2u) × (−u sin(v), u cos(v), 0)k
 

i j k

= det
 cos(v) sin(v) −2u 
−u sin(v) u cos(v) 0
= ki(sin(v) × 0 − (−2u) × u cos(v))
− j(cos(v) × 0 − (−2u) × (−u sin(v)))
+ k(cos(v) × u cos(v) − sin(v) × (−u sin(v)))k
= k(2u2 cos(v), 2u2 sin(v), u)k
q
= 4u4 cos2 (v) + 4u4 sin2 (v) + u2
√
= u 4u2 + 1.
So the surface area is Z 2π Z 2 √
SA = u 4u2 + 1 du dv.
0 0
Change variables to w = 4u2 + 1 so dw = 8u du, and u du = 81 dw. When u = 0,
w = 4 · 02 + 1 = 1 and when u = 2, w = 4 · 22 + 1 = 17, so the integral for the surface
area becomes
Z 2π Z 1
1√
SA = 71 w dw dv
0 8
17
1 2π 2 3/2
Z 
= w dv
8 0 3 1
Z 2π
1
= 173/2 − 1 dv
12 0
1  3/2 2π
= 17 − 1 0
12
π
= (173/2 − 1).
6
6 AIDAN SIMS

Question 5. (Answer: C)
E = {(x, y, z) : x + y 2 ≤ 1, z ≥ 0, z 2 ≤ 4x2 + 4y 2 }. Changing to cylindrical coordinates,
2

we have x = r cos(θ), y = r sin(θ), and z = z, so r2 = x2 + y 2 . So the integrand x2

becomes r2 cos2 (θ). The Jacobian for the change of variables from Cartesian to Cylindrical
coordinates is J( x,y,z
r,θ,z
) = r∗, so dx dy dz = r dz dr dθ. The bounds of the region E become
r2 ≤ 1 (so r ≤ 1), z ≥ 0 and z 2 ≤ 4r2 , so z ≤ 2r. Hence
ZZZ ZZZ Z 2π Z 1 Z 2r
2 2 2
x dx dy dz = r cos (θ)r dz dr dθ = r3 cos2 (θ) dz dr dθ.
E E 0 0 0
Now we evaluate the integral:
Z 2π Z 1 Z 2r
r3 cos2 (θ) dz dr dθ
0 0 0
Z 2π Z 1
 3 2r
= zr cos2 (θ) z=0 dr dθ
0 0
Z 2π Z 1
= 2r4 cos2 (θ) dr dθ
0 0
Z 2π  1
2 5 2
= r cos (θ) dθ
0 5 r=0
Z 2π
2
(1) = cos2 (θ) dθ
0 5
(2)
Now cos(2θ) = cos2 (θ) − sin2 (θ) = 2 cos2 (θ) − 1, so 2 cos2 (θ) = cos(2θ) + 1 and cos2 (θ) =
1
2
cos(2θ) + 12 . Substituting this in (1) gives
Z 2π Z 1 Z 2r 2π
1 2π
Z 
3 2 1 1 2π
r cos (θ) dz dr dθ = cos(2θ) + 1 dθ = sin(2θ) + θ = .
0 0 0 5 0 5 2 0 5

∗
this is a well-known formula. If you can’t remember it, you might want it on your formula sheet.
 MATH2310 PRACTISE EXAM SOLUTIONS 7

Question 6. (Answer: B)
We can see that the left-hand side is the scalar-valued function ∇ · (∇f × ∇g), and since
the right-hand side of (A) is the vector-valued function (∇ × (∇f )) × (∇ × (∇g)), the
answer cannot be (A).
The right-hand sides of (B), (C) and (D) are all scalar-valued, so we will next have to
calculate the left-hand side div(∇f × ∇g) first. Now
   
∂f ∂f ∂f ∂g ∂g ∂g
div(∇f × ∇g) = ∇ · , , × , ,
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
 
∂f ∂g ∂f ∂g ∂f ∂g ∂f ∂g ∂f ∂g ∂f ∂g
=∇· − , − , −
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂z
   
∂f ∂g ∂f ∂g ∂f ∂g ∂f ∂g
= + − +
∂y∂x ∂z ∂y ∂z∂x ∂z∂x ∂y ∂z ∂y∂x
   
∂f ∂g ∂f ∂g ∂f ∂g ∂f ∂g
+ + − +
∂z∂y ∂x ∂z ∂x∂y ∂x∂y ∂z ∂x ∂z∂y
   
∂f ∂g ∂f ∂g ∂f ∂g ∂f ∂g
+ + − + .
∂x∂z ∂y ∂x ∂y∂z ∂y∂z ∂x ∂y ∂x∂z
We first check if the answer is (B) by checking if this expression simplifies to 0. Observe
that since the functions f and g have continuous second-order partial derivatives, we may
∂f ∂f
reverse the order of differentiation where convenient, so for example ∂y∂x = ∂x∂y . Making
rearrangements like this, the expression derived above becomes (the superscripted letters
in parentheses are so we can see which terms cancel in the following step; ignore them for
now).
! !
∂f ∂g (a) ∂f ∂g (b) ∂f ∂g (c) ∂f ∂g (d)
div(∇f × ∇g) = + − +
∂x∂y ∂z ∂y ∂x∂z ∂x∂z ∂y ∂z ∂x∂y
! !
∂f ∂g (e) ∂f ∂g (d) ∂f ∂g (a) ∂f ∂g (f )
+ + − +
∂y∂z ∂x ∂z ∂x∂y ∂x∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y∂z
! !
∂f ∂g (c) ∂f ∂g (f ) ∂f ∂g (e) ∂f ∂g (b)
+ + − +
∂x∂z ∂y ∂x ∂y∂z ∂y∂z ∂x ∂y ∂x∂z

Now terms with matching labels above them cancel. Hence div(∇f × ∇g) = 0.
8 AIDAN SIMS

Question 7. (Answer: A)
We first observe that
∂(x2 z + xy 2 ) ∂(x2 z + xy 2 ) ∂(x2 z + xy 2 )
 
2 2
∇(x z + xy ) = , ,
∂x ∂y ∂z
2 2
= (2xz + y , 2xy, x )
= F(x, y, z),
and hence F is conservative. To decide if it is incompressible, we calculate div F; if this
is zero then F is incompressible. Now
∂(2xz + y 2 ) ∂2xy ∂x2
∇·F = + + = 2z + 2x 6= 0.
∂x ∂y ∂z
So F is not incompressible. To see if F is irrotational, we calculate curl(F) = ∇ × F; if
this is zero, then F is irrotational. Now
i j k
 
 ∂ ∂ ∂ 
∇ × F = det  
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 
2xz + y 2 2xy x2
 2
∂2xz + y 2 ∂x2 ∂2xy ∂(2xz + y 2 )

∂x ∂2xy
= − , − , −
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y
= (0, 0, 0).
So F is irrotational.
We have discovered that F is conservative, is not incompressible, and is irrotational.
 MATH2310 PRACTISE EXAM SOLUTIONS 9

Question 8. (Answer: D)
Green’s theorem states that
R the double integral of curl(F) over the region R is the same
as the contour integral C F · dr where C is the boundary of R traced in the direction
stipulated by the right-hand thumb-rule; in this case, anticlockwise. So
Z ZZ
F · dr = curl(F) · k dA.
C R
We calculate curl(F):
 
i j k
∂ ∂ ∂ 
curl(F) = det 

∂x ∂y ∂z 
2
x yx 0
∂x2 y ∂0 ∂x ∂x2 y
 
∂0 ∂x
= − , − , −
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y
= (0, 0, 1 − x2 ).
Hence curl(F) · k = 1 − x2 , and Green’s theorem gives
Z ZZ
F · dr = 1 − x2 dA.
C R
The region R can be described as R = {(x, y) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 2x} and so we have
10 AIDAN SIMS

Question 9. (Answer: D)
If I(x) is an integrating factor for y 0 +P (x)y = Q(x), then we have I(x)y = I(x)Q(x) dx.
R
So
x3
Z
(4 − x)y = (4 − x)x dx = 2x2 − + C.
3
2x2 x3 C
Hence y = 4−x − 12−3x + 4−x is the general solution. Since y(0) = 41 , we have
1 0 0 C
= − + ,
4 4 − 0 12 − 0 4
and hence C = 1. Thus
2x2 x3 1
y= − + ,
4 − x 12 − 3x 4 − x
and
2 × 22 23 1 8 8 1 19
y(2) = − + = − + = .
4−2 12 − 3 × 2 4 − 2 2 6 2 6
 MATH2310 PRACTISE EXAM SOLUTIONS 11

Question 10. (Answer: D)

For the differential equation y 0 = f (x, y), the Existence-Uniqueness theorem guarantees
a unique solution to the initial-value problem y(x0 ) = y0 whenever there is a nonempty
rectangle (x0 − a, x0 + a) × (y0 − b, y0 + b) in which the function f (x, y) and the partial
derivative ∂f∂y
(x,y)
are both continuous and real-valued.
1 √
For the first DE (in options (A) and (B)), we have f (x, y) = (x + 1) 2 y = x + 1y. This
is continuous and real-valued for x > −1 (it is complex-valued when x < 1). The partial
1
derivative ∂f∂y
(x,y)
= (x +1) 2 is continuous and real-valued on the same region. In partiular
f and its partial derivative are continuous on the rectangle (− 12 , 12 ) × (0, 2) around (0, 1),
so the theorem applies to (A), and they are continuous on the rectangle (0, 2) × (−1, 1)
around (1, 0) so the theorem applies to (B).
1 √
For the second DE (in options (C) and (D)), we have f (x, y) = (x + 1)y 2 = x + 1 y.
This is continuous and real-valued for y > 0 (it is complex-valued when y < 0). In
particular, any nonempty rectangle around (1, 0) will contain points whose y-coordinate
is smaller than 0 and hence at which f is not real-valued. So the theorem does not
guarantee a unique solution to the initial-value problem given in (D).†

†
Indeed, you can check that y ≡ 0 and y = (x2 + 2x − 3)2 are both solutions to the given initial-value
problem.
12 AIDAN SIMS

Question 11. (Answer: E)

Note that in the year when this question was set, the course dealt only with real-valued
solutions to DE’s. Four the purposes of the current (2006) offering of MATH2310, the
A, B ∈ R in each option should be replaced with A, B ∈ C.
The form of the differential equation given is a second-order homogeneous linear dif-
ferential equation with constant real coefficients. We therefore know that the general
solution should be the set of all linear combinations
(i) Aeαx + Beβx (where α and β are the roots of the characteristic polynomial); or
possibly
(ii) Aeαx + Bxeαx (if the characteristic polynomial has a repeated root of α).
If α = a+ıb is a root of the characteristic polynomial, then β = a−ıb is also a root (because
the polynomial has real coefficients), and then the general solution can be rewritten as
the collection of all linear combinations
(iii) Aeax sin(bx) + Beax cos(bx);
in particular, if a = 0 (so the roots of the characteristic polynomial were purely imaginary)
the solution would therefore consist of linear combinations
(iv) A sin(bx) + B cos(bx).
Now if we rearrange option (A) we obtain
A(cos(3x) + sin(3x)) + B(2 sin(3x) − cos(3x), A, B ∈ C
= (A − B) cos(3x) + (A + 2B) sin(3x), A, B ∈ C
= C cos(3x) + D sin(3x), C, D ∈ C
because any pair C, D of complex numbers can be rewritten as C = A−B and D = A+2B
for an appropriate choice of A, B ∈ C (just solve the simultaneous equations). Hence (A)
has the form (iv) above, and can be the general solution of such a DE.
Option (B) is in precisely the form (iii) above, and so it can also be the general solution
of such a DE.
Likewise, option (C) is in the form (i) above, and so it can also be the general solution
of such a DE.
Rearranging option (D) we obtain
A(2x + 3)e3x + Bxe3x , A, B ∈ C
3x
= 3Ae + (2A + B)xe3x , A, B ∈ C
= Ce3x + Dxe3x , C, D ∈ C

because any pair C, D of complex numbers can be rewritten as C = 3A and D = 2A + B

for an appropriate choice of A, B ∈ C (just solve the simultaneous equations). Hence (D)
has the form (ii) above, and can be the general solution of such a DE.
Option (E), however, is not of any of the forms given; there is a term Ae2x , a term
3B = 3Be0x and a term −Bxe2x . The presence of the terms e2x and xe2x in the general
 MATH2310 PRACTISE EXAM SOLUTIONS 13

solution force a double root of 2 in the characteristic polynomial so the characteristic

polynomial must be (x − 2)2 , but then there is no root of 0 to obtain the third root.
Alternatively, if 3B − Bxe2x is a solution for all b, then using
(3B − Bxe2x )0 = Be2x + 2Bxe2x and (3B − Bxe2x )00 = 4Be2x + 4Bxe2x ,
we obtain
0 = 4Be2x + 4Bxe2x + aBe2x + 2Bxe2x + b(3B − Bxe2x ) = (4 + a)Be2x + (6 + b)Bxe2x + 3Bb
for all B. Taking x = 0 here gives (4 + a + 3b)B = 0 for all B, so
(3) a + 3b = 4.


Taking x = 1 gives (4 + a)e + (6 + b)e2 + 3b B = 0 for all B, so
2

(4) e2 a + (e2 + 3)b = −10e2 .

Taking x = −1, gives (4 + a)B/e2 − (6 + b)B/e2 + 3Bb = 0 for all B, and so
(5) a + (3e2 − 1)b = 2.
Now (3),(4) and (5) are three independent equations in just two unknowns, and so have
no solution. So there is no differential equation of the given form to which (E) can be the
general solution.
14 AIDAN SIMS

Question 12. (Answer: B)

f (3) = 3 − u2 (3)(3 × 3 − 1) + u5 (3)(32 + 3)

= 3 − 1 × (8) + 0 × (12)
= −5.
 MATH2310 PRACTISE EXAM SOLUTIONS 15

Question 13. (Answer: A)

y 00 − 2y 0 + 7y = e−t , y(0) = 2, y 0 (0) = −1

⇐⇒ L{y 00 }(s) − 2L{y 0 }(s) + 7L{y}(s) = L{e−t }(s), y(0) = 2, y 0 (0) = −1
1
⇐⇒ (s2 L{y}(s) − sy(0) − y 0 (0)) − 2(sL{y}(s) − y(0)) + 7L{y}(s) = ,
s+1
y(0) = 2, y 0 (0) = −1
1
⇐⇒ (s2 − 2s + 7)L{y}(s) − 2s + 1 + 4 =
s+1
1
⇐⇒ (s2 − 2s + 7)L{y}(s) = + 2s − 5
s+1
1 + (2s − 5)(s + 1)
⇐⇒ (s2 − 2s + 7)L{y}(s) =
s+1
2
2s − 3s − 4
⇐⇒ L{y}(s) = 2
(s + 2s + 7)(s + 1)
16 AIDAN SIMS

Question 14. (Answer: E)

  
−1 −2s 3s + 8
L e (t)
(s + 2)2
 
−1 3s + 8
= u2 (t)L (t − 2)
(s + 2)2
 
−1 3(s + 2) 2
= u2 (t)L + (t − 2)
s+2 (s + 2)2
 
−1 1 −1 1
= u2 (t)3L { }(t − 2) + 2L (t − 2)
s+2 (s + 2)2
= u2 (t) 3e−2(t−2) + 2(t − 2)e−2(t−2)

= u2 (t)(2t − 1)e4−2t .
 MATH2310 PRACTISE EXAM SOLUTIONS 17

QuestionP15. (Answer: A)
∞ n
If y(x) = n=0 an x , then
X∞ ∞
X
0 00
y (x) = nan xn−1 , and y (x) = n(n − 1)an xn−2 .
n=1 n=2
Hence
(x2 − 2)y 00 + 4xy 0 + 2y
X ∞ ∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
2 n−2 n−2 n−1
=x n(n − 1)an x −2 n(n − 1)an x + 4x nan x +2 an x n
n=2 n=2 n=1 n=0
∞
X ∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
= n(n − 1)an xn + −2n(n − 1)an xn−2 + 4nan xn + 2an xn
n=2 n=2 n=1 n=0
X∞ X∞ X∞ X∞
= n(n − 1)an xn + −2n(n − 1)an xn−2 + 4nan xn + 2an xn ,
n=0 n=2 n=0 n=0
where in the last equality we have used that the terms for n = 0 and n = 1 in the first
sum and the term for n = 0 in the third sum are all equal to zero, and so including
them in the sums does not change the value of the expression. We now relabel the first,
third and fourth sums with the substitution k = n and the second sum by k = n − 2
(so n = k + 2); note that the relabeled sums have the same terms, just listed slightly
differently. We obtain
(x2 − 2)y 00 + 4xy 0 + 2y
X∞ ∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
k k k
= k(k − 1)ak x + −2(k + 2)(k + 1)ak+2 x + 4kak x + 2ak xk
k=0 k=0 k=0 k=0
∞
X
k(k − 1)ak − 2(k + 2)(k + 1)ak+2 + 4kak + 2ak xk


=
k=0
∞
X
k 2 + 3k + 2)ak − 2(k 2 + 3k + 2)ak+2 xk


=
k=0
The DE says that this is the zero function, so
k 2 + 3k + 2)ak − 2(k 2 + 3k + 2)ak+2 = 0 for all k,
and rearranging gives ak+2 = 21 ak for all k.
18 AIDAN SIMS

Question 16. (Answer: ≈ 3.756 (using 1st order Euler — improved Euler not
covered in 2006))
We have not covered improved Euler’s method in 2006, so the solution provided is for
ordinary (first-order) Euler’s method instead.
We want y(2.2) in two steps, so h = (2.2 − 2)/2 = 0.1. Now
√
0
√ 5
y(2.1) ≈ y(2) + 0.1y (2) = 3 + 0.1 2 + 3 = 3 + .
10
Hence
√ √
√ √
q q
5 5
5 2.1 + 3 + 10 5 5.1 + 10
0
y(2.2) ≈ y(2.1) + 0.1y (2.1) = 3 + + =3+ + .
10 10 10 10
This is approximately equal to 3.756.
MATH2310 PRACTISE EXAM SOLUTIONS 19