IMPLEMENTATION OF INTEGRATED QUALITY MANAGEMENT (TQM) IN THE FIELD OF EDUCATION I.

INTRODUCTION Nowadays the development of school management thinking leads management system called TQM (Total Quality Management) or the Integrated Quality Management. In principle, this management system is the overall supervision of all members of the organization (community school) on school activities. The application of TQM means all citizens are responsible for the quality of school education. Before it is reached, then all parties involved in the academic process, starting from the school committee, head master , head of the administration, teachers, students until the employee should be really understand the nature and purpose of this education. In other words, each individual involved must understand what the purpose of education. Without a thorough understanding of the individuals involved, it may not be implemented TQM. In the teachings of TQM, educational institutions (schools) need to place the students as "clients" or in terms of the company as "stakeholders" the greatest, then the students' voices must be included in every step of strategic decision-making school organization. Without a democratic atmosphere that management was not able to apply TQM, it is the quality of education is dominated by certain parties who often have interests that intersect with the essence of education (Adnan Sandy Setiawan: 2000), Implementation of TQM also means the freedom to argue. Freedom of expression will create a climate of dialogue between students and teachers, between students with the principal, the teachers and headmaster, in other words is the freedom of expression and openness among all people in the school. Transfer of knowledge is no longer one-way communication, but a two way communication. It deals with the academic culture. In addition to freedom of opinion must also have freedom of information? There should be clear information about the direction of the school organization, both internally as well as national organizations. Internally, management must provide information as possible to the citizens of the school. Included in this direction the organization is a programs, and financial condition. In summary, TQM is a management system that upholds efficiency. This management system is to minimize the bureaucratic process. Bureaucratic school systems which will hamper the development potential of the school itself. In the era of independence schools and era of School-Based Management (SBM), duties and responsibilities are first and foremost of the school leaders is creating schools that they lead to more effective, in the sense of becoming increasingly beneficial for the school itself and for the wider community of users. (Thomas B. Santoso: 2001). In order for the duties and responsibilities of school

leaders has become apparent, the principal would need to understand, explore and apply some concepts of management science which today has developed Unpack it by thinkers - thinkers in the business world. One of today's knowledge management is widely adopted TQM (Total Quality Management) or the Integrated Quality Management. A. Integrated Quality Management (TQM) Integrated Quality Management is very popular in profit environmental organization, particularly in environments shared business entity / company and the industry, which has proven its success in maintaining and developing their existence - each in a competitive business conditions. Conditions like these have encouraged various parties to practice in a non-profit environmental organization including educational institutions in the environment. According Nawari Hadari (2005:46) Integrated Quality Management is functional management approach that continually focused on improving the quality, so that their products conform to the quality of the people who served in the execution of tasks (public service) and community development. Contradicts the concept of management as a process or series of activities to integrate available resources, which should be integrated also with phasing the implementation of functions - functions of management, in order to materialize the work as produces appropriate quality activities. Every job in an integrated quality management must be done through the stages of planning, preparation (including materials and equipment), technical implementation with the working methods / ways of working effectively and efficiently, to produce goods or services that benefit the community. According to Cassio, as quoted by Hadari Nawawi (2005: 127), he gives the sense that "TQM, a philosophy and set of guiding principles That Represent the foundation of a continuosly Improving organization, include seven broad components: 1. 2. A focus on the customer or user of a product or service, ensuring the customer's need's expectations are satisfied consistenly. Active leadership from executives to Establish quality as a fundamental value to be incorporated into a company's management philosophy. Quality concept (eg statistical process control or computer assisted design, engineering, and manufacturing) That are thoroughly integrated throughout all activities of or a company. A corporate culture, established and reinforced by top executives, that involves all employees in contributing to quality improvement.

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A focus on employee involvement, teamwork, and training at all levels in order to strengthen employee commitment to continuous quality improvement. An approach to problem solving That Is based on continuously Gathering, Evaluating, and acting on facts and data is a systematic manner. Recognition of suppliers as full partners in quality management process.

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Another notion put forward by Fandy Santoso cited by Tjiptono and Anastasia Diana (1998) which says that "TQM is a management system that elevates the quality-oriented business strategy and customer satisfaction by involving all members of the organization". In addition Fandy Tjiptono and Anastasia Diana (1998) also states that "Total Quality Management is an approach to running a business that tries to maximize the organization's competitiveness through continuous improvement of products, services, people, processes and environment. Based on some of the definition above, Hadari Nawawi (2005: 127) argued about the characteristics of TQM as follows: 1. Focus on customers, both internal and external customers 2. Having high obsession on quality 3. Using a scientific approach in decision making and problem-solving. 4. Having a long term commitment. 5. Requires teamwork 6. Improving the sustainability of the process 7. Provide education and training

8. Provide a controlled freedom 9. Having a controlled entity 10. Involvement and employee empowerment. B. Integrated Quality Management in Education In the non-profit environmental organizations, especially education, determination of product quality and quality processes to make it happen, is a part that is not easy in the implementation of Integrated Quality Management (TQM). This difficulty is caused by the measure of productivity is not merely quantitative, for example, only the number of local and school buildings or

laboratories that successfully built, but also with regard to quality aspects concerning the benefits and the ability to use it. Similarly, the number of graduates that can be measured quantitatively, its quality is difficult to set qualifications. In connection with it in the field of environmental education organizations that are nonprofit, according to Nawari Hadari (2005: 47) measures the productivity of educational organizations can be distinguished as follows: 1. Internal productivity, a result that can be measured quantitatively, such as number or percentage of graduate school, or the number of local buildings and constructed in accordance with the requirements specified. External productivity, a result that cannot be measured quantitatively, because the qualitative nature that can only be known after a certain period of time long enough.

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Still according to Hadari Nawawi (2005: 47), for the organization of education, integrated quality management adaptation can be said to be a success, if it shows symptoms - symptoms as follows: 1. Level of product consistency in delivering public services and implementation of development for the benefit of improving the quality of human resources continues to increase. 2. Errors in work that affects people's complaints lead to dissatisfaction and served on the wane.

3. Discipline of time and work discipline is increasing 4. Inventory assets more perfect organization, controlled and not reduced / lost without known cause - the cause. 5. Control is effective mainly through the supervision of the immediate supervisor is attached, so as to save on financing, prevent irregularities in the delivery of public services and development in accordance with community needs. 6. Waste of money and time in the work can be prevented. 7. Increasing the skills and expertise to work continue to be implemented so that the method or way of working is always capable of adapting to changes and developments in science and technology, as a way of working is most effective, efficient and productive, so the quality of products and public services continue to increase.

With regard to quality in the implementation of TQM, Wayne F. Cassio in his book Hadari Nawawi said: " Quality is the extent to which product and service conform to customer requirement ". In addition, Cassio also quoted definition of

quality of the Federal Quality Institute which stated " quality as meeting the customers requirement the first time and every time, where customers can be internal as well as external to the organization". Similarly Goetsh and Davis, as quoted by Fandy Tjiptono and Anastasia Diana (1996) which says: "quality is a dynamic condition-related product, services, people, processes and environments that meet or exceed expectations. Integrated Quality Management in the environmental of a non-profit organizations including education cannot be achieved unless it is supported by the availability of resources to realize the quality of the process and results to be achieved. In organizational environment that healthy condition, there are many sources of quality that can support the implementation of TQM to the fullest. According Hadari Nawawi (2005: 138 141), some of the source qualities are as follows: 1. The top leadership commitment (headmaster) to quality. This commitment is very important because it has direct influence on every decision and policy-making, selection and implementation of programs and projects, empowerment of human resources, and implementation of control. Without this commitment cannot be created and developed the implementation of the function oriented management and product quality public services. 2. Management Information System This source is very important because efforts to implement all the functions of management quality, highly dependent on the availability of accurate information and data, sufficient / complete and guaranteed accordance with the needs in performing basic tasks organization. 3. Potential human resource Human resource in the school environment as an asset in terms of quantitative numbers can be calculated. Besides, human resources is also the potential that the organization is obliged to carry out basic tasks (school) to realize its existence. The quality of implementation of main tasks is determined by the potential possessed by HR, both of which have been embodied in the work performance or which are potential in nature and can be developed. 4. The involvement of all functions All functions in organization as a source of quality, equally important one with the other, which as a whole that cannot be separated. For that all functions must be involved to the maximum, so that mutually support one another. 5. A Continuous Quality Improvement philosophy Source of the existing quality is very fundamental, because it depends on the condition of the top leaders (headmaster), who always faced the

possibility to move, or may request to be moved. Accordingly, realization of TQM should not be hung on the individual as the principal source of quality, because the attitude and behavior of individuals to quality can be different. In other words the source of this quality should be transformed to the philosophy of continuous quality in the realization of TQM. All sources of environmental quality in educational organizations can be seen manifested through dimension of quality that must be realized by the top leaders in collaboration with existing school citizen in that environment. According Hadari Nawawi (2005: 141), the dimensions of quality are: 1. Dimensions of Work Organization Performance in terms of performance behavior in a positive working is a concrete illustration of the ability to utilize the source of quality, which affects the success of the manifest, retain and develop the existing organization (school). 2. Work Climate The use of sources of the quality of intensive work will produce a conducive climate within the organization. At the work climate that will come true togetherness characterized through effective cooperation within the team work, mutual respect and respect for opinion, creativity, initiative and innovation to constantly improve quality. 3. Value Added Utilization of quality sources effectively and efficiently will provide added value or additional privileges as a complement in performing basic tasks and the results achieved by the organization. The added value is concretely seen in the sense of satisfaction and reduced or loss-party complaint which is served (students). 4. Compliance with Specifications Utilization of resources effectively and efficiently quality manifests in the ability of personnel to adjust the execution of the work and results with the operational characteristics and the results are based on measures of quality standards agreed upon. 5. Service Quality and Durability Development Results Other impacts can be observed from the utilization of the source - the source of effective and efficient quality look at quality improvement in implementing the tasks of service to students. 6. Public Perception Utilization of resources - a successful source of quality education in neighborhood organizations can be seen from the perception (brand image)

in the form of a positive image and reputation of good quality graduates are absorbed by institutions of higher education or the world of work.