ODEs and Dierence Equations

1. Solve the dierential equations: dy t2 = 0; y(0) = 0 dt dy (b) t2 + 2ty = 1; y(3) = 0 dt dy + 2ty = t; y(0) = 1 (c) dt (a) y 2. Find the steady state of the system: y1 + 2y1 + y2 = 0 y2 + 3y1 =6

Draw a phase diagram to demonstrate that the system is saddle-path stable. Obtain the general solution of the system analytically. Find all the stable solutions of the system, and the equation of the saddle path. 3. (a) Find the general solution of the second-order dierential equation: 2 d2 y dy + 6y = 0 dt2 dt

(b) Find the particular solution that satises y(0) = 1, y(0) = 2, and show that this solution converges to zero as t . d2 z dz (c) Consider the equation 2 2 + 6z = 12. dt dt Show that if y(t) is a solution of the equation in (a), then z(t) = y(t)2 must be a solution of this equation. Hence write down the general solution of this equation, and suggest a general method for solving equations of the form: a d2 z dz + b + cz = k, where k is a constant. 2 dt dt

4. Solve each of the following dierence equations, and sketch the paths of yt over time: (a) yt = 2yt1 + 1; y0 = 1 (b) 3yt = yt1 + 2; y0 = 13

5. Consider the second-order dierence equation: 2yt 3yt1 + yt2 = 0. (a) Find the roots of the characteristic polynomial and hence write down the general solution. (b) Explain why the equation does not have a unique steady state. (c) Suppose that the initial values of y are y0 and y1 . Explain what happens as t (i) if y0 = y1 , and (ii) if y0 = y1 . 1

6. Consider the system: 4x = 7x2 4y 2 + 10xy + 28 4y = 4x2 y 2 + 4xy + 16 (a) Show that this system has steady states at (6, 8) and (6, 8); for each of these, write down the linearised version of the system in a neighbourhood of the steady state. (b) For the steady state at (6, 8): By inspecting the transition matrix of the linearised system, show that the system is saddle-path stable in a neighbourhood of (6, 8). Draw a phase diagram of the linearised system, and, for each region on the diagram, indicate the direction of motion, sketching paths for a variety of dierent starting points. Find the eigen-values of the transition matrix, and their corresponding eigenvectors. (c) Turning to the steady state at (6, 8): What is the relationship between the transition matrix of the linearised system and the one analysed in part (b)? What implications does this have for the eigen-values in terms of those found in part (b)? What can be concluded about the stability of this steady state? (d) There are two other steady states of the form (x , 0). What are they, and what are their stability properties? (It is sucient to use the trace & determinant test on the linearised transition matrix there is no need to calculate the eigen-values, etc.)