S7 Digital Image Processing Digital Communication

Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita School of Engineering

Amritapuri Campus
Question Bank

1. Define the following one dimensional functions and properties.

(a) Dirac delta (b) Kronecker delta (c) Rectangle (d) Signum (e) Sinc
(f) Triangle (g) Scaling property (h) Sifting property in discrete domain
2. Find the output of a two dimensional linear system with impulse response h(m, n; m0 , n0 ) to an
input x(m, n).
3. Define point spread function and region of support. When is a system said to be FIR or IIR?
4. Show that for a spatially invariant system h(m, n; m0 , n0 ) = h(m − m0 , n − n0 ).
5. Question 2.5 from Jain

6. Question 2.9 from Jain

7. (a) What is the significance of spatial frequencies in the Fourier transform of an image f (x, y) if
f (x, y) represents luminance?
(b) Can two dimensional Fourier transform be evaluated by taking 1-D Fourier transform succes-
sively along the spatial coordinates? Explain.
Prove the following properties of 2-D Fourier transform. (Question 8 - Question 12) (Refer Jain
page 17).
8. Rotation
9. Conjugation
10. Scaling
11. Shifting
12. Multiplication
Prove the following properties of Fourier transform of 2-D sequences. (Question 13 - Ques-
tion 17) (Refer Jain page 19)
13. Separability
14. Modulation
15. Inner product
16. Spatial correlation
17. Energy conservation
Prove the following properties of 2-D Z- transform. (Question 18 - Question 21 on the next
page)
18. Rotation

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19. Linearity
20. Convolution
21. Separability
22. Define OTF and MTF.
sin2 [π(x − x0 )] sin2 [π(y − y0 )]
23. Impulse response of an imaging system is given as h(x, y) = 2 . Find
[π(x − x0 )]2 [π(y − y0 )]2
its frequency response, OTF and MTF.
Define the following with examples. (Question 24 - Question 28)
24. Row-ordered and column-ordered vectors.
25. Orthogonal matrix.
26. Unitary matrix. (Is a real orthogonal matrix unitary? What about the converse?).
27. Block matrix.
28. Kronecker product.
29. Let U be an N × M image. Show that if V = AUBT then v = (A × B)v, where u and v are the
row-ordered form of U and V .
30. Show that h(m, n) ∗ [u1 (m, n) ∗ u2 (m, n)] = [h(m, n) ∗ u1 (m, n)] ∗ u2 (m, n)
31. Show that h(m, n) ∗ δ (m, n) = h(m, n)
32. Show that
∞  ∞  ∞ 
∑ ∑ v(m, n) = ∑ ∑ h(m, n) ∑ ∑ u(m, n)
m,n=−∞ m,n=−∞ m,n=−∞

(v(m, n) is the convolution of h and u)

Determine whether the system is linear, shift invariant, IIR or FIR. (Question 33 - Question 36)
33. y(m, n) = ∑ ∑∞ 0 0
m0 ,n0 =−∞ x(m , n )

34. y(m, n) = x(m − m0 , n − n0 )

35. y(m, n = exp −|x(m, n)|
36. y(m, n) = ∑ ∑1m0 ,n0 =−1 x(m0 , n0 )
37. Show that in general the convolution of two arrays of sizes M1 × N1 and M2 × N2 yields an array of
size (M1 + M2 − 1) × (N1 + N2 − 1)
Find the Fourier transform of (Question 38 - Question 41 on the next page)
38. δ (x, y)
r
R∞ 2
−ax cos(2πkx)dx = π −π 2 k2 /a
39. exp[−π(x2 + y2 )] Hint: −∞ e e . Notice that the result shows that

a
Fourier transform of a Gaussian function is Gaussian!
40. rect(x, y)

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41. cos[2π(xη1 + yη2 )]

Determine the transfer function(Z transform), frequency response (Fourier transform), OTF
and MTF for the following linear systems. (Question 42 - Question 43)
42. y(m, n) − ρ1 y(m − 1, n) − ρ2 y(m, n − 1) = x(m, n)

43. y(m, n) − ρ1 y(m − 1, n) − ρ2 y(m, n − 1) + ρ1 ρ2 y(m − 1, n − 1) = x(m, n)

Find the impulse response if (Question 44 - Question 45)
44. Transfer function is H(z1 , z2 ) = 1 − a1 z−1 −2 −1 −1 −1
1 − a2 z2 − a3 z1 z2 − a4 z1 z2

45. Frequency response is H(ω1 , ω2 ) = 1 − 2α cos(ω1 ) − 2α cos(ω2 )

46. Define luminance (intensity), brightness and contrast.

47. What are mach bands?
48. Give the model of monochrome vision.
49. What are the perceptual attributes of color? Define them.
50. What is meant by a band limited function?
51. Show that the spectrum of a sampled image is periodic.
52. How is an image reconstructed from its samples?
53. Define Nyquist rate, foldover frequencies, aliasing.
54. Find the impulse response of the reconstruction filter and find the expression of the signal recon-
structed from the samples.
55. An image described by the function f (x, y) = 2 cos 2π(3x + 4y) is sampled such that ∆x = ∆y =
0.2. Find the reconstructed image if the sampled image is low pass filtered with a filter having
rectangular region of support with cutoff frequencies at half the sampling frequencies.
56. What are the practical limitations in sampling?
57. What are the practical limitations in reconstruction?
58. A CCD camera contains a 256 × 256 array of identical photodetectors of size a × a with spacing
∆x = ∆y = a ≤ ∆. The scanning electronics produces output pulses proportional to the response of
each detector. The spatial response of a detector to a unit intensity impulse input at location (x, y)
is ps (x, y) = p(x)p(y), where
  
 2 2|x| a
1− , |x| ≤
p(x) = a a 2
0, otherwise


Find the spectrum of reconstructed image.

59. What is a) zero order hold b) first order hold and Lagrange interpolation for image reconstruction
from samples?
60. What is Moiré effect and flat field response?

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61. Question 4.2 from Jain

62. Question 4.3 from Jain
63. Question 4.4 from Jain

64. Question 4.11 from Jain

65. Write the expression of a one dimensional unitary transformation and its inverse. Identify the basis
vectors of the transformation.
66. Give the general orthogonal series expansion of an N × N image. Identify the image transform from
the expansion. When is the transformation called unitary?

67. What is ensured by the a) orthonormality property b) completeness property of discrete basis func-
tions of the expansion?
68. What is the number of operations required to compute the transform coefficients? Under what
condition can it be reduced? by how much?

69. What is the number of basis images in the above transformation?

70. For a separable unitary transformation how are the basis images obtained?
71. For the 2 × 2 transform A and the image U calculate the transformed image V and the basis images.
√   
1 2 √1 2 3
A= √ , U=
3 −1 2 1 2

72. State the properties of unitary transformation.

73. (a) Give the 1-D unitary DFT transform and inverse transform.
(b) List the properties of the above transform.
(c) Which among the above properties indicate that the space required for storage of the transform
is same as the length of the sequence.
74. (a) Give the 2-D unitary DFT transform and inverse transform.
(b) List the properties of the above transform.
75. Show that DFT of two dimensional circular convolution of two arrays is the product of their DFTs.
76. (a) Give the 1-D and 2-D DCT transform and inverse transform.
(b) List the properties of the above transform.
77. Show that DCT can be obtained using FFT.
78. (a) Give the 1-D and 2-D DST transform and inverse transform.
(b) List the properties of the above transform.
79. Show that DST can be obtained using FFT.

80. (a) What is Hadamard matrix? Find H2 and H3 .

(b) Give the 1-D and 2-D Hadamard transform and inverse transform.

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(c) Why is this transform also called as Walsh-Hadamard transform?

81. List the properties of the above transform.
82. Show that Hadamard transform can be calculated using N log2 N additions/subtractions.
83. Define sequency and Hadamard order. Show the relation between natural order and sequency is
Hadamard transform.
84. Question 5.4 from Jain
85. Question 5.5 from Jain
86. Question 5.10 from Jain
87. Question 5.12 from Jain
88. Question 5.13 from Jain
89. Question 5.14 from Jain
90. Show that the N × N sine transform is orthogonal. Verify for N = 3.
91. Question 5.16 from Jain
92. Question 5.17 from Jain
93. Question 5.18 from Jain
94. Question 4.3 from Gonzalez and Woods.
95. Question 4.4 from Gonzalez and Woods. (Hint: See 39)
96. Question 4.9 from Gonzalez and Woods.
97. Question 4.10 from Gonzalez and Woods.
98. What are the processes involved in forming the image of an object?
99. What is perspective projection? What are its properties?
100. Give an algorithm to find the correspondence between the pair of stereo images.
101. Give an algorithm to find the depth information of an object.
102. Explain the RGB and HSV color models.
103. Define histogram of an image? How is it calculated?
104. What is image enhancement? Does it increase the information content in the image?
105. Give examples for the following enhancement techniques. Also explain what each of the following
does.
(a) Point operations (b) Spatial operations (c) Transform operations (d) Psuedocoloring
Explain the following point operations. Discuss the effect of each of these on the input image.
Also give an application for each. (Question 106 - Question 109 on the next page)
106. Contrast stretching

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107. Clipping and Thresholding

108. Digital negative
109. Intensity level slicing.
110. Explain how to get bit slices of an image.
111. What is range compression and image subtraction? Give an application of each.
112. What is meant by density equalization? histogram equalization?
113. Explain how a continuous image with a given pdf is converted to an image having the specified
pdf?
114. Repeat the above problem for discrete images.
115. Given xi = yi = 0, 1, 2, 3, pu (xi ) = 0.25 i = 0, 1, 2, 3, pv (y0 ) = 0, pv (y1 ) = pv (y2 ) = 0.5, pv (y3 ) =
0. Find the transformation between u and v.
116. What is spatial averaging and spatial mask? What is the effect of the averaging process on the
input?
117. Show that the spatial averaging operation reduces the SNR by a factor equal to the number of pixels
in the window selected.
118. What is directional smoothing? How is it different from spatial averaging?
119. Explain median filtering. How does the size of the window affect the filtered output?
120. What are the properties of median filter?
121. Show how spatial low pass, bandpass and high pass filters are realized. What is the effect of each
on the an input image?
122. How is enhancement done in the spatial domain? What is a zonal mask?
123. What is generalized linear filtering and root filtering?
124. How is cepstrum, homomorphic transform and inverse homomorphic transform calculated?
125. What is homomorphic linear filtering?
126. Question 7.3 from Jain
127. Question 4.14 from Gonzalez and Woods
128. Question 4.17 from Gonzalez and Woods
129. Find the direction in which the rate of change of intensity of an image is highest. Also find this
magnitude.
130. How is the gradient of a digital image calculated and how is it used to detect an edge?
131. Find the spatial mask corresponding to the ordinary differencing, Roberts operator and Sobel oper-
ator.
132. Give four methods for crispening edges in an image.

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133. What is pseudocolor image processing? What is its use? (Note: Refer Gonzalez for pseudocolor)
134. How is pseudocolor processing done using intensity slicing?
135. How is gray level to color transformation done using sinusoidal transfer functions? (Note: Refer
Gonzalez section 6.3.2 example 6.5).

136. What is done in geometric transformation? What are the basic operations in this transformation?
137. Explain spatial transformations which produces geometric changes in an image.
138. Explain the gray-level interpolation associated with geometric transformation.

139. What is spatial warping? How is polynomial warping done? (Refer Pratt).
140. What is meant by a connected component?
Explain the following morphological transforms. (Question 141 - Question 144)
141. Dilation.

142. Erosion.
143. Opening and closing.
144. Hit or miss transformation.

145. Problem 5.1 Gonzalez (for reduced size)

146. Problem 5.2 Gonzalez (for reduced size) Explain the following morphological algorithms. (Ques-
tion 147 - Question 152)
147. Boundary extraction.
148. Region Filling.
149. Extraction of connected components.
150. Thinning and thickening.
151. Skeletons.
152. Pruning.
153. What is meant by image restoration? How does it differ from enhancement?
154. Give the model for image observation.

155. Give examples of image response models. What is a diffraction limited coherent system, incoherent
system?
156. What is system identification? Derive the impulse response of a system which models the relative
motion between camera and object.
157. What is DTF? How is it computed?
158. What are the different noise models used in image processing?

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159. Explain how image restoration is done using inverse and pseudo inverse filtering? What is the
disadvantage of this type of restoration?
160. Derive the frequency response of Wiener filter for image restoration.
161. What is image segmentation?

162. How is segmentation done using histograms? What is multilevel thresholding?

163. Explain the mode method of threshold selection. (Datta Majumdar page 223)(This is segmentation
using 2 peaks of histogram)
164. Differentiate between global, local and adaptive thresholding.

165. Derive the optimum threshold for segmentation.

166. What are the properties to be satisfied by the regions of a segmented image?
167. How is region based segmentation different from threshold based segmentation?

168. How is segmentation done using region growing? What are its disadvantages?
169. Explain region merging.
170. Explain region growing segmentation.
171. Explain the split and merge method of segmentation.
172. What is region adjacency graph and how is it used for region formation?
173. Explain the idea behind watershed algorithm for segmentation.
174. How is dam constructed in watershed algorithm?
175. How are the points at which dam has to be constructed identified?
176. Write the watershed algorithm with relevant explanations.
177. Define data redundancy and compression ratio.
178. Name the three data redundancies in a digital image. Explain each.

Explain the following error-free compression methods (Question 179 - Question 185)
179. Variable-length coding
180. Huffman coding

181. Arithmetic coding

182. LZW coding
183. Bit-plane coding.
184. Run-length coding.

185. Lossless predictive coding. (similar to the predictive coding we saw in DC).

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186. What is lossy compression?

Explain the following lossy compression methods (Question 187 - Question 188)
187. Lossy predictive coding.
188. Transform coding.

189. What are the different coding systems defined by JPEG standard?
190. Explain the JPEG baseline coding and decoding. (Gonzalez and Woods, page 498)
191. What are the different steps of JPEG 2000 coding?

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