Power Engineering Foundation 3-phase () Circuit

A 3- cct power system consists of 3- generators, transmission lines and loads. AC power systems have a great advantage over DC system in that their voltage levels can be changed with transformers. 3- power systems have 2 major advantages over single phase AC power system: It is possible to get more power per kilogram of metal from 3- machine. The power delivered to a 3- load is constant at all times, instead of pulsing as it does in single- system.

Generation of 3- voltages and Currents

The current flowing to each load can be found from equation

I=
Current flowing in 3-

V Z

V0 o = I Z V120 o IB = = I120 o Z V240 o Ic = = I240 o Z IA =

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Power Engineering Foundation

A three phase generator, consisting of three single-phase sources equal in magnitude and 120o apart in phase.

The voltages in each phase of the generator.

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Power Engineering Foundation

The three phases of the generator connected to three identical loads

Phasor diagram showing the voltages in each phase.

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Power Engineering Foundation

Phase sequence The phase sequence of a 3- power system is the order in which the voltages in the individual phases peak. The 3- power system is said to have phase sequence abc, since the voltages in the 3- peak in order, a,b,c. It is also possible to connect the 3- of power system so that the voltages in the phases peak in order a,c,b. This type of power system is said to have phase sequence acb.

Voltages and Currents in a 3- Circuit a) Y Connection

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Power Engineering Foundation

-Vbn

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Power Engineering Foundation

Van = V0 o Vbn = V 120 o Vcn = V 240 o Vab = Van Vbn = V0 o V 120 o 1 3 = V V j V 2 2 3 3 = V + j V 2 2 3 1 = 3V + j 2 2 Vab = 3V30 o Thus
V LL = 3V I L = I

Y-Connection

b) Connection

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Power Engineering Foundation

-Ica

I ab = I0 o I bc = I 120 o I ca = I 240 o I a = I ab I ca = I0 o I 240 o 1 3 = I I + j I 2 2 3 3 I j I 2 2 3 1 = 3I j 2 2 = I a = 3I 30 o Thus

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Power Engineering Foundation

I L = 3I V LL = V

-Connection

Summary Y- Connection -Connection

VLL = V

Voltage magnitudes

V LL = 3V
I L = I

Current Magnitudes abc phase sequence Acb phase sequence

I L = 3I Ia lags Iab by 30o Ia leads Iab by 30o

Vab leads Va by 30o Vab lags Va by 30o

3VY = V IY = 3I
ZY = Z 3

Power Relationships in 3- Circuits a. The 3- Power Equations Involving Phase Quantities.

The real, reactive and apparent powers supplied to a balanced 3- load for Y and connection are given by:

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Power Engineering Foundation

P = 3V I cos Q = 3V I sin S = 3V I P = 3I 2 Z cos Q = 3I 2 Z sin S = 3I 2 Z

b. The 3- Power Equations Involving Line Quantities.

P = 3V I cos (1) in Y Connection I L = I V LL = 3V Substituting in (1) V P = 3 LL I L cos 3 P = 3VLL I L cos Q = 3VLL I L sin S = 3VLL I L
IMPORTANT to realize that the cos and sin term are the cosine and sine of the angle between phase voltage and the phase current. NOT the angle between the lineto-line voltage and the line current.

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Power Engineering Foundation

Analysis of Balanced 3- Systems

1. Determine the voltages, currents and powers at various points in the circuit with a per-phase equivalent circuit. 2. Draw the per-phase equivalent circuit. 3. Solve it as common circuit in circuit theory.

Analysis -connected sources and loads in power system.

The standard approach is to transform the impedances by the Y- transform of elementary circuit theory.

For the special case of balanced loads, the Y transformation states that the a -connected load consisting of three impedances, each of value Z, is totally equivalent to a Y-connected load consisting of three impedances, each value of

Z . 3

This equivalence means that the voltages, currents and powers supplied to the two loads cannot be distinguished in any fashion by anything external to the load itself.

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Power Engineering Foundation

Example 1:

A 208-V, 3- power system is shown in figure below. It is consists

Ideal 208-V Y-connected 3- generator 3- Transmission line has an impedance 0.06 + j.012 per phase. Load has an impedance of 12 + j9 per phase

For the simple power system, find

a.

The magnitude of the line current IL

b. The magnitude of the load's line and phase voltages VLL and VL c. The real, reactive and apparent powers consumed by the load d. The power factor of the load e. The real, reactive and apparent powers consumed by the transmission line f. The real, reactive and apparent powers supplied by the generator g. The power factor of generator
(ANSWER WILL BE DISSCUSS IN A CLASS)

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Power Engineering Foundation

Example 2

From the figure above, answer all question same as example 1.

(ANSWER WILL BE DISSCUSS IN A CLASS)

Example 3

Figure above shows a one-line diagram of a small 480V industrial distribution system. The impedance of the distribution line is negligible. a. Find the overall power factor of the distribution system b. Find the total line current supplied to the distribution system.
(ANSWER WILL BE DISSCUSS IN A CLASS)

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