CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

WATER: SCENARIO IN WORLD AND INDIA WAGATECH PRIVATE LTD.: AN OVERVIEW ASSIGNMENT

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1. WATER
Water is a chemical substance with the chemical formula H2O. Its molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds. Water is a liquid at ambient conditions, but it often co-exists on Earth with its solid state, ice, and gaseous state (water vapor or steam). Water also exists in a liquid crystal state near hydrophilic surfaces.

Water covers 70.9% of the Earth's surface and is vital for all known forms of life. On Earth, it is found mostly in oceans and other large water bodies, with 1.6% of water below ground in aquifers and 0.001% in the air as vapor, clouds (formed of solid and liquid water particles suspended in air), and precipitation. Oceans hold 97% of surface water, glaciers and polar ice caps 2.4%, and other land surface water such as rivers, lakes and ponds 0.6%. A very small amount of the Earth's water is contained within biological bodies and manufactured products.

The collective mass of water found on, under, and over the surface of a planet is called the hydrosphere. Earth's approximate water volume (the total water supply of the world) is 1,360,000,000 km3 (326,000,000 mi3).Groundwater and fresh water are useful or potentially useful to humans as water resources. Liquid water is found in bodies of water, such as an ocean, sea, lake, river, stream, canal, pond, or puddle. The majority of water on Earth is sea water. Water is also present in the atmosphere in solid, liquid, and vapor states. It also exists as groundwater in aquifers.

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CHART-1

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2. WATER IN INDIA
Surface Water Indias average annual surface run-off generated by rainfall and snowmelt is estimated to be about 1869 billion cubic meters (BCM). However, it is estimated that only about 690 BCM or 37 per cent of the surface water resources can actually be mobilized. This is because (i) over 90 per cent of the annual flow of the Himalayas Rivers occurs over a four month period and (ii) potential to capture such resources is complicated by limited suitable storage reservoir sites.

Rainfall The average annual rainfall in India is about 1170 mm. This is considerable variation in rain both temporarily and spatially. Most rain falls in the monsoon season (June-September), necessitating the creation of large storages for maximum utilization of the surface run-off. Within any given year, it is possible to have both situations of drought and of floods in the same region. Regional varieties are also extreme, ranging from a low value of 100 mm in Western Rajasthan to over 11,000 mm in Meghalaya in North-Eastern India. Possible changes in rainfall patterns in the coming decade, global warming and climate change and other predicted or observed long-term trends on water Availability could affect Indias water resources.

Ground Water Indias rechargeable annual groundwater potential has been assessed at around 431 BCM in aggregate terms. On an all India basis it is estimated that about 30 per cent of the groundwater potential has been tapped for irrigation and domestic use. The regional situation is very much different and large parts of India have already exploited almost all of their dynamic recharge.

Haryana and Punjab have exploited about 94 per cent of their groundwater resources. Areas with depleting groundwater tables are found in Rajasthan,
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Gujarat, most of western Uttar Pradesh and in all of the Deccan states. Occurrence of water availability at about 1000 cubic meters per capita per annum is a commonly threshold for water indicating scarcity (UNDP). Investment to capture additional surface run-off will become increasingly more difficult and expensive in the future. Over time, both for surface and groundwater resources, a situation where resources were substantially underutilized and where considerable development potential existed, has transformed in little more than a generation to a situation of water scarcity and limited development options. India faces an increasingly urgent situation: its finite and fragile water resources are stressed and depleting while various sectorial demands are growing rapidly. Historically

relatively plentiful water resources have been primarily for irrigated agriculture, but with the growth of Indian economy and industrial activities water demands share of water is changing rapidly. In addition increase in population and rapid urbanization also put an additional demand on water resources. Summing up the various sectorial projections reveals a total annual demand for water increasing from 552 billion cubic meters (BCM) in 1997 to 1050 BCM by 2025

TABLE-1

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3. WATER SUPPLY IN INDIA

In 2008, 88% of the population in India had access to an improved water sources. In rural areas, where 72% of Indias population lives, the respective shares are 84% for water. In urban areas, 96% had access to an improved water source. Access has improved substantially since 1990 when it was estimated to stand at 72% for water .According to Indian norms, access to improved water supply exists if at least 40 liters/capita/day of safe drinking water are provided within a distance of 1.6 km or 100 meter of elevation difference, to be relaxed as per field conditions. There should be at least one pump per 250 persons. Challenges. None of the 35 Indian cities with a population of more than one million distribute water for more than a few hours per day, despite generally sufficient infrastructure. Owing to inadequate pressure people struggle to collect water even when it is available. According to the World Bank, none have performance indicators that compare with average international standards. A 2007 study by the Asian Development Bank showed that in 20 cities the average duration of supply was only 4.3 hours per day. No city had continuous supply. The longest duration of supply was 12 hours per day in Chandigarh, and the lowest was 0.3 hours per day in Rajkot.[3] In Delhi residents receive water only a few hours per day because of inadequate management of the distribution system. This results in contaminated water and forces households to complement a deficient public water service at prohibitive 'coping' costs; the poor suffer most from this situation. For example, according to a 1996 survey households in Delhi spent an average of 2,182 (US$48.7) per year in time and money to cope with poor service levels. This is more than three times as much as the 2001 water bill of about US$18 per year of a Delhi household that uses 20 cubic meters per month.

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Achievements: Jamshedpur, a city in Jharkhand with 573,000 inhabitants, provided 25% of its residents with continuous water supply in 2009. Navi Mumbai, a planned city with more than 1m inhabitants, has achieved continuous supply for about half its population as of January 2009. Badlapur, another city in the Mumbai Conurbation with a population of 140,000, has achieved continuous supply in 3 out of 10 operating zones, covering 30% of its population Thiruvananthapuram, the capital of Kerala state with a population of 745,000 in 2001, is probably the largest Indian city that enjoys continuous water supply.

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4. SERVICE LEVEL BECHMARKS (Issued by MoUD)

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Sr No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Indicator COVERAGE SUPPLY NRW METERING CONTINUITY EFFICIENCY QUALITY RECOVERY COLLECTION

Benchmark Ahmedabad Delhi 100% 135LPCD 15% 100% 24HOURS 80% 100% 100% 90% 85.4 121 31 NIL 2 99.2 94.8 53.9 60.3 71.5 144 52.4 55.3 3 73 99.5 41.6 86.3

Surat 86.6 147 20.4 0.4 3 94.8 100 92.3 94

Chandigrah 87 158 31 73 17.5 100 100 64 89

TABLE-3

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Need of service level benchmarks Every sector has a few key performance indicators that are understood by most stakeholders in that sector. Similarly, in the urban sector too, there have been a number of performance indicators related to urban management and service delivery that have been defined, measured and reported. However, most initiatives in performance management so far have been observed to have some key limitations: Different sets of performance indicators have been defined under different initiatives; the definition or the assessment method may vary for the same performance indicator, thus inhibiting inter-city or intra-city comparisons; Most measurement exercises have been externally driven (by agencies external to the agency responsible for delivery against those performance parameters), leading to the key issue of ownership of performance reports; Most performance measurement initiatives have not been institutionalized, limiting the benefits of monitoring trends in performance over time; and The process of performance measurement has not been taken forward into performance management. These limitations mean that systems for measuring performance and taking further action on them have not been institutionalized in urban agencies. It is therefore important that the basic minimum standard set of performance parameters are commonly understood and used by all stakeholders. Depending on the specific need, additional performance parameters can be defined and used.

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FIGURE-2

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5. WAGATECH PRIVATE LTD: A Brief overview

About Wagatech Wagatech is the operating partner of Wagamet in India. Wagatech are the service provider for water and gas supply utilities in the fields of leak location and loss analysis using smart, modular technology. Wagatech is capitalizing on the expertise and innovative, successful technology envisaged by Wagamet in the areas of leak localization in the bulk drinking water distribution networks since the last 25 years. Its role is to transfer the technology successfully into the Indian Scenario and to foster a culture that believes in the judicious use of water. As there is no other smarter way to monitor a buried water network and be able to predict leakages in the same from the surface itself, we have committed ourselves to draw from the passion of Wagamet (Switzerland ) to conserve and respect water resources in every way we can.

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SECTORS WAGATECH WORK Technology upgrade for drinking water networks Technology and knowledge transfer Benchmarking of best practices to save Non Revenue Water Auditing of Water Networks Water Loss Analysis Measurement technology Exact leak location using correlation Noise-level measurement

Water Supplies 1) Locating Water Leakage 2) Water Loss Analysis 3) Locating water mains 4) Locating valves 5) Pressure Measurement 6) GIS 7) Equipment training 8) Infrastructure services 9) Ultrasonic Flow rate measurement 10) Hydrant discharge measurement Gas Supplies 1) Locating Gas leakage 2) Gas Loss Analysis 3) Locating Gas mains 4) Locating Valves
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Core Team
Wagatech Mr. Vrajesh Kotadia - Director More than 10 years of experience into the telecom industry project execution. Associated with Wagamet for the last 2 years and trained in Wagamet (Switzerland) in all the leakage detection products and processes in the Swiss Municipal Counties. Mr. Premchandrahas Sastry Business Manager and Technical Head More than 7 years experience into manufacturing plant operations, Utilities and Six Sigma project methodology in General Electric Company. Mr. Anil Solanki Business Manager More 15 years of hands on experience into executing telecom industry projects. Associated with Wagatech for the last 2 years.

Wagamet Mr. Hugo loetcher CEO Associated with Wagamet more than 25 years and played an active role along with the inventor in the innovation of Wagamet leakage detection technology and products. Mr.Thomas Puaschitz - Sales Manager & Technical Head Looking after the export activities of Wagamet worldwide. Installation, commissioning of Wagamet Products worldwide and training of personnel to detect leakages using the technology.
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6. SUMMER INTERNSHIP ASSIGNMENT

Carrying out a survey in Municipal Corporations of Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Rajkot, Jamnagar as an initiative to share the best practices worldwide to reduce NRW/ UFW in public water supply systems Drawing out Sales strategy of Leak Pen in Vadodara, as a part of understanding and experiencing: Institutional Sales, market Segmentation, Sales Plan, Real Demos and Presentations Understanding the flow chart detailing about hierarchical structure in GoI, GoG, and ULB and its finances

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