A Technical Report Published in IEEE conference - by Prof.

Devendra Nath Pani

INTRODUCTION Now a days proliferation of telecommunication technology is at peak level. Generation after generation, new invention in communication sector is getting better and better towards optimized sharpening results and susceptible of handling threats. As the development of new technology and its implementation in various authoritative sectors, the risk factor for threat is very high. So this is a very critical issue to handle the various threats came from any aspects. Information and Communications Technologies abbreviated as ICT from the last two decade has leading to various sector like telecommunications and broadcasting, computing. Interdependency caused ICT infrastructure to more sensitive.

Finance

EXPLORATORY OF

EXPLORATORY OF TECHNOLOGY

Transport and Logistics Smart Cities

Economics

ECONOMY ICT INNOVATION ACCELERATOR

Supply Chains

Energy IT Network and Communication

EXPLORATORY OF SOCIETY

EXPLORATORY OF ENVIRONMENT

Health

Climate Change Resilience Environmental Changes

Well-Being

Water
Demography Migration Natural and Renewable Resources

Natural Disasters

Conflict War

Crime Corruption

(ICT: A Typical structure)

THE ICT INFRASTRUCTURE The environment of ICT is very complex and having many aspects causing positive as well as negative effect in environmental property. An interconnected ICT infrastructure model is given
below.

ICT INFRASTRUCTURE

ENERGY

TRANSPORT

COMMUNICAIONS

WATER

CLIMATE THREATS

ADAPTIONS

INTERDEPENDENCIES

SHARED VULNERABILITY

(A typical interconnected ICT environmental structure) For the ICT infrastructure there are some basic requirements, those are: Good quality Broadband availability. Wi-Fi of wide bandwidth must available. Secured Fiber network for high speed data transmission.
3

Very good infrastructure for digital industries. To avoid threat there must be security for server. Persistence in Infrastructure to protest the threats comes from climate change.

CLIMATE THREAT TO ICT IN COMMUNICATION INFRASTRUCTURE Climate change has a huge impact throughout the ICT infrastructure due to its sensitive nature. The entire Communication system is based on the principle of transferring and receiving signals in various ways. The Communication system is interconnected with each and every sector of ICT infrastructure. If there is one system found faulty then the whole ICT infrastructure comes to a situation of jeopardy. Climate change encourages increasing the threats like cyber attack. So it is very important to identify and fix the fault before ICT undergoes such situation [Ref 7]. There are various ways of effect of climate and broadly categorized in two classes [Ref 7]: 1. Fast acting direct issue. (Flood and cyclone are the kind of fast acting direct issue which has direct impact on the infrastructure.) 2. And Slow acting direct issue. There are several threats due to climate change that can put the ICT sector in jeopardy. Those threats are as below: Cyclone or high speed wind can damage telephone terminals, which damage the wired ICT infrastructure. Variation in rain with heavier density can be a reason to attenuation and fading of WiFi signal and mobile signal. The Ground heave can have an effect on grounded cables.

 As wind speed and direction (velocity) varies significance for the stability of high elevation communications platforms. Building design can be a cause of interrupt wireless communication, for example silvered windows disrupt mobile communications. Changes in growth of plant could have an impact over interrupted wireless communication. Changes in atmospheric condition such as humidness could be a cause of gain troposphere scintillation and disturbance [Ref 8]. Some ICT components are made up of rare earth metals; the deficit of those rare physical resources is responsible for the threat due to climate change. The rare metals are used to develop and deploy the equipment of ICT. Satellite communication is affected by solar storm, although this is not a result of climate change.

ICT

Climate Change

Attenuation, damage wired connection, damage grounded cable

IT Network and Communication

High speed wind, Rain density, Ground heave

Wired, Wireless and Optical fibre

Interconnected Exploratories and ICT Platforms

Now a days ICT sectors is becoming more sustainable because most businesses and individuals are dependent on continuous ICT coverage. Rather it is now a question whether it is sustainable critical situation, because it is not 100% under such risk factors occurred during climate change. The system resilience is preponderantly driven towards the business purpose action to assert good service. There should be a cost effectiveness of the total network to be robust for commercial justification rather it is necessary to motivate the investor for the network infrastructure to focus on its 100% faultless services. In ICT infrastructure the devices used by the end-user day to day is refreshed rapidly, but the change in climate is quite slow than network element change rate makes this sector very different from others. If one system fails then there is more number of diverse systems to provide backup in the infrastructure. To get better efficiency in ICT infrastructure the degree of diversity should be reduced. There should be a minimum resolution distance depending on the vulnerability and geographical location, for example 50km range of resolution could be most powerful and susceptible to risk assessments. Climate change varies at different location, so there is a variation in resolution range. The information regarding climate change and forecasting of weather events, provided by ICT is a huge advantage of the infrastructure.

ADAPTIONS ICT IN MOBILE PHONE COVERAGE AND ENHANCED DATA SERVICES The wireless network plays a major role in ICT infrastructure make the system robust. The user of mobile phone in both the urban as well as rural are increasing day by day results a better coverage all over the network. Mobile phone use as a part of ICT infrastructure can help poor people to know and understand important information about health and weather. ICT encourages people to use mobile phones for multiple purposes and provide sharp and clear coverage. Sending and receiving data through wireless media is increasingly adopted in each and every sector. In 2G and 3G mobile technology there are various services provided such as messaging, video calling and image transfer-all are part of mobile data services [Ref 12]. Important information sending through message, using internet by mobile phone makes the ICT service more robust so that one can access mails everywhere in its coverage area. The enhanced mobile data service offering network management service and hosting to make better performance of users IT system by high efficiency. Dependency of mobile data service is greater than wired data service as there is a climate change like cloudy sky, the broadcast could be interrupted.
.

ICT IN MACHINE TO MACHINE SYSTEMS (M2M) The interconnection between physical world such as actuator network and remote sensor network creates a machine-to-machine system in the ICT network. This M2M (Machine-toMachine) system enable devices and implementation in the Infrastructure makes the total ICT infrastructure like a remote control network [Ref 2]. The remote control of the network is a procedure of activity like receiving and sending information, processing the information and if required then it can store the necessary information also.

The software and hardware part of M2M system is integrated to do some specific operation like collection of information then processing it, transmit the required information after processing. There is no human involved in the process of M2M system [ref 4].

In M2M system, there is various programming are planning and developing it for available it any time anywhere (ubiquitous) usage.

INTERDEPENDENCIESA SYSTEM APPROACH TO VARIOUS EXISTING COMMUNICATION SECTORS Interconnecting all the major important sectors and integrating them with links is very necessary. Such integrated arrangements like banking, airport, rail road and other government sectors have been robust by the help of telecommunication sector. Continuous supply of electricity is absolutely necessary for ICT infrastructure. In all wireless network and wired network the exchange have a battery backup of two hours [Ref 6]. This proves the ICT infrastructure is susceptible to threat in situation like flooding, severe weather. Power supply is affected by flood and so mobile network, thus causing vulnerable to broadcasting. Bad weather can causing problem for engineer to enter wrong destination. In the coming years ICT infrastructure will be more comprehensive and complex network, become harder to identify and resolve the faults. The discontinuity of power supply creates a very complex situation in the energy sector of ICT Infrastructure as a result the smart metering is dependent on this issue. Operations of antennae are affected by in heavy rain and flood.

In future year dependency will be more between Energy sectors, power network such as smart meter and smart grids. Cloud computing will encourages increased homework in ICT infrastructure and more homework will reduce the pressure from transport network with growing data traffic [Ref 5]. Substantially, it will be the matter of population distribution, usage of power and water, finally emission of carbon.

Threat: Electromagnetic emission, nuclear radiation.

Threat: Climate Change: Flood, High wind

ICT Infrastructure

Communication System

Wired

Wireless

Optical fibre

INTERDEPENDENCIES BETWEEN WIRED AND WIRELESS COMMUNICATION In wired communication, signal is transmitted by means of a copper cable. Speed of data transmission is more in wired communication, because the carrier signals are transmitting through a cable wire. It is very effective use in business sectors. Radio signals are communicating between source and destination in wireless communication. There are many workstations in the wireless network having various types of antenna and transceiver to receive and transmit radio signals. AM, FM, radio signals are part of wireless communication which provide interdependency between various activities in the Infrastructure of ICT. Sensor technology in wireless communication deals a vital role to strengthen the defense sectors [Ref 12]. Wireless telephone can reaches to the rural Infrastructure area and put a big impact on rural ICT in different ways, that are:

10

Easy to access Information. Correct the market inefficiencies. Providing disaster relief communication Infrastructure. Providing useful information about Education and health.

In the sector where electromagnetic emission could cause a disaster, for example nuclear reactor can always have a threat from electromagnetic emission generated by using wireless equipments. Oil pipeline and gas pipeline should be kept away from electromagnetic emission. To overcome the situation of tragedy from nuclear fission and explosion from gas pipeline or oil pipeline fiber communication is the secured communication to those sectors of ICT [Ref 1].

OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION There are several advantages of optical fiber communication in ICT sector rather that wired or wireless communication, few of those are: Enormous bandwidth by total internal reflection with negligible loss. Due to small size and weight easily transportable. Not susceptible to electromagnetic interference and cross talk. Secured transmission of signal due to no significant radiation. Very reliable and easy to maintain rather any electrical conductor.

11

Category/Sectors

Dependencies on ICT Sector

Dependencies on Climate and Population

Dependencies on neighbors ICT (overseas system)

Impact on Infrastructure

Communications Sector

In Communication Sector for all services energy needed; So communication is dependency on Energy Sector.

Statistical changes and user behaviour affects ICT Infrastructure. Example: increased home working.

Being a global system ICT sector has many dependencies on other country.

For control system many sectors progressively dependent on ICT, For sensing and Coverage the ICT infrastructure increasingly dependent.

In communications controlling by command on a battlefield of a very highly sophisticated like in Army is much more dependence on Electronic Warfare. It proves our vulnerability to enemy as well as dependency of communicator. Spread spectrum technology with high bandwidth is used in this sector for high security. Between this bandwidth different FM ranges are used to sustain the bandwidth with direct sequence spread spectrum [Ref 11]. In a situation where enemy deliberately attempt to intervene with the communication of Army is made by incorrect electronic components, to avoid this issue advance technology with EMC is used [Ref 11].

12

The interdependencies of different type of communication system such as wired, wireless and fiber network in ICT infrastructure access is as below.

ICT Infrastructure Access

ICT-Bundled Infrastructure

ICT-Enabled Infrastructure

ICT-Shared Infrastructure

Fiber Communication ICT Infrastructure

Wired Communication Using Power Lines

Wireless Sharing Network Facilities for ICT

Roads+ Fiber/Telephone cables

Power Grid+ Fiber/Telephone cables

Wired Communication by Power Line

Network Sharing

Railway roads+ Fiber/Telephone cables

Water Lines+ Fiber/Telephone cables

Broad over Power Line

Base Station Sharing

Sewerage Lines+ Fiber/Telephone cables

Oil Pipeline+ Fiber/Telephone cables

Wireless CapacitySharing

Gas Pipeline+ Fiber/Telephone cables

Multiple Utilities+ Fiber/Telephone cables

Satellite CapacitySharing

Interdependencies of Wired, Wireless and Fiber Communication in ICT Infrastructure

13

STRATEGIC ACTION PLAN FOR THE SITUATION Implementation of action plan is expected by developing new probabilistic methodology to the ever-changing climate condition and the issue rooted from complex engineering infrastructure. The actions needed are: Share the infrastructure between all communication medium, in situation one system stops working others are ready to use. In flood situation, wired communication is in hazard but wireless communication is ok. So place the base station and substation in a comparatively height place and should be connected to the power line. Backup battery of the exchange should be recharged by solar or wind. Undergrounded fiber cable could avoid the situation made by high wind or tornado. CONCLUSION In ICT infrastructure the devices used by the end-user day to day is refreshed rapidly, but the climate change is quite slow than network element change rate makes this sector very different from others. If one system fails then there is more number of diverse systems to provide backup in the infrastructure. The information regarding climate change and forecasting of weather events, provided by ICT is a huge advantage of the infrastructure. Pure commercial outsourcing that lift worries over security, reliability and accessibility of capacity coupled with the high costs and relatively slow deployment. If there is barrier in the signal transferring medium then it affects the total system. The barrier is like signal jamming, trapping or any technical fault occurred during transmission of signal wave. Jamming and trapping a signal in high bandwidth range is a type of threat from enemy or fraud. ICT sectors

14

can be more efficient and better tolerance to the ever changing climate by good planning and intelligent designing. REFERENCES 1. We will create a presumption in favour of sustainable development in the planning system. http://programmeforgovernment.hmg.gov.uk/environment-food-andruralaffairs/ 2. M2M Evolution, "Syniverse Expands Clients Base; Signs Multi-Year Deal with M2M Provider Numerex," October 4, 2010 3. Remote Site & Equipment Management, Redefining Green Technology: Enabling Smart Controllers for Water Conservation, August/September 2010 4. M2M Evolution, Numerex Enables DIY Vehicle Monitoring, September 13, 2010 5. Hargroves K. C. and Smith H. (Eds.). (2005). The National Advantage of Nations: Business Opportunities, Innovation and Governance in the 21st Century. Section 3: The regulatory measure response. London: Sterling, VA, (182-188). 6. Markle Foundation. Creating a Development Dynamic. 2.2.5 ICT for the Environment. United Nations Development Programme. Final report of the digital opportunity initiative. July 2001, from http://www.opt-nit.org/framework/pages/2.2.5.html 7. Sands P. (2003). Principles of International Environmental Law (2nd Ed.). Cambridge University Press. (200-211). 8. The UK Climate Change projections use 30-year periods, designated by the middle decade (i.e. the 2020s refers to the period 2010-2039). 9. www.raeng.org.uk/adaptation 10. Principles of Electronic Communication Systems 3rd Edition Frenzel McGrawHill (2009)
15

11. EMC for Product Designers - Tim Williams 12. Radio Communication 2nd Edition D C Green Longman (2000)

16