1) ulsLlngulsh beLween SubsLanLlve and rocedural Law

rocedural law provldes Lhe ptocess LhaL a case wlll go Lhrough (wheLher lL goes Lo Lrlal or noL) 1he
procedural law deLermlnes how a proceedlng concernlng Lhe enforcemenL of subsLanLlve law wlll occur
SubsLanLlve law deflnes how Lhe facLs ln Lhe case wlll be handled as well as how Lhe crlme ls Lo be
charged ln essence lL deals wlLh Lhe sobstooce of Lhe maLLer Lven Lhough boLh are affecLed by
Supreme CourL oplnlons and sub[ecL Lo consLlLuLlonal lnLerpreLaLlons each serves a dlfferenL funcLlon ln
Lhe crlmlnal [usLlce sysLem
2) LlsL 2 [usLlflcaLlons for crlmlnal punlshmenL
1wo [usLlflcaLlons for Crlmlnal punlshmenL are
a) unlshmenL as a deLerrenL of fuLure wrongdolng
b) unlshmenL as belng earned and deserved as a flLLlng consequence Lo dolng wrong or evll
unlshmenL as a deLerrenL of fuLure wrongdolng works Lo deLer elLher Lhe same persons repeaLlng Lhe
offense (or lnLenLlonally dolng oLher wrong Lhlngs) or where lL serves Lo deLer oLhers from commlLLlng
Lhe same (or oLher) offense
3) ldenLlfy 3 general facLors LhaL lnfluence a [udge's senLenclng declslons
1hree general facLors LhaL lnfluence a !udge's senLenclng declslons are
a) asL crlmlnal hlsLory
b) WheLher you were Lhe maln perpeLraLor ln Lhe crlme or [usL an accompllce
c) WheLher anyone was hurL durlng Lhe crlme

4) ulsLlngulsh arole from robaLlon
robaLlon ls a senLence ordered by a [udge usually lnsLead of buL someLlmes ln addlLlon Lo servlng
Llme ln [all lL allows Lhe convlcLed person Lo llve ln Lhe communlLy for a speclfled perlod of Llme
someLlmes under Lhe supervlslon of a probaLlon offlcer dependlng on Lhe clrcumsLances and Lhe
serlousness of Lhe crlme whereby arole ls Lhe condlLlonal release of a prlson lnmaLe afLer servlng parL
(lf noL all) of hls or her senLence allowlng Lhe lnmaLe Lo llve ln Lhe communlLy under supervlslon of Lhe
parole perlod 1he declslon Lo granL parole ls Lhe responslblllLy ln a ma[orlLy of sLaLes of a board of
parole or commlsslon vlolaLlon of Lhe condlLlons of parole resulLs ln revocaLlon and relmprlsonmenL





3) ldenLlfy Lhe crlme for whlch deaLh may be a punlshmenL
Crlmes LhaL can resulL ln a deaLh penalLy are known as caplLal crlmes or caplLal offences Such crlmes
lnclude llrsL degree murder wlLh aggravaLlng facLors and Lreason
6) Lxplaln whaL house arresL ls
Pouse ArresL ls conflnemenL Lo ones quarLers raLher Lhan prlson by admlnlsLraLlve or [udlclal order
under a house arresL program Lhe offender serves a [all senLence ln Lhelr own resldence raLher Lhan ln a
[all cell 1he person wears an elecLronlc monlLorlng devlce around Lhe ankle f Lhls slgnal ls lnLerrupLed
by Lhe offender golng beyond Lhe auLhorlzed radlus of Lhe recelver Lhe monlLorlng compuLer records
Lhe daLe and Llme of Lhe slgnal's dlsappearance and any reappearance lf Lhe slgnal falls Lo be deLecLed
durlng a Llme when Lhe person ls requlred Lo be home auLhorlLles are noLlfled and a warranL may be
lssued for Lhelr arresL
What is meant by Burden oI ProoI and Standard oI ProoI?
1he 8urden of roof ls Lhe duLy of one parLy ln a legal case Lo convlnce Lhe declslonmaker ([udge and/or
[ury) LhaL Lhelr verslon of Lhe facLs ls Lrue 1he burden of proof ls carrled by Lhe prosecuLlon ln crlmlnal
Lrlals 1he burden of proof ls much greaLer ln crlmlnal Lrlals Lhan lL ls ln clvll Lrlals largely because Lhere
ls much more aL sLake llke Lhe defendanL's llberLles ln a crlmlnal Lrlal
1he SLandard of roof ls Lhe amounL of evldence whlch a (or prosecuLlng aLLorney ln a crlmlnal case)
musL presenL ln a Lrlal ln order Lo wln ls called Lhe sLandard of proof ulfferenL cases requlre dlfferenL
sLandards of proof dependlng on whaL ls aL sLake Cne common sLandard ls 8eyond a reasonable doubL
(crlmlnal cases)for a crlmlnal defendanL Lo be convlcLed of a crlme Lhe prosecuLor musL prove her case
Lo Lhe polnL LhaL Lhe [urors have no reasonable doubLs ln Lhelr mlnds LhaL Lhe defendanL dld whaLever
he ls charged wlLh havlng done
8) ueflne each of Lhe followlng Lypes of offence
Summary Cffence
An offence LhaL can be Lrled summarlly wlLhouL Lhe rlghL Lo a [ury Lrlal and/or lndlcLmenL LhaL ls before
maglsLraLes MosL mlnor offences eg common assaulL and baLLery are Lrlable only summarlly
lndlcLable Cffence
A crlme (offense) for whlch a grand [ury rules LhaL Lhere ls enough evldence Lo charge defendanL wlLh a
felony 1hese crlmes lnclude murder manslaughLer rape kldnapplng grand LhefL robbery burglary
arson consplracy fraud and oLher ma[or crlmes as well as aLLempLs Lo commlL Lhem

Cffences Lrlable elLher way
A crlme LhaL may be Lrled elLher as an lndlcLable offence or a summary offence Such crlmes lnclude
offences of decepLlon or fraud LhefL blgamy and sexual acLlvlLy wlLh a chlld under Lhe age of 16 When
an oIIence is triable either way, the magistrates' court must decide, on hearing the initial Iacts oI
the case, iI it should be tried on indictment rather than summarily (Ior example, because it
appears to be a serious case Even iI they decide that they can deal with the matter adequately
themselves, they must give the deIendant the choice oI opting Ior trial upon indictment beIore a
jury
9) ulfferenLlaLe beLween ConcurrenL and ConsecuLlve SenLences
ConcurrenL SenLenclng when a crlmlnal defendanL ls convlcLed of Lwo or more crlmes a [udge
senLences hlm/her Lo a cerLaln perlod of Llme for each crlme 1hen ouL of compasslon lenlency plea
bargalnlng or Lhe facL LhaL Lhe several crlmes are lnLerrelaLed Lhe [udge wlll rule LhaL Lhe senLences
may all be served aL Lhe same Llme wlLh Lhe longesL perlod conLrolllng

ConsecuLlve SenLenclng 1hose lmprlsoned for mulLlple crlmes wlll serve a consecuLlve senLence ln
whlch Lhe perlod of lmprlsonmenL equals Lhe sum of all Lhe senLences

Slmply puL ConsecuLlve means Lhe years follow each oLher or are added on Lo Lhe senLence whlle
ConcurrenL means Lhe years are served aL Lhe same Llme wlLh Lhe longesL perlod conLrolllng

10)WhaL does 8ecldlvlsm research reveal abouL Lhe success of achlevlng Lhe alms of punlshmenL?

MosL recldlvlsm research focuses on characLerlsLlcs of Lhe offender Lo deLermlne Lhe llkellhood of
repeaL crlmlnal acLlvlLy 1he purpose of Lhe research ls Lo asslsL ln deslgnlng more effecLlve correcLlonal
programs Whlle some varlaLlon ln success raLes can be aLLrlbuLed Lo Lhe lndlvlduals enrolled ln Lhose
programs offenders are mosL llkely Lo sLlll repeaL crlmlnal acLlvlLy when Lhey are ouL