Q1. What is MIS? Define the characteristics of MIS? What are the basic Functions of MIS?

Givesome Disadvantage of MIS? Ans. Definition :Organized approach to the study of information needs of a managementat every level in makingoperational, tactical, and strategic decisions. Its objective is todesign and implement man-machine procedures, processes, and routines that providesuitably detailed reports in an accurate, consistent, andtimely manner. Modern,computerized systems continuously gather relevant data, both from inside andoutside theorganization. This data is then processed, integrated, and stored in a centralized database(or data warehouse) where it is constantly updated and made available to all who have theauthority to accessit, in a form that suits their purpose.Characteristics of MIS:MIS is mainly designed to take care of the needs of the managers in the organization.MISaids in integrating the information generated by various departments of theorganization.MIS helps in identifying a proper mechanism of storage of data.MIS alsohelps in establishing mechanism to eliminate redundancies in data.MIS as a system can be broken down into sub systems.The role and significance of MIS in business and itsclassification is explained. It is possible to understandthe various phases of developmentin MIS based on the type of system required in any organization.Functions of MIS1. Data processingIt includes the collection, transmission, storage, processing and outputof data. It simplifies the statisticsand reduces to the lowest cost by supplying an unifiedformat.2. Function of predictionIt predicts the future situation by applying modern mathematics,statistics or simulation.3. Function of planIt arranges reasonably the plans of each functional department inaccordance with the restrictions afforded by enterprises and provides the appropriate planning reports according to different management.4. Function of controlIt monitors and inspects the operation of plans and comprises withthe differences between operation and plan in accordance with the data afforded by everyfunctional department, and be assistant to managers tocontrol timely each method byanalyzing the reasons why the

differences comes into being.5. Function of assistanceIt derives instantly the best answers of related problems byapplying to various of mathematics mode andanalyzing a plentiful data stored incomputers in the hope of using rationally human resource, financialresource, materialresource and information resource for relative abundant economic benefits.Disadvantages of MIS1.highly senstive requires constant monitoring.2.buddgeting of MIS extremely difficult. 3.Quality of outputs governed by quality of inputs.4.lack of flexiblity to update itself.5.effectiveness decreases due to frequent changes in top management6.takes into accountonly qualitative factors and ignores non-qualitative factors like morale of worker,attitudeof worker etc..Q2. Explain Knowledge based system? Explain DSS and OLAP with example? Ans.Knowledge-based system focuses on systems that use knowledge-based techniquesto support humandecision-making, learning and action it is a computer system that is programmed to imitate human problem-solving by means of artificial intelligence andreference to a database of knowledge on a particular subject. Also it based on themethods and techniques of artificial intelligence and their core components aretheknowledge base and the inference mechanisms.Decision Support Systems (DSS)DSS is an interactive computer based system designed to help the decision makers to useall l the resourcesavailable and make use in the decision making. In management many atime problems arise out of situations for which simple solution may not be possible. Tosolve such problems you may have to usecomplex theories. The models that would berequired to solve such problems may have to be identified.DSS requires a lot of managerial abilities and managers judgment.You may gather and present the following information by using decision supportapplication: Accessing all of your current information assets, including legacy and relational datasources, cubes, datawarehouses, and data marts Comparative sales figures between one week and the next Projected revenue figures based on new product sales assumptions The consequences of different decision

alternatives, given past experience in a contextthat is described.Manager may sometimes find it difficult to solve such problems. E.g. In a sales problem if there ismultiple decision variables modeled as a simple linear problem buthaving multiple optima, it becomesdifficult to take a decision. Since any of the multipleoptima would give optimum results. But the strategyto select the one most suitable under conditions prevailing in the market, requires skills beyond the model.It would take sometrials to select a best strategy. Under such circumstances it would be easy to takedecisionif a ready system of databases of various market conditions and correspondingappropriatedecision is available. A system which consists of database pertaining todecision making based on certainrules is known as decision support system. It is aflexible system which can be customized to suit theorganization needs. It can work in theinteractive mode in order to enable managers to take quick decisions.You can consider decision support systems as the best when it includes high-level summary reportsor charts and allow the user to drill down for more detailed information.A DSS has the capability to update its decision database. Whenever manager feels that a particular decision is unique and not available in the system, the manager can chose to update the database with suchdecisions. This will strengthen the DSS to take decisions infuture..There is no scope for errors in decision making when such systems are used as aidto decision making.DSS is a consistent decision making system. It can be used togenerate reports of various lever managementactivities. It is capable of performingmathematical calculations and logical calculation depending upon themodel adopted tosolve the problem.You can summarize the benefits of DSS into following: Improves personal efficiency Expedites problem solving Facilitates interpersonal communication Promotes learning or training Increases organizational control Generates new evidence in support of a decision Creates a competitive advantage over competition Encourages exploration and discovery on the part of the decision maker Reveals new approaches to thinking about the problem spaceOnline Analytical Processing (OLAP)OLAP refers to a system in which there are predefined multiple instances of variousmodules used in business applications. Any input to such a system results in verificationof the facts with respect to theavailable

instances.A nearest match is found analyticallyand the results displayed form the database. The output is sent onlyafter thoroughverification of the input facts fed to the system. The system goes through a series of multiplechecks of the various parameters used in business decision making. OLAP is alsoreferred to as a multidimensional analytical model. Many big companies use OLAP to getgood returns in business.The querying process of the OLAP is very strong. It helps themanagement take decisions like whichmonth would be appropriate to launch a product inthe market, what should be the production quantity tomaximize the returns, what should be the stocking policy in order to minimize the wastage etc.A model of OLAP may bewell represented in the form of a 3D box. There are six faces of the box. Eachadjoiningfaces with common vertex may be considered to represent the various parameter of the businesssituation under consideration. E.g.: Region, Sales & demand, Product etc.Decision Support Systems (DSS)DSS is an interactive computer based system designed to help the decision makers to useall l the resourcesavailable and make use in the decision making. In management many atime problems arise out of situations for which simple solution may not be possible. Tosolve such problems you may have to usecomplex theories. The models that would berequired to solve such problems may have to be identified.DSS requires a lot of managerial abilities and managers judgment.You may gather and present the followinginformation by using decision support application:Accessing all of your currentinformation assets, including legacy and relational data sources, cubes,data warehouses, and data martsComparative sales figures between one week and the next The consequences of different decision alternatives, given past experience in a context that is described.Q3.What are Value Chain Analysis & describe its significance in MIS? Explain what ismeant byBPR? What is its significance? How Data warehousing & Data Mining is usefulin terms of MIS?Answer:-BPR The existing system in the organization is totally reexamined and radicallymodified for incorporating thelatest technology. This process of change for the betterment of the organization is called as Business process re-engineering. This processis mainly used to modernize and make the organizations efficient.BPR directly affects the performance. It is used to gain an understanding the process of business and tounderstandthe process to make it better and re-designing and thereby improving the system.BPR is mainly used for change in the work process. Latest software is used andaccordingly the business procedures are modified, so that documents are worked uponmore easily and efficiently. This is known asworkflow management.Signification of BPR Business process are a

group of activities performed by various departments, variousorganizations or between individuals that is mainly used for transactions in business.There may be people who do thistransaction or tools. We all do them at one point or another either as a supplier or customer. You will reallyappreciate the need of processimprovement or change in the organizations conduct with business if youhave ever waited in the queue for a longer time to purchase 1 kilo of rice from a Public DistributionShop(PDS-ration shop). The process is called the check-out process. It is called process because uniformstandard system has been maintained to undertake such a task. Thesystem starts with forming a queue,receiving the needed item form the shop, getting it billed, payment which involves billing, paying amountand receiving the receipt of purchase and the process ends up with the exit from the store. It is thetransaction betweencustomer and supplier.Data Warehousing Data Warehouse is defined as collection of database which isreferred as relationaldatabase for the purpose of querying and analysis rather than justtransaction processing. Data warehouse isusually maintained to store heuristic data for future use. Data warehousing is usually used to generatereports. Integration andseparation of data are the two basic features need to be kept in mind while creatinga datawarehousing. The main output from data warehouse systems are; either tabular listings(queries) withminimal formatting or highly formatted formal reports on businessactivities. This becomes a convenientway to handle the information being generated byvarious processes. Data warehouse is an archive of information collected from widemultiple sources, stored under a unified scheme, at a single site. This datais stored for along time permitting the user an access to archived data for years. The data stored andthesubsequent report generated out of a querying process enables decision makingquickly. This concept isuseful for big companies having plenty of data on their business processes. Big companies have bigger problems and complex problems. Decisionmakers require access to information from all sources. Settingup queries on individual processes may be tedious and inefficient.Data Mining Data mining is primarily used as a part of information system today, bycompanies with astrong consumer focus retail, financial, communication, andmarketing organizations. It enables thesecompanies to determine relationships amonginternal factors such as price, product positioning, or staff skills, and external factorssuch as economic indicators, competition, and customer demographics. And, itenablesthem to determine the impact on sales, customer satisfaction, and corporate profits.Finally, itenables them to drill down into summary information to view detailtransactional data. With data mining,a retailer could use point-of-sale records of customer purchases to send targeted promotions based on anindividuals purchase history. Bymining demographic data from comment or warranty cards, the retailer could develop products and promotions to appeal to specific customer segments.Q4. Explain DFD & Data Dictionary? Explain in detail how

the information requirementisdetermined for an organization?Answer:-Data flow diagrams represent the logical flow of data within the system. DFDdo not explain how the processes convert the input data into output. They do not explainhow the processing takes place.DFD uses few symbols like circles and rectanglesconnected by arrows to represent data flows. DFD caneasily illustrate relationshipsamong data, flows, external entities an stores. DFD can also be drawn in increasing levelsof detail, starting with a summary high level view and proceeding o more detailedlower level views.Rounded rectangles represent processes that transform flow of data or work to be done.Rectangle represents external agents- the boundary of the system. It issource or destination of data.The open-ended boxes represent data stores, sometimescalled files or databases. These data storescorrespond to all instances of a single entity ina data model.Arrow represents data flows, inputs and outputs to end from the processes.Anumber of guideline should be used in DFDChoose meaningful names for the symbols onthe diagram. Number the processes consistently. The numbers do not imply the sequence. Avoid over complex DFD. Make sure the diagrams are balanced Data Dictionary The data dictionary is used to create and store definitions of data,location, format for storage and other characteristics. The data dictionary can be used toretrieve the definition of data that has already been usedin an application. The datadictionary also stores some of the description of data structures, such as entities,attributesand relationships. It can also have software to update itself and to produce reports on itscontentsand to answer some of the queries.Q5. What is ERP? Explain its existence before and its future after? What are theadvantages &Disadvantages of ERP? What is Artificial Intelligence? How is it differentfrom Neural Networks Answer:-Manufacturing management systems have evolved in stages over the fewdecades from a simple means of calculating materials requirements to the automation of an entire enterprise. Around 1980, over-frequentchanges in sales forecasts, entailingcontinual readjustments in production, as well as the unsuitability of the parameters fixed by the system, led MRP (Material Requirement Planning) to evolve into a newconcept :Manufacturing Resource Planning (or MRP2) and finally the generic conceptEnterprise ResourcePlanning (ERP).ERP Before and After Before Prior to the concept of ERP systems, departments within an organization (for example, the human resources(HR)) department, the payroll department, and the financialdepartment) would have their own computer systems. The HR computer system (oftencalled HRMS or HRIS) would typically contain information onthe department, reportingstructure, and personal details of

employees. The payroll department wouldtypicallycalculate and store paycheck information. The financial department would typically storefinancialtransactions for the organization. Each system would have to rely on a set of common data to communicatewith each other. For the HRIS to send salary information tothe payroll system, an employee number wouldneed to be assigned and remain static between the two systems to accurately identify an employee. The financial system wasnot interested in the employee-level data, but only in the payouts made by the payrollsystems, such as the tax payments to various authorities, payments for employee benefits to providers, andso on. This provided complications. For instance, a person couldnot be paid in the payroll system withoutan employee number.After ERP software, among other things, combined the data of formerly separate applications.This made theworry of keeping numbers in synchronization across multiple systemsdisappears. It standardized andreduced the number of software specialties required withinlarger organizations.Advantages and DisadvantagesAdvantages In the absence of an ERP system, a large manufacturer may find itself withmany softwareapplications that do not talk to each other and do not effectively interface.Tasks that need to interface withone another may involve:A totally integrated systemThe ability to streamline different processes and workflows The ability to easily share data across various departments in an organization Improved efficiency and productivity levels Better tracking and forecasting Lower costs Improved customer service Disadvantages Many problems organizations have with ERP systems are due toinadequate investment inongoing training for involved personnel, including thoseimplementing and testing changes, as well as alack of corporate policy protecting theintegrity of the data in the ERP systems and how it is used.While advantages usuallyoutweigh disadvantages for most organizations implementing an ERP system,here aresome of the most common obstacles experienced:Usually many obstacles can be prevented if adequate investment is made and adequate training is involved,however success does depend on skills and the experience of the workforce to quickly adapt to thenewsystem.Customization in many situations is limitedThe need to reengineer business processes ERP systems can be cost prohibitive to install and run

 Technical support can be shoddy ERPs may be too rigid for specific organizations that are either new or want to move in a new directionin the near future.Artificial Intelligence - Artificial Intelligence is the science and technology based on various functions to develop a system that canthink and work like ahuman being. It can reason, analyze, learn, conclude and solve problems. Thesystemswhich use this type of intelligence are known as artificial intelligent systems and their intelligenceis referred to as artificial intelligence. It was said that the computer dont havecommon sense. Here in AI,the main idea is to make the computer think like human beings, so that it can be then said that computersalso have common sense. More preciselythe aim is to obtain a knowledge based computer system that willhelp managers to takequick decisions in business.Artificial Intelligence and Neural NetworksArtificial intelligence is a field of science and technology based on disciplines such ascomputer science, biology, psychology, linguistics, mathematics and engineering. Thegoal of AI is to develop computers thatcan simulate the ability to think, see, hear, walk,talk and feel. In other words, simulation of computer functions normally associated withhuman intelligence, such as reasoning, learning and problem solving.AI can be groupedunder three major areas: cognitive science, robotics and natural interfaces.Cognitivescience focuses on researching on how the human brain works and how humans think andlearn.Applications in the cognitive science area of AI include the development of expertsystems and other knowledge-based systems that add a knowledge base and somereasoning capability to informationsystems. Also included are adaptive learning systemsthat can modify their behavior based on informationthey acquire as they operate. Chess- playing systems are some examples of such systems.Fussy logic systems can process datathat are incomplete or ambiguous. Thus, they can solve semi-structured problems withincomplete knowledge by developing approximate inferences and answers, ashumans do. Neural network software can learn by processing sample problems and their solutions. Asneural nets startto recognize patterns, they can begin to program themselves to solve such problems on their own. Neural networks are computing systems modeled after the human brains mesh likenetwork of interconnected processing elements, called neurons. The human brain isestimated to have over 100 billionneuron brain cells. The neural networks are lot simpler in architecture. Like the brain, the interconnected processors in a neural network operatein parallel and interact dynamically with each other.This enables the network to operate and learn from the data

it processes, similar to thehuman brain. Thatis, it learns to recognize patterns and relationships in the data. Themore data examples it receives as input,the better it can learn to duplicate the results of the examples it processes. Thus, the neural networks willchange the strengths of the nterconnections between the processing elements in response to changing patterns in thedata it receives and results that occur .Q 6. Distinguish between closed decision making system & open decision makingsystem? What iswhat ifanalysis? Why is more time spend in problem analysis & problem definition as comparedto the time spends on decision analysis?Answer:-If the manager operates in an environment not known to him, then the decision-making system is termed asan open decision-making system.The conditions of this system in contrast closed decision-making systemare:The manager does not know all the decision alternatives. b) The outcome of the decision is also not known fully. The knowledge of the outcomemay be a probabilistic one.c) No method, rule or model is available to study and finalise one decision among the setof decisionalternatives. What if analysisDecisions are made using a model of the problem for developingvarious solution alternatives and testingthem for best choice. The model is built withsome variables and relationship between variables consideredvalues of variables or relationship in the model may not hold good and therefore solution needs to be testedfor an outcome, if the considered values of variables or relationship change. This method of analysis iscalled what if analysis.Decision Analysis by Analytical ModellingBased on the methods discussed, a decision is made but such decision needs to be analysed for conditionsand assumptions considered in the decision model. The processis executed through analytical modelling of problem and solution. The model is analysedin four ways.What if analysis Goal Seeking AnalysisSensitivity analysis Goal Achieving analys