Herbs

Kopperroses Version

Herb properties
Incense Making Medicinal Uses

Dried Herbs & RooTs ~ Essential Oils

A compilation of information for Holistic healing ~ Part 1

Agar Wood/ Aloe Wood The Aquilaria genus contains some 15 species of evergreen trees which grow to 120 ft. (40m). The trees are found growing in the low and medium altitude primary forests of Southeast Asia. The trees sometimes become infected by a parasite fungus or mold and the tree produces an aromatic resin to ward off this infection. It's this rare and precious aromatic resin in the wood that is treasured around the world for incense use. ! Aloeswood is a highly prized ingredient in Japanese incense and the ingredient used in the enchanting Japanese Kodo Ceremony. ! Under the Japanese grading system, aloeswoods are classified with respect to their aromatic characteristics. The highest grade of aloeswood is known as Kyara, and the highest grade of Kyara is called Green Kyara. ! Aloeswood is the "aloes" found in the text of the Bible. It is perhaps the most sought after aromatic in the world. ! Threatened Species Alert: The 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species now includes all Agarwood species. Aquilaria crassna Status: Critically endangered, Aquilaria malaccensis Status: VulDescription: nerable, Aqualiaria sinensis Status: Critically endangered...

! There are allowable international trade quotas each year by species and origins. See Cropwatch and IUCN. We recommend using only cultivated plantation agarwood or highly reputable suppliers of legally exported wild harvested woods. ! !
Family: Thymelaeaceae Synonyms: Agarwood, aloes, lignin aloes, jinko, jinkoh, oud, ood, chuwar, agallochum, eaglewood, kyara Origin: Malaysia, Indonesia, India, China, Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia Parts Used: heartwood, roots Aroma Description: many various types: rich, woody, sweet, sour, hot, spicy, floral, balsamic, cool, elegant, etc. Emotional Attributes: meditation, prayer, relaxation, cleansing/purifying, creativity Cosmetic Uses: perfumery, aromatherapy Culinary Uses: used to flavor curries in Malaysia and India Medicinal Attributes: a long history of use in Ayurvedic, Traditional Chinese and Unani medicine to treat mental illness, relieve spasms, fevers, digestive and respiratory disorders, etc. Element Association: Water Magical Associations: spirituality, healing, protection, dreams Astrological Association: Scorpio Planetary Association: Sun

Season: Winter

Amber
Pinus succinifera Description: Fossilized resin from a long since extinct pine tree, some 5 to 60+ million years old. In ancient Greece amber resin was called electron, the root of the English word electricity, due to the electrostatic properties of the resin if it's rubbed. The Ancient Greeks used amber in their incense mixtures and

also called it the "sun stone," which they believe connected them to the Sun god. ! Amber is often a confusing ingredient due to the manufactured cake-like soft resins made in India and sold worldwide under the same name. True amber is anything but soft and larger pieces of it are widely used in jewelry and pieces with insects trapped inside are highly prized and collected as art (also used in the movie Jurassic Park as the premise for how they obtained Dinosaur DNA).
Family: Pinaceae Synonyms: sun stone, hu po Origin: Baltic Sea, Russia, North and Central America Parts Used: fossilized resin Aroma Description: penetrating, biting, smoky, tar-like resinous, resembling tanned leather Emotional Attributes: cleansing/purifying, brings renewal, alertness Cosmetic Uses: perfumery, aromatherapy; used in skin rejuvenating creams, etc. Culinary Uses: none Medicinal Attributes: ancient Greeks and Egyptians used amber as a healing remedy for respiratory and urinary tract infections, fever, coughs, bronchitis, decongestant, rheumatism and muscle spasms Element Association: Earth Magical Associations: spirituality, healing, protection, prosperity Astrological Association: Taurus Planetary Association: Sun, Mars

Season: Summer Aromatic Note: Base note

Essential Oil: Yes, produced by destructive dry distillation then rectified by steam distillation.

Mixes Well With: cedar, frankincense, guggul, labdanum, myrrh, opoponax, pine, etc.

Basil
Ocimum basilicum Description: Some 35 species of aromatic annuals, all are rich in volatile oils and most, if not all, of which are easily used for incense. It's common name, basil, is said to be associated with basilisk, a mythical serpentlike creature whose glance and breath were fatal, because it was believed that basil could turn into scorpions. Still others note the origin of its name to be from the Greek 'basilicon', meaning royal.

! One species, Ocimum tenuiflorum, is a sacred plant in India and is grown in most Hindu homes and
around temples for its protective influence. It's said holding basil protects against thunder and wearing a string of beads made from basil stems wards off infections and induces religious tendency and longevity. In the tropical Americas and Caribbean, species of basil are used to repel mosquito's.

! Basil can be easily grown in your garden or potted and grown indoors.
Family: Lamiaceae Synonyms: sweet basil, Genovese basil Origin: tropical Asia and Africa, now cultivated worldwide Parts Used: fresh or dried leaves Aroma Description: sweet-spicy, slightly green, fresh, with faint woody and balsamic undertones Emotional Attributes: love, strengthening, cleansing/purifying, sleep, uplifting, improves memory Cosmetic Uses: perfumery, aromatherapy Culinary Uses: leaves are used to flavor salads, soups, meat dishes, pasta sauces, vegetables, herb oils and vinegars, stuffing's, etc. Seeds are soaked in water, mixed with coconut milk and sugar as a cooling drink. Medicinal Attributes: antibacterial, restorative, warming herb; reduces fevers, relaxes spasms, improves digestion, fights intestinal parasites, used to treat skin infections, loss of smell, insomnia, migraine headaches, low spirits and anxiety. Its oil is used in dental products and insect repellants. Element Association: Fire Magical Associations: protection, prosperity Astrological Association: Scorpio Planetary Association: Mars

Season: Summer Aromatic Note: Middle note

Essential Oil: Yes, the leaves are steam distilled. Two types are created, Sweet Basil oil (US or European grown) and Runion Basil oil (grown in Comoro Islands, Seychelles, Madagascar). *Note: The essential oil may cause irritation for some people.

Mixes Well With: coriander, frankincense, galangal, white copal, lemon balm, oakmoss, opoponax, rosemary, clary sage, lime peel, etc.

Bay Laurel
Laurus nobilis Description: One of only two Laurel species; a widely used dense evergreen shrub or small tree whose leaves are rich in essential oils and used for flavoring, aromatherapy, and medicine. The Laurel tree is associated with Apollo, the healing god.

In Ancient Greece laurel leaves were used for fortune-telling and good luck. The winners of the ancient Olympic Games were given wreaths of laurel leaves, placed atop their heads, which as celebrated again during the 2004 Olympics in Athens. Laurel was used in ancient Greece to fumigate or cleanse a space to protect against infections and disease. Family: Lauraceae Synonyms: Bay, bay laurel, sweet bay Origin: Mediterranean region, now cultivated in China, Israel, Lebanon, Turkey, Yugoslavia, Russia, Italy, France, etc. Parts Used: dried leaves Aroma Description: fresh, strong, sweet, spicy and warm with a touch of camphor Emotional Attributes: strengthening, expands the senses Cosmetic Uses: Perfumery, aromatherapy Culinary Uses: Leaves are used in sauces, soups, stews, and desserts. A flavoring for licorice, figs, condiments, meat products and liqueurs. Medicinal Attributes: bitter, stimulant herb, improves digestion, used to treat poor appetite, colic, gas, indigestion, dandruff, rheumatism, sprains, bruises, etc. Element Association: Air Magical Associations: healing, protection, awareness, peace, luck, dreams Astrological Association: Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Sagittarius Planetary Association: Moon, Venus

Season: Spring Aromatic Note: Top note

Essential Oil: Yes, steam distilled Laurel Leaf oil and a Laurel Berry absolute are manufactured.

Mixes Well With: frankincense, hyssop, juniper berry, labdanum, lavender, pine needle, rosemary, sage-desert, etc.

Cardamom
Elettaria cardamomum Description: A rainforest evergreen perennial which has been exported from the East to Europe for perfumery use since ancient times. It's essential oil is one of the oldest known oils used in perfumery. The seeds inside the pods are used for incense making. Family: Zingiberaceae Synonyms: known as Ela in Ayurvedic medicine Origin: India, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Malaysia, now cultivated around the world Parts Used: seeds (in hulls) Aroma Description: warm, spicy, camphoraceous, penetrating, with slight floral, woody and balsamic notes Emotional Attributes: refreshing, cleansing/purifying, invigorating, sensuous, love, happiness Cosmetic Uses: perfumery, aromatherapy Culinary Uses: an ingredient in curry powders, used to flavor pickles, meat sauces, seasonings, etc. In Turkey and other Arab countries it's added to flavor coffees. A popular ingredient in Scandinavia and Europe for use in bread and baked goods, not well known in U.S. Medicinal Attributes: warm, stimulating, expectorant, tonic effects, especially on the lungs and kidneys. Used to relax spasms, improve digestion, treat nausea and vomiting. Used in Ayurvedic medicine to treat bronchial and digestive complaints. Element Association: Water Magical Associations: Friendship Astrological Association: Taurus Planetary Association: Venus

Season: Spring Aromatic Note: Top note

Essential Oil: Yes, an essential oil is extracted from the seeds. The hulls are removed immediately prior to distillation.

Mixes Well With: calamus, cassia, catnip, cedar, chamomile, elemi, frankincense, galangal, labdanum, lemon balm, lemongrass, rose, spikenard, turmeric, lemon peel, etc. Incense Making Tip: The seeds degrade very quickly so do not crush the hulls and seeds until actual use.

Ceylon Cinnamon
Cinnamomum zeylanicum Description: From the great camphor tree family comes some 250 species of evergreen trees and shrubs. Among them is C. zeylanicum (cinnamon), C. cassia (cassia), and C. camphora (camphor).

! The fragrant bark of the Cinnamon tree is usually found sold as rolled quills. It's one of the
oldest spices known to humans. Cinnamon is a important world spice and played a major role in the colonial expansion of early European civilizations. The Dutch, English and Portuguese all pursued it and fought wars over it; invading Ceylon to monopolize its market. The Dutch began to cultivate it in the 18th century.

Threatened Species Alert: Some species are being blocked from cutting/harvesting by Chinese authorities (2007). See Cropwatch and IUCN. Family: Lauraceae Synonyms: none known Origin: Southern India, Sri Lanka Parts Used: bark Aroma Description: warm, spicy, sweet; a bit more earthy than cassia Emotional Attributes: warming, strengthening, love,

sensuous, cleansing/purifying, creative

Cosmetic Uses: perfumery, aromatherapy; used in oral hygiene products and other cosmetics Culinary Uses: ground bark is used to flavor ice cream, candies, curries, cakes, desserts, cookies, breads, etc. Cinnamon sticks are used to flavor hot drinks such as cappuccino and mulled wine. Leaves are used to flavor Jamaican pork, etc. Medicinal Attributes: has been used to treat diarrhea, colds, influenza, nausea, gastrointestinal disorders, candida, arthritis and rheumatism.

*Warning: Avoid if Pregnant*

Element Association: Fire Magical Associations: healing, protection, awareness, prosperity, spirituality Astrological Association: Aries, Leo, Sagittarius Planetary Association: Sun

Season: Summer Aromatic Note: Middle note

Essential Oil: Yes, steam distillation of the leaves and bark. Note: the oil can be an irritant to sensitive people.

*Warning: Avoid if Pregnant* Mixes Well With: aloeswood, benzoin, borneol camphor, calamus, cassia, clove, frankincense, galangal, galbanum, iris root, musk seeds, nutmeg, opoponax, rhubarb, saffron, sandalwood, spikenard, star anise, storax, tolu balsam, turmeric, vanilla, etc.

Chamomile
Chamaemelum nobile Description: There are three plants called Chamomile: Roman (Anthemis nobilis), German (Matricaria chamomilla), and Maroc Chamomile (Ormenis multicaulis).

! These plants are easily grown in your garden and/or in pots. You can even grow Chamomile lawns. The Roman species is also known as "the plant's physician": ailing garden plants are supposedly cured by planting Chamaemelum nobile beside them. Cut flowers are said to last longer with the addition of Chamomile tea to their water.
Family: Asteraceae Synonyms: Anthemis nobilis, camomile Origin: Western Europe, Mediterranean region, North America and the Azores Parts Used: dried flowers Aroma Description: rich, warm, sweet, herbaceous, slightly fruity, with undertones of tea leaves and apples Emotional Attributes: love, cleansing/purifying, relaxing, sleep Cosmetic Uses: perfumery, aromatherapy; used to treat dry, sensitive and irritated skin and in shampoos to lighten and condition the hair Culinary Uses: flowers are used to makes teas, chopped to flavor cream sauces, and used to flavor Manzanilla sherry. Medicinal Attributes: anti-inflammatory herb with relaxant properties that act mainly on the digestive system. Used to treat digestive problems, painful menstruation, insomnia, and hyperactivity and temper tantrums in children. Used externally to treat irritated or sore skin, diaper rash, also used in inhalations for asthma and bronchial congestion, etc.

*Warning: Avoid if Pregnant*

Element Association: Water Magical Associations: Prosperity Astrological Association: Taurus, Cancer, Libra Planetary Association: Moon, Venus

Season: Summer Aromatic Note: Middle note

Essential Oil: Yes, three types: Roman and German, which are blue in color (due to its azulene content), and Maroc, which is pale yellow. Each is a steam distillation of its respective plants' flowers. The oil is subject to legal restrictions in some countries.

*Warning: Avoid if Pregnant* Mixes Well With: cardamom, cedar, ginger, juniper, lavender, labdanum, lemon balm, mastic, myrrh,
oakmoss, rose, rosemary, sandalwood, etc

Clove
Syzygium aromaticum Description: The sun-dried flower buds of this small bushy tree have been one of the world's most precious spices and a key ingredient during colonial times. The flower buds are pink until dried, where upon they turn brown. The buds contain a chemical called eugenol, which gives them their characteristic aroma. Trade in cloves can be traced back some 2000 years to China, India and even the Roman Empire.

Cloves are one of the primary seven ingredients in Buddhist incense and are known to be very stimulating. Family: Myrtaceae Synonyms: Eugenia caryophyllata Origin: Moluccas Islands (Spice Islands), Indonesia, Madagascar, Tanzania (Zanzibar), Comoro Islands Parts Used: flower buds Aroma Description: intense, spicy, warming, slightly sour-fruity, refreshing Emotional Attributes: strengthening, love Cosmetic Uses: widely used in perfumery, potpourris, pomanders, as well as to flavor toothpaste Culinary Uses: the buds are chewed as a breath freshener, widely used for food and drink flavoring. Used to flavor Vermouth and Indian and Indonesian cigarettes. Medicinal Attributes: used to treat gastroenteritis and intestinal parasites, toothaches and insect bites. In traditional Chinese medicine cloves are used as a kidney tonic, to relieve pain, treat nausea, vomiting, stomach chills and impotence. Strongly antiseptic. Element Association: Fire Magical Associations: protection, spirituality, awareness, prosperity Astrological Association: Aries, Scorpio, Pisces, Sagittarius Planetary Association: Jupiter

Season: Summer Aromatic Note: Middle note

Essential Oil: Yes, steam distilled, widely used in perfumery

Mixes Well With: aloeswood, borneol camphor, benzoin, cassia, cinnamon, frankincense, guggul, lavender, myrrh, musk seed, nutmeg, opoponax, patchouli, rhubarb, rose, saffron, sandalwood, spikenard, star anise, storax, tolu balsam, turmeric, vanilla, etc.

Ginger Root
Zingiber officinale

Description: A tropical Asian perennial plant with aromatic rhizomes (roots). There are about 100 species in the Zingiber genus, many of which are grown commercially. Fresh rhizomes are bought worldwide for their flavoring properties.

This species has been cultivated since earliest recorded history for medicinal and culinary purposes. It was listed as a taxable commodity by the Romans in AD200 and first mentioned in Traditional Chinese medicinal literature during the later Han dynasty (AD25-220). Ginger is a wonderful ingredient to add a little spice and zest to an incense mixture. Family: Zingiberaceae Synonyms: jiang Origin: Tropical Southeast Asia, Jamaica, and all warm regions of the world Parts Used: rhizomes (roots) Aroma Description: rich, warm, spicy, sweet, violet-like, camphor fragrance Emotional Attributes: strengthening, cleansing/purifying, creativity, sensuous, love Cosmetic Uses: perfumery, aromatherapy Culinary Uses: used in soft drinks (ginger beer and ginger ale), candies, syrups, soups, marinades, curries, chutneys, pickles, meat and fish dishes. Pickled ginger is used in Japanese dishes, especially to flavor sushi. Medicinal Attributes: a warming herb used for motion sickness, nausea, indigestion, stimulate circulation and to relax muscle spasms and relieve pain, etc. Element Association: Fire Magical Associations: prosperity, awareness Astrological Association: Scorpio, Leo, Sagittarius Planetary Association: Mars

Season: Summer Aromatic Note: Middle to Top note

Essential Oil: Yes, steam distilled. Absolutes are also available. Rich in volatile oils.

Mixes Well With: calamus, cedar-red, chamomile, coriander, galangal, frankincense, musk seed, pine needles, rhubarb, rose, saffron, sandalwood, spikenard, turmeric, orange peel, lemon peel, etc.

Lavender
Lavandula officinalis Description: Some 25 aromatic evergreen perennials and shrubs found throughout the Mediterranean, Middle East and India. Rich in volatile oils, lavender and humans have a long history together.

! Lavender can be grown in your garden or potted on a patio or deck.

Family: Lamiaceae Synonyms: none known Origin: Mediterranean, Middle East and India Parts Used: dried flowers Aroma Description: sweet, floral, herbaceous, with balsamic and woody undertones Emotional Attributes: love, happiness, cleansing/purifying, relaxing, soothes the mind and body for a restful night's sleep Cosmetic Uses: perfumery, aromatherapy; potpourri, creams, lotions, body oils, soaps, shampoos, bath oils, salts, etc. Culinary Uses: fresh flowers are crystallized and added to salads, jams and jellies, ice cream, vinegar, soups, stews, marinades, herbal teas Medicinal Attributes: tonic herb, antiseptic, anti-depressant. Used to relax spasms, relieve anxiety, exhaustion, irritability, depression, tension headaches and migraines. Treats burns, wounds, sunburn, rheumatism, skin disorders, muscular pain, insect bites, etc. Element Association: Air Magical Associations: healing, protection, peace Astrological Association: Gemini, Virgo, Aquarius Planetary Association: Mercury Essential Oil: Yes, steam distilled oil from fresh flowers. Concretes and Absolutes are also widely available.

Season: Spring, Summer Aromatic Note: Middle to Top note Mixes Well With: aloeswood, bay laurel, benzoin, burgundy pitch, chamomile, cloves, encelia, frankincense, galbanum, guggul, iris root, juniper, labdanum, lemon balm, lemongrass, marjoram, mastic, musk seeds, mugwort, myrrh, nutmeg, oakmoss, opoponax, patchouli, palo santo wood, pine needle, pine resin, rose, rosemary, sandalwood, spikenard, star anise, storax, sage-desert, sage-white, sweetgrass, thyme, tonka beans, valerian root, etc.

Lemon Balm
Melissa officinalis Description: There are three species of perennials in the genus. This species has been cultivated for over 2000 years. Most likely originally grown as a bee plant, giving rise to its name, which is Greek for "honey bee." It's therapeutic values were heavily promoted by Arab physicians in the 10th and 11th centuries.

It's name in many European countries is "hearts delight" and infusions of the dried herb were thought to cure heart diseases and melancholia. Family: Lamiaceae Synonyms: Melissa, balm Origin: Southern Europe, West Asia, North Africa Parts Used: dried leaves Aroma Description: pleasant, citronella-like, fresh, sweet, herbaceous Emotional Attributes: peaceful, relaxing, strengthening, joyful, love Cosmetic Uses: perfumery, aromatherapy Culinary Uses: leaves are used in herbal teas Medicinal Attributes: a cooling, antibacterial, antiviral, sedative herb that lowers fever, improves digestion, relaxes spasms and peripheral blood vessels. It's used to inhibit thyroid activity, treat nervous tension, anxiety, depression, palpitations, tension headaches, etc. Element Association: Air Magical Associations: Healing Astrological Association: Cancer, Pisces Planetary Association: Moon

Season: Spring Aromatic Note: Middle note

Essential Oil: Yes, steam distilled essential oils are available. One of the most frequently adulterated oils on the market. A genuine oil is very difficult to find.

Mixes Well With: basil, cardamom, cedar, chamomile, eucalyptus, frankincense, juniper, lemongrass,
mastic, vetiver, peppermint, geranium, lemon peel, lemon verbena, orange peel, etc.

Lemon Grass
Cymbopogon citratus Description: One of some 50 plus species of aromatic tropical grasses rich in lemon and rose-scented essential oils. The best known species is C. citratus (lemon grass), which is grown on a large scale in India and Guatemala. Family: Poaceae Synonyms:

West Indian lemon grass, East Indian lemon grass

Origin: Warm temperate parts of Asia and Europe, now widely distributed Parts Used: dried leaves Aroma Description: strong, fresh, grassy, lemon, herbaceous, tea-like Emotional Attributes: balancing, relaxing, sleep, sensuous Cosmetic Uses: perfumery, aromatherapy, widely used in soaps, body oils, detergents, cosmetics, insect repellants Culinary Uses: fresh leaves are used in sauces, curries, teas, for flavoring meats and fish, etc. Medicinal Attributes: bitter, cooling herb that increases perspiration and relieves spasms, used to treat digestive problems, minor fevers, ringworm, lice, arthritis, athlete's foot, etc. Element Association: Air Magical Associations: Awareness Astrological Association: Gemini Planetary Association: Mercury Essential Oil: Yes, steam distilled essential oils from freshly dried leaves.

Season: Spring Aromatic Note: Middle note Mixes Well With: borneol camphor, cardamom, frankincense, lavender, lemon balm, marjoram, mastic, pine needles, rhubarb, rosemary, sage-desert, sandarac, etc.

Marjoram
Origanum marjorana Description: There are some 20 species or perennials and shrubs in this genus, rich in volatile oils they're grown as ornamentals for their aromatic foliage, tiny attractive flowers, and culinary uses.

! !

During the Middle Ages, marjoram was used to relax the nervous system, calm anger and bring joy to the heart. It's also a biblical incense ingredient. This plant can be grown in your garden or in pots. Family: Lamiaceae Synonyms: sweet marjoram Origin: Southern Europe, North Africa and Turkey Parts Used: dried leaves and flowering heads Aroma Description: warm, spicy, camphoraceous and woody with slight floral notes, somewhat similar to nutmeg and cardamom Emotional Attributes: love, happiness, relaxation, sleep Cosmetic Uses: perfumery, aromatherapy; widely used in soaps and hair products Culinary Uses: fresh leaves are popular in Italian and Greek cooking, with meat dishes, soups, stuffing, tomato sauces, pasta, and to flavor oil and vinegar, liqueurs, etc. Medicinal Attributes: warming, relaxing, restorative herb that relaxes spasms, stimulates the uterus and circulation, improves digestion and has expectorant effects. Used to treat bronchial complaints, tension headaches, insomnia, anxiety, and minor digestive complaints. Used externally to treat bronchial congestion, muscular pains, arthritis and stiff joints, sprains. Also used in warm olive oil to treat ear infections.

*Warning: Do not use if pregnant*

Element Association: Air Magical Associations: unknown, see above emotional attributes Astrological Association: Libra Planetary Association: Venus

Season: Summer Aromatic Note: Top note

Essential Oil: Yes, the dried leaves are steam distilled. It is one of the few Origanum oils that can be used in perfumery. French and Tunisian oils are said to be of the finest quality.

*Warning: Do not use if pregnant* Mixes Well With: lavender, lemongrass, mastic, myrrh, rosemary, sage, thyme, mint, lemon verbena,
etc.

Mugwort
Artemisia vulgaris Description: A perennial herb in a genus of some 300 species. The leaves of this species have long been treasured for medicinal purposes and repelling insects. Ancient Romans filled their sandals with the leaves, which were noted to soothe sore feet.

Considered a magical plant in Asia and Europe, Mugwort was often worn as a midsummer's belt and later burned to transfer that person's suffering into the fire. It was one of the nine sacred herbs in Druid times that were used to drive out evil spirits. Mugwort was also known as the "Mother of Herbs" and was associated with Anglo-Saxon witchcraft and fertility rites. Mugwort is burned as incense during the summer solstice, as a symbol of letting go of the old.

It's common name, wormwood, comes from the German Wermut, which means "preserver of the mind," as the herb was thought to improve mental functions. Ironically, in 1908, Swiss researchers found that wormwood oil contained high doses of the chemical thujone, and discovered that thujone is addictive and in excess can cause hallucinations and even damage the central nervous system. The oil has since been banned in many countries.

! Threatened Species Alert: Status: Vulnerable in some E. European areas. See Cropwatch.
Family: Asteraceae Synonyms: wormwood, felon herb, Chinese moxa, midge plant, Bollan bane Origin: Northern Temperate regions Parts Used: dried leaves Aroma Description: dry, woody, green, herbaceous, leather-like Emotional Attributes: warming, relaxation, sleep, strengthening, cleansing/purifying, Cosmetic Uses: perfumery, aromatherapy Culinary Uses: used in China and Japan to flavor and color rice cakes and dumplings. Also used for teas. In Europe, Mugwort is used to flavor eel, carp, geese, duck, pork and mutton. Medicinal Attributes: tonic herb which acts as a digestive stimulant, diuretic, and nerve tonic. It's used to treat depression, digestive worm or parasite infections, and menstrual complaints. Widely used in Ayurvedic medicine for the female reproductive system, nervous complaints, and as a wash for fungal infections.

*Warning: Avoid if Pregnant*

Element Association: Earth Magical Associations: healing, protection, awareness Astrological Association:

Libra

Planetary Association: Sun

Season: Spring, Summer Aromatic Note: Middle note

Essential Oil: Yes, sold as Wormwood oil, steam distilled. The oil is banned in many countries due to the addictive nature of the chemical thujone, which is present in the oil. Much of today's oil is without thujone and experiencing a revival of this ancient herb.

Myrrh
Commiphora myrrha Description: About 180 species belong to the Commiphora genus of small deciduous trees and shrubs. Myrrh gum resin is collected from cut branches and incisions in the trunk of the tree and dried to a solid. It has been used since antiquity in incense mixtures to inspire prayer and meditation and to fortify and revitalize the spirit.

Myrrh is one of the ingredients in the old testament that the Magi brought to Jesus upon his birth (though scholars now believe it to be stacte, a liquid pressed from fresh myrrh or possibly boiled from its bark). Family: Burseraceae Synonyms: Commiphora molmol, bola, bisabol, myrrha Origin: Oman, Yemen, India, Somalia, Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea Parts Used: oleo gum resin Aroma Description: deep, rich, warm, earthy, bitter, balsamic, slightly sweet and spicy, herbaceous Emotional Attributes: strengthening, relaxing, meditative, sensuous, helps sleep, cleansing/purifying, Cosmetic Uses: perfumery, aromatherapy; used in shampoos, skin creams, lotions, etc. Culinary Uses: no modern uses known Medicinal Attributes: astringent, antiseptic, antispasmodic, stimulant, and strong painkilling properties. Used to treat gum disease and mouth ulcers, menstrual and circulatory problems, wounds, bruises, boils, and pressure sores, etc. Element Association: Water Magical Associations: healing, spirituality, protection Astrological Association: Cancer, Scorpio, Aquarius, Virgo, Taurus Planetary Association: Moon

Season: Summer, Winter Aromatic Note: Base note

Essential Oil: Yes, steam and hydro distilled essential oils are available. A resinoid is also made using alcohol or solvent extraction.

Mixes Well With: amber, benzoin, calamus, cassia, catnip, cinnamon, chamomile, copalblack, cloves, dammar, dragon's blood, elemi, frankincense, galangal, galbanum, guggul, iris root, lavender, marjoram, musk seeds, oakmoss, onycha, opoponax, palo santo wood, patchouli, rose, sandarac, spikenard, star anise, storax, tonka beans, etc.

Nutmeg
Myristica fragrans Description: The dried kernel (seed) of the peach-like fruits from this large, bushy, tropical evergreen tree have been treasured as a valuable spice for thousands of years. Another spice, Mace, is the bright red fleshy layer covering the kernel. Both are rich in volatile oils.

Nutmeg and Mace have been traded since at least the 1st Century AD, mainly for medicinal purposes. Later, it's value as a spice was such that in 1512 the Portuguese successfully took the Moluccas Islands to monopolize its trade. Family: Myristeicaceae Synonyms: jatiphala Origin: East India, now cultivated in Indonesia and the West Indies Parts Used: kernel (seed) Aroma Description: warm, suave, spicy-balsamic and strongly aromatic Emotional Attributes: stimulating, strengthening, sensuous Cosmetic Uses: perfumery, aromatherapy; 'nutmeg butter' is widely used in perfumery, soaps, candles, etc., and by the pharmaceutical industry Culinary Uses: a key ingredient of tomato ketchup, it's also widely used to flavor bakery products, desserts, drinks, meat dishes, vegetables, cheese dishes, sauces, and pasta stuffing's. The flesh of nutmeg fruits are candied, pickled, and made into jams and jellies. Medicinal Attributes: warming digestive tonic, antispasmodic, with antibacterial properties, used to treat diarrhea, digestive disorders, toothaches, eczema, rheumatic and abdominal pains, labor pains. In Ayurvedic medicine it's also used to treat insomnia.

*Warning: Excess use can cause headaches, nausea, dizziness, and delirium
Element Association: Fire Magical Associations: luck, awareness,

prosperity

Astrological Association: Gemini, Leo, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Aquarius, Pisces, Virgo Planetary Association: Jupiter

Season: Summer Aromatic Note: Top note

Essential Oil: Yes, extracts, steam distilled essential oils, and alcohol/solvent extracted absolutes are all widely available. Nutmeg extracts are considered to have a more truer-to-nature aroma.

Mixes Well With: cassia, cinnamon, clove, labdanum, lavender, oakmoss, patchouli, rose, sandalwood, tonka beans, turmeric, vanilla, vetiver, geranium, clary sage, etc.

Patchouli
Pogostemom cablin Description: An upright bushy evergreen perennial with aromatic triangular leaves, closely related to the mint plant.

In India, patchouli is used on valuable clothing and carpets to repel moths. The famous cashmere shawls of India were delicately scented by being stored in wooden containers aromatized with patchouli oil. The Arabs took large quantities of patchouli with them on pilgrimages, stuffing it into mattresses and pillows to ward off contagious disease.

! Fashionable in Europe during the 1860's, patchouli regained popularity with the hippie movement in the US in the 1960's.
Family: Lamiaceae Synonyms: patchouly, Pogostemon patchouli Origin: native to India, Indonesia and Malaysia, now grown throughout Asia Parts Used: for making incense use the essential oil (aged oils are better) - the fermented dried leaves have a foul odor when directly burned. Dried patchouli leaves can work well on incense stoves which allow adjusting

either the heat intensity or the distance away from the ame so it doesn't burn at all
Aroma Description: deep, rich, intense, sweet, herbaceous, spicy, woody balsamic Emotional Attributes: cleansing/purifying, relaxing, strengthening, sensuous, sleep Cosmetic Uses: Perfumery, aromatherapy, potpourri; creams, lotions, oils, toiletries, etc. Culinary Uses: used in breath fresheners, and in the commercial food industry Medicinal Attributes: an astringent, antiseptic, warming herb that acts as a diuretic,, lowers fever, improves digestion, controls vomiting and has both a tonic and sedative effect on the nervous system. Element Association: Earth Magical Associations: protection, prosperity Astrological Association: Taurus, Virgo, Capricorn, Aquarius Planetary Association: Saturn

Season: Autumn, Winter Aromatic Note: Base note

Essential Oil: Yes, a steam distilled essential oil is made. The cell walls of the leaves must first be ruptured before distilling, this is done by controlled light fermentation with superheated steam or by stacking the leaves in bales and curing them. The essential oil gets much better with age.

A resinoid is also made from a concrete created by using hydrocarbon solvents on the dried leaves. Mixes Well With: benzoin, borneol camphor, calamus, cassia, cedar-red, clove, iris root, labdanum, lavender, musk seeds, mugwort, myrrh, nutmeg, opoponax, pine needles, rhubarb, rose, sandalwood, spikenard, tolu balsam, valerian root, vetiver, neroli, bergamot, geranium, etc.

Pine Needles
Pinus abies Description: From the Pinus genus, which includes some 120+ species of pine trees, we are given the gift of pine needles. To Christians the pine tree is a symbol of light and life.

The pine tree has been greatly revered throughout history for its strong healing powers. In her book, Natural Science, Hildegard von Bingen wrote this of the pine, "The pine tree is more warm than cold and contains many energies and powers. The tree is the symbol of strength." Celtic and German ancestors believed the pine tree to be a source of protection from negative energies. Pine was burned in sick rooms to strengthen the healing process. According to older herb books, pine strengthens the nerves and gives energy, courage, and emotional strength. Family: Pinaceae Synonyms: none known Origin: North and Central America, North Africa, SE Asia Parts Used: fresh or dried needles Aroma Description: pine odor, balsamic, sweet, slightly woody and spicy, green Emotional Attributes: strengthening, cleansing/purifying Cosmetic Uses:

perfumery, aromatherapy

Culinary Uses: used in commercial food flavorings, kernels used in salads, with cooked vegetables, rice, and ground for sauces such as pesto Medicinal Attributes: used for respiratory and urinary tract infections, coughs, bronchitis, asthma, rheumatism and muscular stiffness. Causes allergic reactions in some individuals. Element Association: Air Magical Associations: healing, protection, spirituality, prosperity, courage, fertility Astrological Association: Aries, Scorpio, Aquarius Planetary Association: Mars

Season: Autumn, Winter Aromatic Note: Top note

Essential Oil: Yes, steam distilled essential oils are made from the heartwood and from the needles. May cause allergic reaction in some individuals.

Mixes Well With: bay laurel, burgundy pitch, cedar-red, elemi, frankincense, galbanum, juniper, lavender, lemongrass, mugwort, oakmoss, patchouli, pine resin, rhubarb, rosemary, sage-white, sage-desert, spikenard, star anise, thyme, valerian root, etc.

Rose
Rosa spp. Description: There are some 150 species of roses. Cultivation of these treasured shrubs and their flowers dates back thousands of years to the ancient Greeks, Romans and Persia. For the Sufi, roses were a symbol of the love of god and used to reach a mystical union with all that is godly.

! !

Most popular for its essential oil is the Damask Rose or Rosa damascena, which is predominantly cultivated and distilled in Bulgaria. The fragrance of rose has long inspired poets and lovers. The Greek poetess Sappho christened it "Queen of Flowers" in 600 BC.

! For incense purposes, carefully crush the petals, after cutting off the rose hip. Rose oil can also be added to an incense recipe.
Family: Rosaceae Synonyms: many Origin: northern temperate regions Parts Used: dried flower petals Aroma Description: warm, floral, slightly spicy, rich Emotional Attributes: sensuous, love, strengthening, relaxing, meditation, prayer Cosmetic Uses: perfumery, aromatherapy; also used as a skin rejuvenator and healing element in skin creams, lotions, oils, etc. Culinary Uses: petals are added to salads and teas. The petals are also crystallized and added to jams, jellies, syrups Medicinal Attributes: an astringent, tonic herb rich in vitamins; used to treat colds, bacterial infections, gastritis, diarrhea, in Ayurvedic medicine to treat circulatory congestion, sore throats, mouth sores and menstrual complaints. Also used to relieve depression and lethargy, etc. Element Association: Water Magical Associations: spirituality, healing, awareness, protection, dreams, luck Astrological Association: Taurus, Cancer, Libra, Sagittarius Planetary Association: Moon, Venus

Season: Spring, Summer Aromatic Note: Middle note Yes, many varieties of roses are steam distilled and widely used. The left over water in the receiving vessel is sold as Rose Water and also widely used. Hydro-distilled essential oils, and solvent extracted concretes and absolutes are also made.
Essential Oil:

Mixes Well With: aloeswood, benzoin, calamus, cardamom, catnip, chamomile, cloves, dammar, frankincense, galbanum, guggul, iris root, labdanum, lavender, mastic, musk seed, myrrh, nutmeg, oakmoss, opoponax, patchouli, saffron, sandalwood, sandarac, star anise, storax, tolu balsam, etc.

Rosemary
Rosmarinus officinalis L. Description: One of only two species in the genus, this evergreen shrub is quite variable and widely distributed around the world. The other species, R. eriocalix, is found only in calcium, limestone and lime rich rocky areas of southern Spain and northern Africa.

Rosemary is a symbol of friendship, loyalty, and remembrance in many parts of the world. It's traditionally carried by brides at their wedding as well as by mourners at funerals.

! The Egyptians, Hebrews, Greeks, and Romans used Rosemary to cleanse living spaces and fumigate their stalls. Greek scholars wore garlands of Rosemary when taking exams to improve their memory and concentration.
Family: Lamiaceae Synonyms: none known Origin: coastal areas of Mediterranean; now cultivated worldwide Parts Used: dried leaves Aroma Description: strong, fresh, woody-herbaceous, balsamic, with a hint of mint Emotional Attributes: cleansing/purifying, strengthening, helps sleep, sensuous, love, helps memory Cosmetic Uses: perfumery, aromatherapy Culinary Uses: fresh or dried leaves are used in soups, stews, stuffing, added to cookies and jams, steeped in vinegars, wines, and olive oils to flavor salads and used to flavor meat - especially lamb Medicinal Attributes: restorative herb that relaxes spasms, relieves pain, increases perspiration rate, stimulates the liver and gall bladder, improves digestion and circulation, etc. *Warning: Avoid if Pregnant* Element Association: Fire Magical Associations: Healing Astrological Association: Leo Planetary Association: Sun

Season: Summer Aromatic Note: Top note

Essential Oil: Yes, steam distilled essential oils are available. *Warning: Avoid if Pregnant*

Mixes Well With: basil, bay laurel, borneol camphor, burgundy pitch, cedar, chamomile, dammar, frankincense, galbanum, hyssop, juniper, labdanum, lavender, lemongrass, marjoram, mastic, mugwort, pine, sage-white, sage-desert, thyme, valerian root, etc.

Saffron
Crocus sativas Description: The world's most costly spice, saffron is the individual stigmas, deep red thread-like fibers, from the flower of this perennial Mediterranean plant. It takes some 150,000 flowers and 400 hours of labor to produce 1 kilogram (2.2 lbs.) of dried saffron.

! Saffron has been prized as a colorant and food flavoring ingredient for at least 4000 years. Following the Crusades in the 11th century, it began being widely cultivated in the Middle East and Europe. !
In ancient Arabia saffron was used for ceremonies of birth, weddings and death. Family: Iridaceae Synonyms: saffron crocus, fan hong hua Origin: Mediterranean region; now grown mainly in Iran, Spain, Kashmir, Turkey and Azerbaijan Parts Used: styles (stigmas) Aroma Description: warm, intensely sweet, sensuous, spicy, floral, slight herbaceous undertone Emotional Attributes: sensuous, love, happiness, strengthening Cosmetic Uses: used as a dye for hair, nails, etc. Culinary Uses: used as a flavoring and colorant for liqueurs, cakes, cookies, puddings, sweetmeats, sauces, fish stews, rice dishes (i.e. Spanish Paella, Italian Risotto Milanese and India's Biryani), etc. Medicinal Attributes: pungent, bitter-sweet herb that improves digestion, increases perspiration, stimulates circulation and menstruation, reduces high blood pressure. Used in Traditional Chinese Medicine to treat stagnant liver energy, depression and menstrual disorders.

*Warning: Avoid if pregnant*

Element Association: Fire Magical Associations: healing, awareness Astrological Association: Taurus, Leo, Libra Planetary Association: Moon, Venus, Mars

Season: Summer Aromatic Note: Middle to Top note

Essential Oil: Not commercially available, a tincture can be made using saffron threads soaked in diluted alcohol.

*Warning: Avoid if pregnant* Mixes Well With: aloeswood, benzoin, cassia, cinnamon, cloves, dammar, frankincense, ginger, labdanum, musk seeds, rose, sandalwood, sandarac, etc.

Star Anise
Description: A small tree native to southwestern China produces a fruit that ripens into the shape of a star. Star Anise may be the least studied of all incense ingredients. Like common anise, it tastes a lot like licorice, which has led them to be used to flavor candies and foods. In Asia, people sometimes eat star anise after meals to freshen their breath and aid digestion. One of the phytochemicals, 1,8 Cineole, is both a stimulant and a sedative. Another, Limonene, is now being considered as possibly anti-Alzheimeran. This suggests an ability to improve awareness and alertness. Star Anise is known to enhance relaxation, sleep patterns, emotional balance and even a sense of humor. It relieves stress from overwork and is an aphrodisiac. Family: Illiciaceae Synonyms: Chinese anise Origin: Southeast China, Vietnam, etc. Parts Used: star shaped fruits (dried) Aroma Description: intensely sweet, very licorice-like Emotional Attributes: creative, relaxing, sensuous, sleep, enhances sense of humor Cosmetic Uses: Perfumery, aromatherapy Culinary Uses: unripe fruits are chewed for digestion and as a breath freshener. Used as flavoring for curries, coffee, liqueurs, soft drinks, foods and candy. An ingredient in the "Five Spice Powder" of Chinese and Vietnamese cuisine. Medicinal Attributes: treats lung congestion, muscle spasms, indigestion, abdominal pain, coughing. Antifungal and anti-bacterial properties. Excess dosage or use can cause trembling or convulsions due to high content of anethole.

*Warning: Can be narcotic and cause slow circulation. Can cause skin dermatitis in sensitive individuals.*
Element Association: Air Magical Associations: luck, awareness Astrological Association: Pisces, Sagittarius Planetary Association: Jupiter

Season: Spring Aromatic Note: Top note

Essential Oil: Yes. The seeds and fruit are steam distilled to create en essential oil. Oil solidifies at room temperature. Note: This oil is often adulterated with a synthetic Anethole which may be harmful to humans due to the presence of cis-Anethole and other synthetic anetholes. Use only a known trusted source or use a lab to properly identify toxicity.

*Warning: Can be narcotic and cause slow circulation. Can cause skin dermatitis in sensitive individuals.* Mixes Well With: aloeswood, benzoin, borneol camphor, calamus, cassia, cinnamon, clove, frankincense, galangal, guggul, iris root, lavender, musk seeds, myrrh, opoponax, pine needles, rhubarb, rose, sandalwood, turmeric, etc.

Thyme
Thymus vulgaris L. Description: There are over 350 species of Thyme; small evergreen, aromatic, woody shrubs. They make great garden plants with fragrant foliage and colorful flowers.

! You can grow Thyme in your garden or as a potted plant in a kitchen window
Family: Lamiaceae Synonyms: common thyme Origin: Mediterranean, Central Europe, Russia, China Parts Used: dried leaves and flowering tops Aroma Description: deep, herbaceous, warming, slightly green with rich, spicy undertones and a slightly medicinal note Emotional Attributes: love, cleansing/purifying, strengthening, improves sleep Cosmetic Uses: perfumery, aromatherapy; the essential oil is an important ingredient of toothpastes, mouthwashes, soaps, and topical anti-rheumatic preparations Culinary Uses: used to flavor soups, fish, meat, marinades, vinegar, stuffing's, baked or sauted vegetables; thyme is an essential ingredient in many classic French dishes. Medicinal Attributes: warming, astringent herb; expectorant, improves digestion, relaxes spasms, and controls coughing. Strongly antiseptic and anti-fungal; used for skin and scalp complaints, gum disease, aches and pains, fungal infections, emotional exhaustion, depression, etc.

*Warning: Avoid if Pregnant*

Element Association: Water Magical Associations: healing, courage, awareness Astrological Association: Aries, Taurus, Libra Planetary Association: Venus, Mercury

Season: Spring, Summer Aromatic Note: Top note

Essential Oil: Yes, steam and hydro distilled essential oils are available. Absolutes made using hydrocarbon solvent distillation are also available.

*Warning: Avoid if Pregnant* Mixes Well With: borneol camphor, coriander, dragon's blood, lavender, marjoram, mastic, pine needles,
pine resin, rosemary, sage-desert, sage-white, mint, lemon peel, etc.

Tumeric
Curcuma longa Description: The large aromatic rhizomes (roots) of this small perennial plant are one of the most common food flavorings and colorants in Asian cuisine. Turmeric is one on the five primary Buddhist incense ingredients and also the traditional coloring for the robes of Buddhist monks.

! At wedding ceremonies in Indonesia, the bride and groom tint their arms and waists with a dye of turmeric.
Family: Zingiberaceae Synonyms: Curcuma aromatica (wild turmeric), Curcuma domestica, haridra, yellow root Origin: native to India, Southern Asia Parts Used: dried rhizomes (roots) Aroma Description: spicy, fresh, peppery, woody, pungent and bitter; reminiscent of ginger and galangal with a hint of sweet orange Emotional Attributes: rejuvenating, strengthening, cleansing/purifying Cosmetic Uses: perfumery, aromatherapy, also used as a dye in cosmetics Culinary Uses: an essential ingredient of curries and curry powder Medicinal Attributes: research has shown significant anti-inflammatory and liver-protecting properties, a bitter astringent herb which stimulates the uterus, digestive, circulatory and respiratory systems. Used to treat digestive and circulatory disorders, uterine tumors, jaundice, liver disease, and menstrual problems. Also an anti-inflammatory for asthma and eczema and to reduce risks of strokes and heart attacks. etc. Element Association: Fire Magical Associations: Healing Astrological Association: Aries, Scorpio, Leo Planetary Association: Mars, Saturn

Season: Summer Aromatic Note: Middle note

Essential Oil: Yes, a steam distilled essential oil is made, sometimes sold as Curcuma oil, as is a less common absolute and oleoresin

Mixes Well With: aloeswood, borneol camphor, cardamom, cassia, cedar-red, clove, cinnamon, coriander,
galangal, ginger, iris root, labdanum, nutmeg, sandalwood, star anise, etc.

Vanilla
Vanilla plantifolia Description: The only member of the vast orchid family that's cultivated for a commercial product rather than as an ornamental. It is a climbing vine that needs a supporting wall or tree trunk into which the vine sends tiny but strong hooks.

Vanilla is one of the world's most important flavorings. It was introduced to Europe in the 16th century by the Spanish (Fernando Cortez), who found it used by the Aztecs as a flavoring for chocolate. It remained a mystery for almost 300 years as to why the plant did not set fruits until a hand-pollination method was developed on the island of La Runion.

! In cultivation, Vanilla must be pollinated by hand to produce fruits (vanilla pods), which take eight to nine months to ripen. The aromatic compounds are developed during a long and troublesome fermentation period of the unripe pods. The fruits contain about 3.5 percent vanillin. Tahitian vanilla (Vanilla tahitensis) and West Indian vanilla (Vanilla pompona) are alternative inferior sources of vanilla.
Family: Orchidaceae Synonyms: Bourbon vanilla (from Madagascar and La Runion) Origin: native to Central and South America and Mexico, now cultivated in Madagascar (the largest producer by far), the West Indies, La Runion, Tahiti, Java, Seychelles, etc. Parts Used: fruits (pods) Aroma Description: rich, sweet, somewhat woody and animal-like, slightly tobacco-like, with a deep balsamic, sweets-spicy body Emotional Attributes: love, sensuous, relaxing, strengthening Cosmetic Uses: perfumery, aromatherapy; used in potpourris, candles, room fragrances, etc. Culinary Uses: used to flavor ice cream, chocolate, yogurt, desserts, syrups, cakes, candy, cereals, soft drinks, liqueurs (Galliano), fruits, tobacco, etc. Medicinal Attributes: improves digestion Element Association: Water Magical Associations: see emotions - strengthening, etc. Astrological Association: Taurus, Libra, Scorpio Planetary Association: Venus

Season: Summer Aromatic Note: Base note

Essential Oil: Yes; absolutes, extracts, resinoids and tinctures are all manufactured, though are often adulterated and do not share the full aromatic qualities of the ripen fruits. A far inferior synthetic vanillin is often used in the perfumery and flavorings trades.

Mixes Well With: benzoin, cassia, cinnamon, cloves, copal-black, mugwort, nutmeg, opoponax, palo santo wood, sandalwood, storax, sweetgrass, tolu balsam, tonka beans, vetiver, copaiba and Peru balsams,
etc.

How Incense Are Made How are Incense sticks made: Agarbatti or the incense stick is hand made by making a paste of Aromatic wood, Leaves, roots and a special adhesive (gum). This paste is rolled onto fine wooden sticks and sun dried . The dried Incense Sticks are then hand dipped in Aromatic oils and perfumes to make a finished product that enlightens the spirit when lit. The incense sticks are available in a wide variety of fragrances and can be availed on customer"s choice. What we avoid while making a good quality incense: Our incense are not be perfumed with toxic or habit forming substances. We do not use punk sticks to make incense. Punk sticks are cheap and in several cases can cause throat and nasal irritation as well as headaches. Incense making as an activity: Incense making is exercising our creativity in a joyful and meditative manner. You can make your own hand made incense in your favorite perfumes! Make incense to match your candles, soaps and bath & body products for great gift sets! You can easily select & buy already made incense sticks and cones from us, and you can also make your own. HOW TO MAKE INCENSE : Select from Incense blanks (unscented cones or sticks). These come in two varieties: wood based and charcoal based. Charcoal based blanks are easier to work with and produce a higher quality product. Prefer good quality charcoal based blanks soak up less oil, but produce a more pleasing aroma and less smoke than the wood based blanks. Sandalwood base is common to almost every incense formula, and serves as a wonderful aroma as well as a burning agent of its own right. If you were making an incense of sandalwood alone, the amount of burning agent required is very less, however resins like Frankincense are difficult to burn and must be used in much lower percentages to sandalwood. Otherwise, your incense won"t burn properly, and may me too smoky or keep going out. For Sticks: Put on your gloves. Lay your sticks in a flat pan (a shallow glass baking pan works well to lay sticks in and submerge in the oil). Pour the incense oil over them. Saturate them by rolling the sticks around in the oil. When the sticks are saturated, lay them out on soaking paper or towel or cloth to dry. When the incense is still nearly dry, store it in an airtight container or a ziplock bag, or wrap it in a foil paper to avoid leaking the scent in the atmosphere. For Cones: Put on your gloves. Put your cones in a large ziplock plastic bag and pour the incense oil over them. Saturate them by shaking the bag with care. When the cones are saturated (turned wet), lay them out on soaking paper or towel or cloth to dry. When the incense is still nearly dry, store it in an airtight container or a ziplock bag to avoid leaking the scent in the atmosphere. Note: Use DPG (Dipropylene Glicol - a synthetic, perfumers cutting) to dilute the thick incense oils. Do not use alcohol in place of DPG, it does not work well. Do not use straight fragrance oil as it will make excessively smoky incense!