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    Tadaaki Hashimoto
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    Chromosomes around the cell cycle Mitosis and Meiosis. Only half the genes are transmitted from each parent so each individual is less efficient at passing its genome to next generation. Sex is dangerous But it must have major advantages 19 the main reason is the shuffling of genes, providing variation from which selection can act.

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    Mitosis and Meiosis [2009]

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    Chromosomes around the cell cycle Mitosis and Meiosis. Only half the genes are transmitted from each parent so each individual is less efficient at passing its genome to next generation. Sex is dangerous But it must have major advantages 19 the main reason is the shuffling of genes, providing variation from which selection can act.

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    54 views56 pages

    Mitosis and Meiosis (2009)

    Uploaded by

    Tadaaki Hashimoto
    Chromosomes around the cell cycle Mitosis and Meiosis. Only half the genes are transmitted from each parent so each individual is less efficient at passing its genome to next generation. Sex is dangerous But it must have major advantages 19 the main reason is the shuffling of genes, providing variation from which selection can act.

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    of 56

    Heredity and Gene Action

    Genetics From Genes to Genomes


    Second Edition Hartwell ! Hood ! Goldberg ! Reynolds ! Silver ! Veres

    Chapter 4 Image Slides*


    Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

    Mitosis and Meiosis


    1. Mitosis

    Chromosomes around the cell cycle


    Metaphase Prophase

    Interphase

    Chromosomes

    Metaphase chromosomes Imaged by SEM

    Cell cycle In human M: 2 hours G1: 11 hours S: 7 hours G2: 4 hours

    Chromosomes around the cell cycle

    Chromosomes around the cell cycle


    Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

    Interphase

    Prophase to cytokinesis

    Prophase to cytokinesis

    Prophase to cytokinesis

    Prophase to cytokinesis

    Prophase to cytokinesis

    Prophase to cytokinesis

    Prophase to cytokinesis

    Cytokinesis

    Mitosis and Meiosis


    2. Meiosis

    Why have sex

    The problem with sex


    ! Only half the genes are transmitted from
    each parent so each individual is less efficient at passing its genome to next generation, problem compounded when you have two sexes ! Sex is dangerous But it must have major advantages
    19

    The advantage of sex


    The main reason is the shuffling of genes, providing variation from which selection can act

    Parents

    Offspring

    ie a grasshopper that never existed before!

    Meiosis in human female

    Meiosis in human males

    Highly simplified overview of meiosis

    Stages of meiosis
    Meiosis I Prophase I !Leptotene !Zygotene !Pachytene !Diplotene !Diakinesis Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I Interkinesis Meiosis II Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II

    Leptotene-pachytene

    Leptotene-pachytene

    Leptotene-pachytene

    Leptotene-pachytene

    Recombination simplified

    Pachytene recombination

    Synaptonemal complex

    Synaptonemal complex

    Synaptonemal complex

    Diplotene and Diakinesis

    Telophase I and interkinesis

    Meiosis II

    Telophase II and cytokinesis

    Meiosis I

    Chorthippus parallelus Male meiosis

    Meiosis II

    Leptotene

    Zygotene

    Pachytene

    Diplotene

    Diakinesis

    Metaphase I

    Anaphase I

    Telophase I

    Interkinesis

    Prophase II

    Metaphase II

    Anaphase II

    Telophase II

    Genetic processes
    ! Recombination - chiasma formation ! Aneuploidy ! Polyploidy

    Genetic material from one parent changes to the other parent genetic background
    Cells with more - or less - DNA than a normal cell --> genetic disease eg Downs syndrome

    Cells with many genomes immediate speciation, human agriculture

    53

    Meiosis I

    Chorthippus parallelus Male meiosis

    Meiosis II

    Meiosis
    and its relation to French grasshoppers

    Paris Veltsos 3rd year PhD student


    56

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