WHAT IS AIR CONDITIONIG?

An air conditioning system is defined as an assembly of different part of the system used to produce specifically condition of air with in required space or building.

FUNCTION: An ideal air conditioning system should maintain correct temperature, humidity, and air purity. Air movement and noise level always is not possible to maintain all the above factors and a compromise should be made to make system economical. The air conditioning system are mainly classified as: 1. 2. 3. 4. Central station air conditioning system. Unitary air conditioning system. District air conditioning system. Self-continual air conditioning system.

Another method of classifying air conditioning system is the type of fluid used either for locating or cooling air conditioning method classified as per fluid used are 1. 2. 3. 4. Direct expansion system. All heater system. All air system. At combined system s-hert pump system.

CENTRAL AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM: In central air conditioning system all the components are grouped together in central room and conditioner air is from central room to the required place to extensive ductwork. The central air conditioning system is generally used for the local above 25 tons of refrigeration and 25000 m3 per mm of conditioner air. The central plant requires the following components. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Cooling and dehumidify coils. Heating coils. Blowers with motors. Sprays for cooling, dehumidify or washing. Air cleaning equipments. Control device.

ADVANTAGES: The capital cost and running cost are less per unit of refrigeration. It can be located away from the air conditioning places, which is useful and less costly. Noise vibration troubles are less to the people living in air conditions places as the air conditioner plant is far away from the air condition. Better accepting for maintenance.

ROLE OF REFRIGERATION IN AIR CONDITIONING: Refrigeration system is the basic process for the air conditioning. Refrigeration system is closely related with working refrigerant and produce cooling effect by throttling the vapour refrigerant to low pressure. The air is circulated over the cooling medium and cool the air to a comfortable temperature.

BASIC COMPONENTS OF AIR CONDITIONING PLANT:RECIPRICATING COMPRESSOR:A compressor with the piston shown at four points in its travel in the cylinder is illustrated in the figure as the piston moves downwards on the suction stroke low pressure vapour from the suction line is dawn into the cylinder through the suction valves on the up stroke of the piston, the low pressure vopour is first compressed and then discharged as a high pressure vapour through the discharge valve into the head of the compressor. To prevent the piston from the striking the valve plate all reciprocating compressor are designed with a small amount or clearance between the top on the piston and the valve plate. When the piston is at the top of its stroke, the volume of this clearance space is called clearance volume and is the volume of the cylinder when the piston is at the top dead center. Refer fig-2 and fig-3 will help to clarity. The operation of the compressor is plotted against a crank position. Fig-3 is a theoretical pressure volume diagram of a typical compression cycle. The lateral points on the TP and PV diagram corresponding to the pistons positions as shown in fig 1. At point A, the piston is at the top of its stroke, which is known as top dead center. When piston is at this poison, both the suction and discharge valves are closed. The high pressure of vapour trapped in the clearance space acts upward on the suction valve and the held them close against the pressure of the suction vapour in the suction line pressure of the

vapour in the head of the compressor is approximately the same as they as the vapour in the clearance volume. The discharge valves are held closed either by the own weight or by light spring loading. At the piston moves downward on the suction stroke the high pressure trapped in the clearance space allowed to expand. The expansion takes place along AB so that the pressure in the cylinder decreases as the volume of the clearance vapour increases. When the piston reaches the point B, the pressure or reexpand clearance vapour in the cylinder vapour becomes slightly less than that the pressure of the vapour in the suction line are forced upon by the high pressure in the suction line and vapour from the suction flows into the cylinder. the flow suction vapour into the cylinder begins when the suction valve open at point B and continues until the piston reaches the bottom of each stroke at point C. During the time that the piston is moving from B to C, the cylinder is filled with suction vapour and the pressure in the cylinder remains constant at the suction pressure. At point c, the suction valve close, usually by spilling action and the compression stroke begins. The pressure of the vapour in the cylinder increases along line C-D as the piston moves upward on the compressing stroke by the time piston reaches point D, the pressure in the cylinder has been increased until its higher than that the pressure of the vapour in the head of the compressor and the discharge valves are forced open. Where upon the high pressure vapour passes from the cylinder into the hot gas line through the discharge valve continue as the piston moves from P to A, while the pressure in the cylinder remains constant at the discharge pressure. When the piston reaches to point A, the compression cycle is completed and the crankshaft of the compressor as rotated one complete revolution.

Note:But in reciprocating compressor the vibration is created and size of compressor is also very large as compared to the centrifugal compressor. So now a days centrifugal compressors are commonly used in centrally air conditioning plant.

Condenser :The condenser is a heat transfer surface. Heat from the hot refrigeration vapour passes through the walls of the condenser to the condensing medium. As the result of the losing heat to the condensing medium, the refrigeration vapour is first cooled to saturation and then condensed into into the liquid state. Condenser are of three general types:1. Air cooled 2. Water cooled 3. Evaporation Air cooled condenser employ air as the condensing medium, where as the water cooled condenser utilizes water to the condensed refrigerant. In both the air cooled and the water cooled condensers, the heat given of by the condensing refrigerant increases the temperature of the air or water used or condensing medium.

Water Cooled Condensing System:System employing water cooled condenser can be divided into the two categories 1.Waste water system. 2. Recirculated water system. In waste water system the water supply for the condenser is usually taken the city main and wastal to the sever attend passing through the condenser, in recirculated water system the water leaving the condenser is purpose to a water cooling tower where its temperature recycle to the entering temperature after which the water is circulated through the condenser. When the condenser water is recirculated power required to circulate the water through the water system must be taken into account in determining flow rate. In general a water rate of 2.5 and gal/mmutc/ton usually providing the most economic balance between compressor horse power and pump horse power.

Water cooled condenser are of the three basic types:1. Double tube 2. Shell and coil 3. Shell and tube

Shell and Tube Condenser:The shell and tube condenser consists of a cylindrical steel shell which a number of straight tube arranger in a parallel and held in a place at the ends by the sheets. Construction is almost identical to that of the flooded type shell and tube liquid chiller. The condensing water is circulating through the tubes which may be either steel or copper bare or extended surface. The refrigerant is contained in the shell between the tubes sheets and the end plates, the end plates being battered it act as manifolds to guide the water flow through the tubes. The arrangement of the end plate batting determining the number of passes the water makes through the condenser from one end to the other before leaving the condenser. For any given total number of tubes, the number of tubes per pass varies inversely with the number of passes. Shell and tube condenser are available in capacities ranging from 2 tons up to several hundred tons or more shell diameter range from approximately 4 inch up to 60 inch. Where as tube length varies from approximately 3ft. to 20ft. The number and diameter of the tube depends on the diameter of the shell. Tube diameter of the 5/8 inch through 2 inch are common where the number of tubes in the condenser varies from six to eight to many or thousand or more. The end plates of the condenser are removable to permit mechanical cleaning of the water tube.

Shell and Tube Chillers:Shell and tube chillers have a relatively high efficiency, requires a minimum floor space and head room are easily maintained and are readily adaptable to almost any type of liquid chilling application. For these reasons, the shell and tube chillers is by far the most widely used type. The shell and tube chillers consists essentially of straight tube are arranged in a parallel in a parallel and held in the space at the end by tube sheets.

When the chiller is operated dry expansion, the refrigerant is expanded into the tube, while the chiller liquid is circulated through the shell. When the chiller is operated, flooded, the chiller liquid is circulated through the tubes and the refrigerant is contained in the shell. The level of the liquid refrigerant in the shell being maintained by with some type of float control. Shell diameter for shell and tube chillers range from 15 to 150 cm (or 6 to 60 inch.) and the numbers of tube in the shell varies from between than 50 to several thousand. Tube diameter ranges from 5/8 inch to 2 inch and tube length varies from 5 to 20 ft. Chiller designed for use with ammonia are equipped with steel tubes. Whereas those intended for use with often refrigerant are usually equipped with copper tubes in order to obtain higher heat transfer coefficient.

Cooling Tower: Cooling tower are essential water conservation or recovery devices warm water from the condenser is compared over the top of the cooling tower from where it falls or is sprayed down to the tower basin. The temperature of the water is reduced as it gives up heat the air conditioning through the tower. Although there is some sensible heat transferred from water to the air, the cooling effect in a cooling tower results almost entirely from the evaporation or a portion of the water as the water falls through the tower. The heat to vaporize the portion of water that evoperates is drawn from the remaining mass of water. So that the temperature of mass is reduced. The vapour resulting from the evaporate process is carried away by the air circulating through the tower. Since both the temperature and the moisture content of the air are increased as the air passes through the tower. It is evident that the effectiveness of a cooling tower depends to a large degree on the wet bulb temperature of the entering air. The lower the wet bulb temperature of the entering air, the more effectiveness id the cooling tower. Some of the factors whish determine cooling tower efficiency are, The main difference in vapour pressure between the air and water in the tower.

The amount of exposure water surface and the length of exposure. The velocity of the air passing through the tower. The direction of air flow with relative to the exposure water surface.

In general the lower the entering wet bulb temperature, the great the vapour pressure differential and the greater tower capacity. Theoretically, the lowest temperature to which the water to which the water can be cooled in a cooling tower is the wet bulb temperature of the entering air in which case the water vapour in the leaving air will be saturated. In actual practice, it is not possible to cool the water to the wet bulb temperature of the air. In most cases, the temperature of the water leaving the tower will be 7 to 10 oC, above the wet bulb temperature of the entering air. Too, the air leaving the tower will always be somewhat less than saturated. The temperature reduction expanency by the water in passing through the tower ( the difference between the entering and leaving water temperature) is called a range of the tower. Naturally, to maintain equilibrium in the condenser water system, the tower range must be equal to the temperature rise of the water in condenser.

METHODS FOR CALCULATING THE COOLING LOAD :At presents two load calculation methods that represent a significant departure from those in common use. The technology involve, however the principle of calculating a heat balance for a given space- is not new. The first of the two method is the HEAT BALANCE (HB) method.The calculation procedure and scientific principle are explained in the form of equation. And the second method is RADIANT TIME SERIES (RTS) method. This method is derived from the HB calculation procedure. In comparing the HB and RTS methods, the primary difference is the directness of approach as opposed to the simplifying techniques necessitated by the limited computer capability available in earlier days. THE TOTAL EQUIVALENT TEMPERATURE DIFFERENTIAL method with time averaging (TETD/TD) has been a highly reliable. Originally conceived as manual method of calculation, it proved suitable only as a computer application because of the need to calculate an extended profile of hourly heat gain values from which the radiant components had to be averaged over a time perceived to represent the general mass of the building involved. Because this perception of thermal storage characteristics of a given building was almost entirely subjective, with little specific information for the user to judge variations, the TETD/TA methods primary usefulness has always been to the experienced engineering. The COOLONG LOAD TEMPERATURE DIFFERENTIAL WITH SOLAR COOLING LOAD FACTORS(CLTD/CLF) was an attempt to simplify the two-step TFM and TETD/TA methods into a single step technique that allowed proceeding directly from raw data to cooling load without the intermediate conversion of the radiant heat gain to cooling load. A series of factors were taken from cooling load calculation result as equivalent temperature differences for use in traditional conduction equation. The results, however, are approximate cooling load values rather than simple heat gain values. The simplification is required for this process limit the applicability of this method.

INITIAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS:TO calculate a space cooling load, detailed building design information and weather data at selected design conditions are required. Generally, the following steps should be followed.

Data Assembly:Building Characteristics Obtain characteristics of the building. Building materials, component size, external surface colours, and shape are usually determined from building plans and specifications. Configuration Determine building location, orientation, and external shading from building plans and specifications. Shading from adjacent building can be determined by a site plan or by visiting the proposed site but should be carefully evaluates as to its probable permanence before it is included in the calculation. Outdoor Design Condition Obtain appropriate weather data, and select outdoor design condition. Note, however, that these values for the design dry-bulb and mean coincident wet-bulb temperatures may vary considerably from data traditionally used in various areas. Use judgment to ensure that results are consistent with expectations. Also, consider prevailing wind velocity and the relationship of a project site to the selected weather station. Indoor Design Condition Select indoor design conditions, such as indoor dry-bulb temperature, indoor wet-bulb temperature, and ventilation rate. Include permissible variations and control limits. Operating Schedules Obtain a proposed schedule of lighting, occupancy, internal equipment, appliances, and processes that contribute to the internal thermal load. Determine the probability that the cooling equipment will be operated continuously or shut off during unoccupied periods. Date and Time Select the time of day and month to do the cooling load calculation. Frequently, several different times of day and several different months must be analyzed to determine the peak load time. The particular day and month are often dictated by peak solar conditions. For southern exposures in north latitudes above 320 having large fenestration areas, the peak space cooling load usually occurs in December or January. To calculate a space-

cooling load under these conditions, the warmest temperature for the winter months must be known.

HEAT SOURCES AND HEAT GAIN CALCULATION CONCEPT :-

HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH WALLS AND ROOFS :Heat transmission through the walls and roofs of the building structure is not steady and is therefore, difficult to evaluate. The principal factors causing these are: The variation of outside air temperature over a period of 24 hours. The variation of solar radiation intensity that is incident upon the surface over a period of 24 hours. The phenomenon is further complicated by the fact that wall has a thermal capacity due to which a certain amount of heat passing through it is stored and is transmitted to the outside and/or inside at some later time. The equation of heat transfer through walls and roofs can be expressed as: Q = UA (CLTD) ; Where, U= overall heat transfer co-efficient; A= surface area; CLTD= cooling load temperature difference; The overall heat transfer co-efficient also depends on the resistance offered by the wall. A wall may be composite, consisting of many section of different construction and insulating material. Also, the outside and inside wall surface may exchange by convection and radiation with the surrounding atmosphere. Thus, there will be more than one thermal resistance to heat transfer. Taking into account the number of layers of different materials with varying thickness x and thermal conductivity k, the overall heat transfer co-efficient may be calculated from the relation 1/U = R = 1/f0 + (x/k) + 1/fi ; Where, R= resistance; f0= outside film co-efficient; K= conductivity of material; Fi= inside film co-efficient;

HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH GLASS WINDOWS :Heat transfer through the glass windows is very much same as heat transfer through the walls and roofs because the sun orientation throughout the day is not remain same and its intensity of radiating heat is also changing with time. Only difference, here, is heat coming in through direct radiation. So heat coming in through glass is obviously more and for that we have to consider the glass load factor. The equation of the heat transfer through the glass windows is expressed as: Q = A (GLSf) ; Where; Q= heat transfer through window, W A= surface area of window (glass), m GLSf= glass load factor, W/ m

OCCUPANCY LOAD :The occupants in a condition space give out heat at a metabolic rate that more or less depends on their rate of working. The rate at which body produces heat is called the metabolic rate. The body loses heat to surrounding mainly by convection c, radiation r, and evaporation of moisture e. the total heat loss from the body is thus, Q=(c+r) + e ; There are two components of this heat loss: c+r forms the sensible heat components Qs, and e forms the latent heat components QL. The sensible heat components depends on the temperature difference between the surface of body and the surroundings, and the latent heat components, similarly, depends on the difference in the water vapour pressures. The relative proportion of the sensible and latent heats given out, however, depends on the ambient dry bulb temperature. The lower the dry bulb temperature, the greater the heat given out as sensible heat. The values for restaurants include the heat given out by food as well.

LIGHTING LOAD :Electric lights generate sensible heat equal to the amount of electric power consumed. Most of the energy is liberated as heat, and the rest of as light, which also eventually becomes hest after multiple reflections. Lighting manufacturers give some guideline as to the requirement of power for different fittings to produce various standards of illumination. In connection with fluorescent tubes, it may be stated that the electric power absorbed at the fitting is about 25 percent more than necessary to produce the required lighting. The excess of 15 W is liberated at the control gear of fitting.

As a rough calculation, one may use the lighting load equal to 33.5 W/m to produce a lighting standard of 540 lumens/m in an office space; 20 W/m is minimum. After the wattage is known, the calculation of the heat gain is done as follows: Fluorescent: Q = total watts * 1.25; Incandescent: Q = total watts;

APPLIANCES LOAD :Most appliances contribute both sensible heat and latent heat. The latent heat produce depends on the function the appliances perform, such as drying, cooking, etc. gas appliances produce additional moisture as product of combustion. Providing properly designed hoods with a positive exhaust system or suction over the appliances can considerably reduce such load.

Electric motor contributes sensible heat to conditioned space. A part of the power input is directly converted into heat due to the inefficiency of the motor and is dissipated through the frame of motor. This power is given by (Input)(1-motor efficiency) The rest of power is utilized by the driven mechanism for doing work, which may or may not result in heat gain to the space. This depends on whether the energy input goes to the conditioned space or outside it.

TIME DELAY EFFECTS :The energy absorb by the walls, floor, furniture, etc., contributes to space cooling load only after a time lag, with some part of this lag, with some part of this energy still present and radiating after the heat sources have been switched off or are no longer present. There is always significant delay between the time of switching on or otherwise activating a heat source and the point when reradiated energy equals that being instantaneously stored. This time lag must be considered when calculating cooling load because the load felt by the space can be much lower than the instantaneous heat gain being generated, and the peak load for the space may affected significantly.

PRODUCT LOAD :In case of cold storages, the enclosures are insulated with at least 10-15 cm of thermo Cole and are completely sealed. Thus, many of loads present in buildings for comfort air conditioning are either absent or lessened in the case of cold storages. However, in addition to the heat which is removed from products at the time of initial loading, there is also the heat produced by the commodities during storage. This heat of respiration forms a sizable product load even at a storage temperature of 0 C. at higher temperatures, it is more.

SUPPLY AIR DUCT HEAT GAIN AND LEAKAGE LOSS :The supply air, normally, has a temperature of 10 to 15 C. the duct may pass through an unconditioned space having an ambient temperature of 40 C. this results in a significant heat gain till the air reaches the conditioned even through the duct may be insulated. The gain can be calculated using following expression Q= UA (ta-ts) ; Where U is the overall heat- transfer coefficient, A is the surface area of the duct system exposed to the ambient temperature ta and, ts is the supply air temperature. As a rough estimate, a value of order of 5 percent of room sensible heat may be added to the total sensible heat if the whole supply air duct is outside the conditioned space, and proportionately less if some of it is within the conditioned space. It is found that the duct leakages are of the order of 5 to 30 percent depending on workmanship. Air leakages from supply ducts result in a serious loss of the cooling capacity unless the leakages take place within the conditioned space. If all ducts are outside the conditioned space which, normally, is strictly avoided, a 10 percent leakage is to be assumed which should be considered as a complete loss. When only a part of the supply duct is outside the conditioned space, then only the leakage loss of this portion is to be included. The fraction of 10 percent, to be added in such case, is equal to the ratio of the length outside the conditioned space to the total length of the supply duct.

HEAT GAIN FROM AIR-CONDITIONING FAN :-

The heat equivalent of an air-conditioning fan horsepower is added as the sensible heat to the system. If the fan motor is outside the air stream, the energy lost due to the inefficiency of the motor is not added to the air. There are two types of air supply systems. Draw through system: In the draw through system, the fan is drawing air through the cooling coil and supplying it to the conditioned space. This is the most common system. In this system, the fan heat is in addition to the supply air heat gain. The heat should, therefore, be added to the room sensible heat. Blow through system: In blow through system, fan blows air through the cooling coil before being supplied to the conditioned space. In this system, fan heat is added after the room to the return air. Thus fan heat is load on the cooling coil. The heat should, therefore, be added to the grand total heat. The fan efficiencies are of the order of 70 percent for central air conditioning plant fans and about 50 percent for package airconditioner fans. The fan horsepower depends on the quantity of air supplied and the pressure rise, viz., the total pressure develop by the fan. Once the supply air rate and pressure developed are known, the fan can be calculated. But this cannot be known until the load calculations have been calculated. Hence the procedure is to initially assume fan heat between 2.5 and 7.5 percent of the room sensible heat and check the value after the design has been completed. Designers usually take 5% of room sensible heat as fan heat.

RETURN AIR DUCT HEAT AND LEAKAGE GAIN :The calculation of the heat gain for return air ducts is done in exactly the same way as for supply air ducts. But the leakage in this case is that of the hot and humid outside air into the duct because of suction within duct. If the ducts are outside the conditioned space, an in leakage up to 3 percent may be assumed depending on the length of duct. If there is only a short connection between the conditioning equipment and the space, this leakage may be neglected.

Ventilation and Infiltration :Air exchange of out door air with the air already in a building can be divided into two broad classifications: ventilation and infiltration. Ventilation air is air used to provide acceptable indoor air quality. It may be composed of forced or natural ventilation. Ventilation includes the intentional introduction of air from the outside into a building. Natural Ventilation is the flow of air through open window, doors, grillers and other planned building envelope penetrations, and it is driven by natural and/or artificially produced pressure differentials. Forced Ventilation is the intentional movement of air into and out of a building using fans and intake and exhaust vents; it is also called mechanical ventilation. Infiltration is the flow of outdoor air into a building through cracks and other unintentional openings and through the normal use of exterior doors for entrance and egress. Infiltration is also know as air leakage into a building. Exfiltration is the leakage of indoor air out of the building through similar type of opening. Like Ventilation, Exfiltration and Infiltration are driven by natural and/or artificial pressure difference. Transfer air is the air that moves from one interior space to another; either intentionally or hot. The air leakage is also takes place due to the STACK EFFECT which is explained as follows. Difference between temperature and humidities produce differences in the densities of air between the outside and inside the buildings. As a result, pressure differences occurs causing flow of air known as chimney of stack effect. When the inside temperature is lower than the outside, the stack effect produces positive inside pressure at lower levels and negative inside pressure at higher levels. Consequently, the outward flow of air takes place at lower levels and the inward flow at higher levels, with the natural zone in the middle. The reverse is true when the inside temperature is higher than outside. Thus, we have: In SUMMER infiltration at the top and exfiltration at the bottom. In WINTER Infiltration at the bottom and exfiltration at the top. Qv =0.172A H (ti to)

Where, Qv in m3/s due to stack effect H = height of the building ti and to are the inside and outside temperature in 0C respectively

Thermal Loads Due to air Leakage :Outdoor air introduced into a building constitutes a large part of the total space-conditioning load, which is one reason to limit air exchange rates in buildings to the minimum required. Air exchange typically represents 20 to 50% of a buildings thermal load. Air exchange increases a buildings thermal load in three ways. First, the incoming air must be heated or cooled from the outdoor air temperature to the indoor or supply air temperature. The rate of energy consumption due to this sensible heating or cooling is given by qs = Qcp Where , qs = sensible heat load, w Q = air flow rate, m3/s = air density, kg/m3 cp = specific heat of air, J/(kg k) t = temperature difference between indoor and outdoor K t = 1200 Q t

Second, air exchange modifies the moisture content of the air in a building. The rate of energy consumption associated with these latent load is given by W [ 4775 + 1.998 t] ql = Q Where , ql = latent heat load , w w = humidity ratio difference between indoors and outdoors, mass water/ unit mass dry air (kg/kg)

Finally, air exchange can change a building thermal load by altering the performance of the envelope insulation system. Air flow through the insulation can decrease the thermal load due to heat exchange between infiltration or exfiltration air and the thermal insulation. Conversely air moving in and out of the insulation from outside can increase the thermal load.

Air flow through the large opening The relationship describing the airflow through a large a\intentional opening is based on the Bernoulli equation with steady, incompressible flow. The general form that includes stack, wind, and mechanical ventilation pressure across the opening is Q = CDA 2 p/

Where, Q = air flow rate, m3/s CD = discharge co-efficient for opening, dimensionless A = cross-section area of opening, m2 = air density, kg/m3 p = pressure difference across opening, Pa The co-efficient of discharge CD is a dimensionless number that depends on the geometry of the opening and the Reynolds number of the flow. CD can be found out by the, CD = 0.40 + 0.0045 I Ti To I Method for Calculation of the Infiltration : There are basically two methods for calculation of the Infiltration. The first method uses simplifying assumptions to determine design values for Rp, the square root of the pressure difference across the door. The second method requires explicit calculation of envelope pressure. Method 1: For the first method, the infiltration rate through the automatic door is given by Q = CA A RP Where, = air flow rate, m3/s = airflow co-efficient, L/(s m2 (Pa)0.5 = area of the door opening, m2 = pressure factor, (Pa)0.5

Q CA A RP

Method 2:The airflow is given by Q = CA A Q CA A P p

= air flow rate, m3/s = airflow co-efficient, L/(s m2 (Pa)0.5 = area of the door opening, m2 = Pressure difference across the door, Pa

SAFETY FACTOR :Safety factor is strictly a factor of probable error in the estimation of the load. For this purpose, additional 5 percent heat should be added to the room sensible and latent heats.

SUMMARY OF LOAD FOR AIR-CONDITIONING:The components of the cooling load for sir-conditioning can now be summarized as follows. The load is classified as the room load that which falls on the room directly, and the total load that falls on the apparatus. Room load: [A] Room sensible heat (RSH) 1. Solar and transmission heat gain through walls, roof, etc. 2. Solar and transmission heat gain through glass. 3. Transmission gain through partition walls, ceiling, floor, etc. 4. Infiltration. 5. Internal heat gain from people, power, lights, appliances, etc. 6. Additional heat gain not accounted above, safety factor, etc. 7. Supply duct heat gain, supply duct leakage loss and fan horsepower. The sum of all above gives the room sensible heat (RSH) load. For the purpose of psychrometric analysis, the following component is also included in the room sensible heat. 8. Bypassed outside air load. The sum of items (1) to (8) gives the effective room sensible heat (ERSH).

[B] Room latent heat (RLH) 1. Infiltration. 2. Internal heat gain from people, steam, appliances, etc. 3. Vapour transmission. 4. Additional heat gain not accounted above, safety factor, etc. 5. Supply duct leakage loss. The sum of these gives the room latent heat (RLH).the other latent heat gain considered for psychrometric analysis is: 6. Bypass outside air load. The sum of items (1) to (6) above gives the effective room latent heat (ERLH).

The sum of items (A) and (B) above gives the effective room total heat (ERTH). But the sum of items (1) to (7) in (A), and (1) to (5) in (B) gives the room total heat (RTH).

Grand total load on air-conditioning apparatus: [A] Sensible heat 1. Effective room sensible heat (ERSH). 2. Sensible heat of outside air that is not bypassed. 3. Return duct heat gain; return duct leakage gain, dehumidifier pump horsepower and dehumidifier and piping losses. The sum of items (1) to (3) gives the total sensible heat (TSH). [B] Latent heat 1. Effective room latent heat (ERLH). 2. Latent heat of outside air which is not bypassed. 3. Return duct leakage gain. The sum of items (1) to (3) above gives the total latent heat (TLH). Finally, the sum of (A) and (B) above gives the grand total heat (GTH).