72 3Investigation and description of the ground Quantity Range Q 0.

001 (exception ally poor) - 1,000 (exceptionally good quality rock) RQD 0 - 100%. Values lower tha n 10 % should not be used Jn 0.5 (massive rock with no or few joints) - 20 (crus hed, earth like rock) Jr 0.5 (slickensided planar joints) - 4 (discontinuous joi nts) Ja 0.75 (unaltered joint walls) - 20 (thick zones of swelling clay) Jw 1.0 (dry excavation) - 0.05 (exceptionally high in ow) SRF 1.0 (medium rock pressure) - 20 (heavy rock pressure)15 Table 3.4.Ranges of values of parameters for Q-Syst em 3.7 Reports It should be clearly distinguished between the raw data from labo ratory and eld test results and their interpretation. Referring to so-called desi gn-build contracts, the owner should not present interpretations of construction be- haviour that might de ne or limit construction means and methods. However, he should present su cient data from investigations to avoid that the bids are too d iverse and di cult to compare.17 According to SIA 199, the following documents hav e to be worked out: 1. Description of the ground Geology: Geological and tectoni cal layout, formation of the relevant soils and rocks. Classi cation into homogene ous sections. In this re- spect, the most important parameters for soils are: st ructure and den- sity, for rocks: structure, joints, weathering. Hydrological co nditions: Groundwater ow and its relation to surface water, circulation within po res, joints, karst, permeability. In uence of groundwater on tunnel (e.g. aggressi vity against concrete) and in u- ence of the tunnel on groundwater and sources on the ground surface. Geotechnical conditions: This item contains all geotechnical properties relevant for excavation and support. Possible additional statements: They refer to possible gases such as CH4, CO2,H2S, radioactivity (radon), rock temperature, earthquakes, active joints, rockslides, dangerous substances such a s quartz, asbest, contaminations.18 2. Rating the groundThis item contains predi ctions on excavation and usage of a tunnel, based on the above stated ground pro perties. One of the 17R.A.Robinson, M.A.Kucker, J.P.Gildner, Levels of geotechni cal input for design-build contracts, In: Rapid Excavation and Tunneling Confere nce, 2001 Pro- ceedings, 829-839, Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploratio n, Inc., Littleton, Colorado 18Contaminated soil was, e.g., encountered during t he construction of the Balti- more metro,Tunnels & Tunnelling, September 1995. 3.7 Reports 73 main aims is to recognise hazards (e.g. cave ins, daylight collap ses, rock bursts, gas explosions, surface settlements) and to plan countermeasur es. The hazards and countermeasures have to be compiled in the so-called safety plan. Hazards have to be classi ed into the following degrees: Degree of hazard 1 2 3 Occurrence improbable possible probable Judgement of the ground comprises st atements on excavation and support, i.e. method of excavation, length of advance step, overexcavation, drilling, support of tunnel wall and face. draining and s tabilising measures such us grouting, freezing, support with compressed air. reu sage or disposability of the muck. 3. Geological, hydrological und geotechnical reports The above items should be presented in reports that have the following s tructure: contract and relevant questions provenience of data, used documents ex ecuted experiments with documentation of method description of the ground conclu sions and summary on the geological units judgement of the ground conclusions, r ecommendations, open questions, missing data, supple- mentary investigations ann exes with plans (drawings) annexes with data, pro les of sounding and drilling, re sults of labora- tory and eld measurements. The conditions encountered during exc avation have to be assembled in the nal report. 4. Presentation of data The prove nience of all data should be clearly documented. Hence, it should be distinguish ed between measured data and data taken from bibliogra- phy, experience, estimat ion and assumptions (so-called soft data). When referring to measured data, one should add the measuring method, the number of measurements, scatter and uncerta inty of the values. It should also be distinguished between the measured data (f actual infor- mation) and the therefrom extracted conclusions (interpretation). Thus, it has to be distinguished between the Geotechnical Data Record that conta ins the exploration data, and the Geotechnical Baseline Record that summarises a nd interprets the data. This distinction has often contractual implications. How

ever, factual information and some degree of interpre- tation are, virtually, in separable. 74 3Investigation and description of the ground The behaviour of rock is describ ed with reference to some distinct proper- ties. These can be assessed verbally by judgement (e.g. weak rock), but in the sense of a rational approach, properties should be quanti able. Atten- tion should be paid to the de nition of properties. T o be more speci c, some properties are rigorously de ned by means of constitutive eq uations. E.g., Youngs modulus is de ned by means of Hookes law =E. R f rring to E, it hould b a k d wh th r th und rlying con titutiv quation i r al- i tic for a particular mat rial ( .g., r f r nc toE mak no n for and or wat r). So m oth r prop rti , uch a abra ivity cannot b d crib d in th fram of quati on . In uch ca on ha to r ort to om what o v r arbitrarily pr crib d p roc dur . Apart from rock abra ivity, th r ar al o oth r prop rti which can not b p ci d prop rly. Thi i th ca , .g., with rock toughn , which i un d r tood a th r i tanc to cutting. All att mpt to furth r p cify th tough n fail d o far. Th p ci cation of m a urabl quantiti occur on th ba i of: Dir ct laboratory or ld m a ur m nt Empirical corr lation with oth r quant iti Con id ration of cal ct Judg m nt from imilar ituation Back analy i