Exam Name___________________________________

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) You have in your possession a microscope slide with meiotic cells on it and a light microscope. What would you look for if you wanted to identify metaphase I cells on the slide? A) Separated sister chromatids at each pole of the cell B) A synaptonemal complex C) A visible nuclear envelope D) Tetrads lined up at the center of the cell E) A cleavage furrow 1)

Refer to the drawings in Figure 13.2 of a single pair of homologous chromosomes as they might appear during various stages of either mitosis or meiosis, and answer the following questions.

Figure 13.2

2) Which diagram represents prophase I of meiosis? A) I B) II C) IV

D) V

E) VI

2)

3) At which stage of mitosis are chromosomes usually photographed in the preparation of a karyotype? A) Anaphase B) Metaphase C) Interphase D) Prophase E) Telophase 4) Which of these statements is false? A) In humans, each of the 22 maternal autosomes has a homologous paternal chromosome. B) Sexual life cycles differ with respect to the relative timing of meiosis and fertilization. C) At sexual maturity, ovaries and testes produce diploid gametes by meiosis. D) In humans, the 23rd pair, the sex chromosomes, determines whether the person is female (XX) or male (XY). E) Single, haploid (n) sets of chromosomes in ovum and sperm unite during fertilization, forming a diploid (2n), single-celled zygote.

3)

4)

5) Homologous chromosomes move toward opposite poles of a dividing cell during A) binary fission. B) meiosis I. C) meiosis II. D) fertilization. E) mitosis. 6) Which of the following happens at the conclusion of meiosis I? A) Homologous chromosomes are separated. B) The sperm cells elongate to form a head and a tail end. C) Sister chromatids are separated. D) Four daughter cells are formed. E) The chromosome number per cell is conserved. 7) A given organism has 46 chromosomes in its karyotype. We can therefore conclude which of the following? A) It must be human. B) It must be sexually reproducing. C) It must be a primate. D) It must be an animal. E) Its gametes must have 23 chromosomes. 8) How do cells at the completion of meiosis compare with cells that have replicated their DNA and are just about to begin meiosis? A) They have half the number of chromosomes and half the amount of DNA. B) They have half the number of chromosomes and one-fourth the amount of DNA. C) They have the same number of chromosomes and half the amount of DNA. D) They have half the amount of cytoplasm and twice the amount of DNA. E) They have twice the amount of cytoplasm and half the amount of DNA. 9) A triploid cell contains three sets of chromosomes. If a cell of a usually diploid species with 42 chromosomes per cell is triploid, this cell would be expected to have which of the following? A) 63 chromosomes, each with three chromatids B) 21 chromosome pairs and 21 unique chromosomes C) 63 chromosomes in 21 sets of 3 D) 63 chromosomes in 31 1/2 pairs 10) In animals, meiosis results in gametes, and fertilization results in A) spores. B) zygotes. C) clones. D) gametophytes. E) sporophytes. 11) When pairs of homologous chromosomes separate during anaphase I, A) the synaptonemal complex is visible under the light microscope. B) the sister chromatids remain attached to one another. C) recombination is not yet complete. D) the maternal chromosomes all move to the same daughter cell.

5)

6)

7)

8)

9)

10)

11)

12) What is a karyotype? A) A display of every pair of homologous chromosomes within a cell, organized according to size and shape B) A system of classifying cell nuclei C) The set of unique physical characteristics that define an individual D) The combination of chromosomes found in a gamete E) The collection of all the mutations present within the genome of an individual 13) Asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction differ in all but which of the following ways? A) Asexual reproduction requires only mitosis, whereas sexual reproduction always involves meiosis. B) Asexual reproduction involves a single parent, whereas sexual reproduction involves two. C) Asexual reproduction is utilized only by fungi and protists, whereas sexual reproduction is utilized only by plants and animals. D) Asexual reproduction produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parents, whereas sexual reproduction gives rise to genetically distinct offspring. E) Individuals reproducing asexually transmit 100% of their genes to their progeny, whereas individuals reproducing sexually transmit only 50%. 14) How many different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes can be packaged in gametes made by an organism with a diploid number of 8 (2n = 8)? A) 8 B) 4 C) 16 D) 32 E) 2 15) A gene's location along a chromosome is known as which of the following? A) Locus B) Sequence C) Allele D) Variant 16) A tetrad includes which of the following sets of DNA strands? A) Four sets of sister chromatids B) Four sets of unique chromosomes C) Eight sets of sister chromatids D) Two single-stranded chromosomes that have synapsed E) Two sets of sister chromatids that have synapsed 17) Which life cycle stage is found in plants but not animals? A) Unicellular diploid B) Gamete C) Multicellular haploid D) Zygote E) Multicellular diploid

12)

13)

14)

E) Trait

15)

16)

17)

18) Eukaryotic sexual life cycles show tremendous variation. Of the following elements, which do all sexual life cycles have in common? I. Alternation of generations II. Meiosis III. Fertilization IV. Gametes V. Spores A) II, III, and IV B) I, II, and IV C) II, IV, and V D) I, IV, and V E) All of the above 19) The human X and Y chromosomes A) include genes that determine an individual's sex. B) are almost entirely homologous, despite their different names. C) include only genes that govern sex determination. D) are of approximately equal size and number of genes. E) are both present in every somatic cell of males and females alike.

18)

19)

You have isolated DNA from three different cell types of an organism, determined the relative DNA content for each type, and plotted the results on the graph shown in Figure 13.3. Refer to the graph to answer the following questions.

Figure 13.3

20) Which sample might represent a sperm cell? A) I B) II C) III D) Either I or II E) Either II or III

20)

21) Referring to a plant sexual life cycle, which of the following terms describes the process that leads directly to the formation of gametes? A) Gametophyte mitosis B) Gametophyte meiosis C) Sporophyte meiosis D) Sporophyte mitosis E) Alternation of generations 22) Whether during mitosis or meiosis, sister chromatids are held together by proteins referred to as cohesions. Such molecules must have which of the following properties? A) They must persist throughout the cell cycle. B) They must reattach to chromosomes during G1. C) They must be intact for nuclear envelope reformation. D) They must be removed before meiosis can begin. E) They must be removed before anaphase can occur. 23) Which of the following statements about genes is incorrect? A) During fertilization, both the sperm and the ovum contribute genes to the resulting fertilized egg. B) Genetic differences can result from changes in the DNA called mutations. C) One gene only is used in a specific cell type. D) Many genes contain the information needed for cells to synthesize enzymes and other proteins. E) Genes correspond to segments of DNA.
For the following questions, match the key event of meiosis with the stages listed below. I. II. III. IV. Prophase Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I IV. VI. VII. VIII. Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II

21)

22)

23)

24) Centromeres of sister chromatids disjoin and chromatids separate. A) II B) III C) IV D) V

E) VII

24)

Refer to the life cycles illustrated in Figure 13.1 to answer the following questions.

Figure 13.1

25) The karyotype of one species of primate has 48 chromosomes. In a particular female, cell division goes awry and she produces one of her eggs with an extra chromosome (25). The most probable source of this error would be a mistake in which of the following? A) Mitosis in her ovary B) Metaphase I of one meiotic event C) Either anaphase I or II D) Telophase I of one meiotic event E) Telophase II of one meiotic event

25)

You have isolated DNA from three different cell types of an organism, determined the relative DNA content for each type, and plotted the results on the graph shown in Figure 13.3. Refer to the graph to answer the following questions.

Figure 13.3

26) Which sample of DNA might be from a nerve cell arrested in G0 of the cell cycle? A) I B) II C) III D) Either I or II E) Either II or III

26)

27) For a species with a haploid number of 23 chromosomes, how many different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes are possible for the gametes? A) 460 B) 23 C) 920 D) 46 E) About 8 million

27)

Refer to the following information and Figure 13.4 to answer the following questions. A certain (hypothetical) organism is diploid, has either blue or orange wings as the consequence of one of its genes, and has either long or short antennae as the result of a second gene, as shown in Figure 13.4.

Figure 13.4

28) If a female of this species has one chromosome 12 with a blue gene and another chromosome 12 with an orange gene, she will produce which of the following egg types? A) Only orange gene eggs B) 3/4 blue and 1/4 orange gene eggs C) 1/2 blue and 1/2 orange gene eggs D) An indeterminate frequency of blue and orange gene eggs E) Only blue gene eggs 29) A karyotype results from which of the following? A) A natural cellular arrangement of chromosomes in the nucleus B) The ordering of human chromosome images C) The cutting and pasting of parts of chromosomes to form the standard array D) The separation of homologous chromosomes at metaphase I of meiosis E) An inherited ability of chromosomes to arrange themselves 30) A cell divides to produce two daughter cells that are genetically different. A) The statement is true for mitosis and meiosis II. B) The statement is true for meiosis II only. C) The statement is true for meiosis I only. D) The statement is true for mitosis only. E) The statement is true for mitosis and meiosis I. 31) What is a genome? A) A specialized polymer of four different kinds of monomers B) A specific set of polypeptides within each cell C) The complete complement of an organism's genes D) A specific segment of DNA that is found within a prokaryotic chromosome E) An ordered display of chromosomes arranged from largest to smallest

28)

29)

30)

31)

Refer to the life cycles illustrated in Figure 13.1 to answer the following questions.

Figure 13.1

32) In part III of Figure 13.1, the progression of events corresponds to which of the following series? A) Meiosis, fertilization, zygote, mitosis, adult, meiosis B) Zygote, mitosis, gametophyte, mitosis, fertilization, zygote, mitosis C) Fertilization, mitosis, multicellular haploid, mitosis, spores, sporophyte D) Sporophyte, meiosis, spore, mitosis, gametophyte, mitosis, gametes, fertilization E) Gametophyte, meiosis, zygote, spores, sporophyte, zygote 33) How does the sexual life cycle increase the genetic variation in a species? A) By allowing independent assortment of chromosomes B) By allowing fertilization C) By decreasing mutation frequency D) By conserving chromosomal gene order E) By increasing gene stability 34) Experiments with cohesions have found that A) a protein cleaves cohesions before metaphase I. B) a protein that cleaves cohesions would cause cellular death. C) cohesions are protected from cleavage at the centromere during meiosis I. D) cohesions are cleaved from chromosomes at the centromere before anaphase I. E) cohesions are protected from destruction throughout meiosis I and II.

32)

33)

34)

The following questions refer to the essential steps in meiosis described below. 1. Formation of four new nuclei, each with half the chromosomes present in the parental nucleus 2. Alignment of tetrads at the metaphase plate 3. Separation of sister chromatids 4. Separation of the homologues; no uncoupling of the centromere 5. Synapsis; chromosomes moving to the middle of the cell in pairs

35) From the descriptions above, which of the following is the order that most logically illustrates a sequence of meiosis? A) 5, 3, 2, 4, 1 B) 5, 2, 4, 3, 1 C) 5, 4, 2, 1, 3 D) 4, 5, 2, 1, 3 E) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 36) If an organism is diploid and a certain gene found in the organism has 18 known alleles (variants), then any given organism of that species can/must have which of the following? A) Up to, but not more than, 18 different traits B) Up to 18 chromosomes with that gene C) Up to 18 genes for that trait D) At most, 2 alleles for that gene E) A haploid number of 9 chromosomes 37) Asexual reproduction results in identical offspring unless which of the following occurs? A) Crossing over B) Mutation C) Natural selection D) Cloning E) Environmental change 38) Natural selection and recombination due to crossing over during meiosis I are related in which of the following ways? A) Recombinants are usually selected against. B) Recombinants may have combinations of traits that are favored by natural selection. C) Most recombinants reproduce less frequently than do non-recombinants. D) Non-recombinant organisms are usually favored by natural selection if there is environmental change. E) Recombination does not affect natural selection.

35)

36)

37)

38)

10

Refer to the life cycles illustrated in Figure 13.1 to answer the following questions.

Figure 13.1

39) Which of the life cycles is typical for animals? A) I and II B) III only C) II only

D) I only

E) I and III

39)

For the following questions, match the key event of meiosis with the stages listed below. I. II. III. IV. Prophase Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I IV. VI. VII. VIII. Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II

40) Synapsis of homologous pairs occurs; crossing over may occur. A) I B) II C) IV D) VI 41) Meiosis II is similar to mitosis in that A) the chromosome number is reduced. B) homologous chromosomes synapse. C) sister chromatids separate during anaphase. D) DNA replicates before the division. E) the daughter cells are diploid.

E) VII

40)

41)

11

42) Chiasmata are what we see under a microscope that let us know which of the following is occurring? A) Asexual reproduction B) Anaphase II C) Meiosis II D) Crossing over E) Separation of homologs

42)

You have isolated DNA from three different cell types of an organism, determined the relative DNA content for each type, and plotted the results on the graph shown in Figure 13.3. Refer to the graph to answer the following questions.

Figure 13.3

43) If the cells were from a plant, which sample might represent a gametophyte cell? A) I B) II C) III D) Either I or II E) Either II or III

43)

12

Refer to the following information and Figure 13.4 to answer the following questions. A certain (hypothetical) organism is diploid, has either blue or orange wings as the consequence of one of its genes, and has either long or short antennae as the result of a second gene, as shown in Figure 13.4.

Figure 13.4

44) A female with a paternal set of one orange and one long gene chromosomes and a maternal set comprised of one blue and one short gene chromosome is expected to produce which of the following types of eggs after meiosis? A) Half the eggs will have maternal and half will have paternal combinations. B) Each egg has a 3/4 chance of having blue long, blue short, orange long, or orange short combinations. C) Each egg has 1/4 chance of having blue long, blue short, orange long, or orange short combinations. D) All eggs will have paternal types of gene combinations. E) All eggs will have maternal types of gene combinations. 45) If a horticulturist breeding gardenias succeeds in having a single plant with a particularly desirable set of traits, which of the following would be her most probable and efficient route to establishing a line of such plants? A) Clone the plant asexually to produce an identical one. B) Backtrack through her previous experiments to obtain another plant with the same traits. C) Breed this plant with another plant with much weaker traits. D) Add nitrogen to the soil of the offspring of this plant so the desired traits continue. E) Force the plant to self-pollinate to obtain an identical one.

44)

45)

13

You have isolated DNA from three different cell types of an organism, determined the relative DNA content for each type, and plotted the results on the graph shown in Figure 13.3. Refer to the graph to answer the following questions.

Figure 13.3

46) Which sample might represent an animal cell in G2 phase of the cell cycle? A) I B) II C) III D) Both I and II E) Both II and III

46)

47) Independent assortment of chromosomes is a result of A) the random distribution of the sister chromatids to the two daughter cells during anaphase II. B) the random and independent way in which each pair of homologous chromosomes lines up at the metaphase plate during meiosis I. C) the random nature of the fertilization of ova by sperm. D) the relatively small degree of homology shared by the X and Y chromosomes. E) All of the above 48) When does the synaptonemal complex disappear? A) Mid-prophase of meiosis II B) During fertilization or fusion of gametes C) Late prophase of meiosis I D) Early anaphase of meiosis I E) Late metaphase of meiosis II 49) After telophase I of meiosis, the chromosomal makeup of each daughter cell is A) diploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids. B) tetraploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids. C) diploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of a single chromatid. D) haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids. E) haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of a single chromatid.

47)

48)

49)

14

Refer to the life cycles illustrated in Figure 13.1 to answer the following questions.

Figure 13.1

50) Which of the life cycles is typical for most fungi and some protists? A) I only B) III only C) II only D) I and III
Refer to the following information and Figure 13.4 to answer the following questions.

E) I and II

50)

A certain (hypothetical) organism is diploid, has either blue or orange wings as the consequence of one of its genes, and has either long or short antennae as the result of a second gene, as shown in Figure 13.4.

Figure 13.4

51) A certain female's chromosomes 12 both have the blue gene and chromosomes 19 both have the long gene. As cells in her ovaries undergo meiosis, her resulting eggs (ova) may have which of the following? A) Either one blue or one orange gene in addition to either one long and one short gene B) One chromosome 12 with one blue gene and one chromosome 19 with one long gene C) Either two chromosomes 19 with long genes or two with short genes D) Either two chromosomes 12 with blue genes or two with orange genes

51)

15

52) The human genome is minimally contained in which of the following? A) Each human chromosome B) The entire human population C) Each human gene D) Every human cell E) The entire DNA of a single human
For the following questions, match the key event of meiosis with the stages listed below. I. II. III. IV. Prophase Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I IV. VI. VII. VIII. Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II

52)

53) Tetrads of chromosomes are aligned at the equator of the spindle; alignment determines independent assortment. A) I B) II C) IV D) VII E) VIII 54) If the DNA content of a diploid cell in the G1 phase of the cell cycle is x, then the DNA content of
the same cell at metaphase of meiosis I would be A) 2x. B) 4x. C) 0.5x.

53)

54)

D) 0.25x.

E) x.

16

Refer to the life cycles illustrated in Figure 13.1 to answer the following questions.

Figure 13.1

55) Which of the life cycles is typical for plants and some algae? A) I and III B) II only C) I only

D) I and II

E) III only

55)

56) In a life cycle such as that shown in part III of Figure 13.1, if the zygote's chromosome number is 10, which of the following will be true? A) The sporophyte and gametophyte each have 20 chromosomes per cell. B) The sporophyte's chromosome number per cell is 10 and the gametophyte's is 5. C) The sporophyte's chromosome number per cell is 5 and the gametophyte's is 10. D) The sporophyte and gametophyte each have 10 chromosomes per cell. E) The sporophyte and gametophyte each have 5 chromosomes per cell. 57) Which of the following occurs in meiosis but not in mitosis? A) Synapsis of chromosomes B) Condensation of chromatin C) Production of daughter cells D) Chromosome replication E) Alignment of chromosomes at the equator 58) Chromatids are separated from each other. A) The statement is true for meiosis I only. B) The statement is true for mitosis and meiosis II. C) The statement is true for meiosis II only. D) The statement is true for mitosis and meiosis I. E) The statement is true for mitosis only. 17

56)

57)

58)

59) Which of the following is an example of alternation of generations? A) A haploid mushroom produces gametes by mitosis, and the gametes undergo fertilization, which is immediately followed by meiosis. B) A diploid animal produces gametes by meiosis, and the gametes undergo fertilization to produce a diploid zygote. C) A diploid plant (sporophyte) produces, by meiosis, a spore that gives rise to a multicellular, haploid pollen grain (gametophyte). D) A grandparent and grandchild each has dark hair, but the parent has blond hair. E) A diploid cell divides by mitosis to produce two diploid daughter cells, which then fuse to produce a tetraploid cell. 60) If we continued to follow the cell lineage from question 5, then the DNA content of a single cell at metaphase of meiosis II would be A) 0.5x. B) 0.25x. C) 4x. D) x. E) 2x. 61) Independent assortment of chromosomes occurs. A) The statement is true for mitosis and meiosis I. B) The statement is true for meiosis I only. C) The statement is true for mitosis only. D) The statement is true for mitosis and meiosis II. E) The statement is true for meiosis II only. 62) A human cell containing 22 autosomes and a Y chromosome is A) an egg. B) a zygote. C) a somatic cell of a male. D) a sperm. E) a somatic cell of a female. 63) Homologous chromosomes synapse and crossing over occurs. A) The statement is true for mitosis and meiosis I. B) The statement is true for meiosis I only. C) The statement is true for meiosis II only. D) The statement is true for mitosis and meiosis II. E) The statement is true for mitosis only.
The following questions refer to the essential steps in meiosis described below. 1. Formation of four new nuclei, each with half the chromosomes present in the parental nucleus 2. Alignment of tetrads at the metaphase plate 3. Separation of sister chromatids 4. Separation of the homologues; no uncoupling of the centromere 5. Synapsis; chromosomes moving to the middle of the cell in pairs

59)

60)

61)

62)

63)

64) Which of the steps take place in both mitosis and meiosis? A) 2 B) 5 C) 3 D) 2 and 3 only E) 2, 3, and 5

64)

18

65) Which of the following is true of a species that has a chromosome number of 2n = 16? A) During the S phase of the cell cycle there will be 32 separate chromosomes. B) A gamete from this species has 4 chromosomes. C) The species is diploid with 32 chromosomes per cell. D) Each cell has 8 homologous pairs. E) The species has 16 sets of chromosomes per cell.

65)

19