: part 1

:
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modeling

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Differential Equation :

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(Modeling)

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Differential Equation
dependent variable
independent variable

(dep indep)
2

d2y
dy
+ xy = 0
2
dx
dx

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d 4x
d 2x
+ 5 2 + 3x = sin t
4
dt
dt
v v
+
=v
s t
2 u 2u 2u
+ 2 + 2 =0
2
x
y
z

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

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Ordinary Differential Equation

1.11.2 O.D.E.(1.1xy1.2
tx)

d y
dy
+ xy = 0
2
dx
dx
2

d x
d x
+ 5 2 + 3x = sin t
4
dt
dt
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1.1
1.2
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Partial Differential Equation

1.31.4 P.D.E.(1.3stv
1.4x,y,zu)

v v
+
=v
s t
2
2
2
u u u
+ 2 + 2 =0
2
x
y
z
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1.3
1.4
8

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Differential Equation
Order

1.121.241.311.4 2
2

d2y
dy
+ xy = 0
2
dx
dx

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d 4x
d 2x
+ 5 2 + 3x = sin t
4
dt
dt
v v
+
=v
s t
2u 2u 2u
+ 2 + 2 =0
2
x
y
z

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

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Linear Ordinary Differential

Equationn
dny
d n 1 y
d n2 y
dy
a0 ( x) n + a1 ( x) n 1 + a2 ( x) n 2 + L + an 1 ( x) + an ( x) y = b( x),
dx
dx
dx
dx

ydegree1
y
1.51.6

8
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1.1 2
dy
dx
degree
21.5
1.6

d y
dy
+
xy
=0
2
dx
dx
2

d2y
dy
+
+ 6y = 0
5
2
dx
dx
3
d4y
x
2 d y
3 dy
+
+
=
x
x
xe
dx 4
dx 3
dx

1 .1
1 .5
1 .6

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Nonlinear Ordinary Differential

Equation

d2y
dy
2
y
+
5
+
6
=0
2
dx
dx

1.7

d2y
dy
+
5
+ 6y = 0
2
dx
dx
d2y
dy
+ 5y + 6y = 0
2
dx
dx

1.8
1.9

1.7 6y2 degree2

degree3
1.8 5 dy
dx
1.8 5 y dy y
dx

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d y
+y=0
2
dx

y = f ( x) = 2 sin x + 3 cos x + c
y 2 sin x 3 cos x c = 0

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Explicit Solution of

the Ordinary Differential Equation

dy
dny
F x, y, ,L n = 0
dx
dx

1.10,

nFreal
functionn+2 fx= y
Ixnf
1.10I

F x, f ( x), f ( x),L, f n ( x)

] Ix

A.

B. F [x, f ( x), f ( x),L, f n ( x)] = 0 Ix

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Explicit Solution of the

Ordinary Differential Equation

f ( x) = 2 sin x + 3 cos x

1.11

d2y
+y=0
2
dx

xf(x)
xf(x)

1.12
f ( x) = 2 cos x 3 sin x,
f ( x) = 2 sin x 3 cos x.

d2y
dx 2

f (x)y f(x)1.12
( 2 sin x 3 cos x ) + ( 2 sin x + 3 cos x ) = 0xf(x)1.12
0

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Implicit Solution of

the Ordinary Differential Equation

dy
dny
F x, y, ,L n = 0
dx
dx

1.10,

H(x,y)=0 y= f(x)
1.10I H(x,y)=0 1.10

: x 2 + y 2 25 = 0 x + y dy
dx = 0
5 < x < 5
f1 ( x) = 25 x 2 , f 2 ( x) = 25 x 2
f1( x) =

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x
25 x

x + f1 ( x) f1( x) = 0
15

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: x 2 + y 2 + 25 = 0 x + y dy
dx = 0
f1 ( x) = 25 x 2 , f 2 ( x) = 25 x 2
f1( x) =

x
25 x 2

x + f1 ( x) f1( x) = 0, x + y dy
dx = 0

f1 ( x) = 25 x 2 f 2 ( x) = 25 x 2 ,

x , y ,
, x 2 + y 2 + 25 = 0, x + y dy
dx = 0
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General Solution Particular

Solution Singular Solution

O.D.E.

n O.D.E. n O.D.E.

O.D.E.

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General Solution Particular

Solution Singular Solution

dy
2
:
= ( y x ) + 1
dx
1
1
dy d
d
1
: y = x

= x
= 1 (x + c )
x+c
dx dx
x+c
dx

= 1 1 (x + c ) 1 = 1 + (x + c )

: , y (1) = 0,

y = x

= 1+

( x + c )2

1
x

: y = x
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(Separable equation)
g ( y ) y = f ( x) LLL (1)
dy
y
(1),
dx
g ( y )dy = f ( x)dx LL (2)

dy
(1) x g ( y ) dx = f ( x)dx + c
dx

g ( y)dy = f ( x)dx + c
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LLL (3)
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9 yy + 4 x = 0

9 ydy = 4 xdx

9
2

y 2 = 2 x 2 + c

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x2 y2
+
= c , c = 18c
9
4

20

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(x 2 + 1) y + ( y 2 + 1) = 0

(x 2 + 1)

dy
+ ( y 2 + 1) = 0 (x 2 + 1)dy + ( y 2 + 1)dx = 0
dx

dy
dx
+
=0
2
2
y +1 x +1

dy
dx
1
1
+
=
0

tan
y
+
tan
x+c =0
2
2

y +1
x +1

tan tan(tan 1 y + tan 1 x) = c ,

tan(tan 1 y ) + tan(tan 1 x)
y+x

= c,
= c
1
1
1 yx
1 tan(tan y ) tan(tan x)
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ydx-xdy = 0,
y (1) = 2

ydx xdy = 0

dx dy

=0
x
y

x
dx
dy
x

=
0

ln

ln
=

ln
=

= c
x
y
c
c
y
x y
y

: y (1) = 2 c =

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1
2

x 1
=
y = 2x
y 2
22

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cos x(e 2 y y )

dy
= e y sin 2 x
dx

y ( 0) = 0

dy
= e y 2 sin x cos x (e 2 y y )dy = e y 2 sin xdx
cos x(e y )
dx
(e y e y y )dy = 2 sin xdx
2y

e y + ( y + 1) e y = 2 cos x + c

: y (0) = 0 c = 4

e y + ( y + 1) e y = 2 cos x + 4
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y
: y = g , :
x
y
y

u = y = ux, y = u x + u , y = g
x
x
du
dx
u x + u2005/9/23
= g (u ) u x = g (u ) u
=
24
g (u ) u
x

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let u =

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y
x

25

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