CIRCUITS AND

6.002 ELECTRONICS

Operational Amplifier Circuits

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 20 1

 Review

„ Operational amplifier abstraction

+  ∞ input resistance
 0 output resistance
–  Gain “A” very large

„ Building block for analog systems

„ We will see these examples:
Digital-to-analog converters
Filters
Clock generators
Amplifiers
Adders
Integrators & Differentiators

Reading: Chapter 16.5 & 16.6 of A & L.

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 20 2

 Consider this circuit:
i R2

i R1
v− –
v2 +
– v+ + +
v1 + R1 vOUT
– R2 –

+ R2 vOUT = v − − iR2
v = v1
R1 + R2 −
v − v
≈ v− = v− − 2 ⋅ R2
R1
v2 − v −
i=  R  R
R1 = v − 1 + 2  − v2 2
 R1  R1
R2 R + R2 R
= v1 ⋅ 1 − v2 2
R1 + R2 R1 R1
R2
= (v1 − v2 )
R1
subtracts!
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 20 3
 Another way of solving —
use superposition
v1 → 0 v2 → 0
R2 R1
v+ + vOUT1
R1 v1 + R2
– – –
R2
v2 + vOUT2
– +
R1
R1 || R2

+ R1 + R2
R2 vOUT1 =v ⋅
vOUT2 = − v2 R1
R1
v1 ⋅ R2 R1 + R2
= ⋅
R1 + R2 R1
R2
= v1
R1
vOUT = vOUT1 + vOUT2
R2
= (v1 − v2 )
R1
Still subtracts!
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 20 4
 Let’s build an intergrator…

+
vI +
–
∫ dt vO
–

Let’s start with the following insight:

i
+
i +
– C vO

–
t
1
vO = ∫ i dt
C −∞
vO is related to ∫ i dt

But we need to somehow convert

voltage vI to current.

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 20 5

 First try… use resistor
+ vR – i
+
R
vI + vO vI
– C →i
R
–
But, vO must be very small compared
to vR, or else
v
i≠ I
R
When is vO small compared to vR ?
dv
RC O + vO = vI larger the RC,
dt smaller the vO
vR
dvO
when RC >> vO for good
dt
dvO integrator
RC ≈ vI ωRC >> 1
dt t
1
or vO ≈ ∫
RC −∞
vI dt
Demo
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 20 6
 There’s a better way…
Notice i
i
–

v − ≈ 0V under negative feedback

vI
so, i =
R
–
vI + R
– +

vC
vI + –
R
–
R vO = −vC
vI + +
– + vO t
1 vI
– vO = − ∫ dt
C −∞ R
We have our integrator.
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 20 7
 Now, let’s build a differentiator…

d +
vI +
– vO
dt
–

Let’s start with the following insights:

i

+ dvI
vI – C i=C
dt

dvI
i is related to
dt
But we need to somehow convert current
to voltage.

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 20 8

 Differentiator…
Recall i
i
–
+
R
i
–
+ + vO = −iR
vO
– current
0V
to
i R voltage

C –
vI + + vC – vO
– +
vI = vC
dvI
i=C
dt
Demo vO = − RC
dvI
dt
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 20 9