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LAS MUJERES, LA VIOLENCIA Y EL SISTEMA DE DERECHOS HUMANOS Sally Engle Merry*

Traduccin de Moiss Silva
Atcl tmd dl lbo d Mroi Aoi ruo oao e ir e agre gsn (d) Women, Gender, and Human Rights. A Global e.. P r p c i e. R t e s U i e s t P e s N e a J r e esetv ugr nvriy rs, uv esy y Londres, 2001 (rdcd y pbiao cn atrzc) tauio ulcd o uoiain. *Agradezco a la National Science Foundation, en sus Programas de Antropologa Cultural y Derecho y Ceca Scae, s aoo a l ivsiain inis oils u py a netgc dsrt e et esy. ecia n se nao

LA TEORA

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sre d ua ug e n taiin d dsino ao cn re e l Iutain erpa l rdc e ocets s o acs n a lsrc uoe, a expansin del sistema de derechos humanos contemporneo es un pout d l sgna mtd dl sgo vit. Dse l Dcaain rdco e a eud ia e il ene ed a elrc Universal de los Derechos Humanos e 1 4 h h b d u a d a i a n 98 a aio n rmtc expansin de doctrinas de derechos humanos y de mecanismos para hcro vlr Ls Ncoe Uia y ss aeca aiids sn ls aels ae. a ains nds u gnis flaa o a isiuins ms iprats e et poeo pr sn aoaa d nttcoe motne n se rcs, eo o pyds e m n r s m y s g i i a i a por una explosivamente creciente red aea u infctvs de organizaciones n g b r a e t l s i t r a i n l s L s d r o uenmnae nencoae. o ee co d ls mjrs sn ua aiin rltvmne rcet a cmo hs e a uee o n dc eaiaet eine l ap d ls drco hmns S ipraca cmn cn ls piea e o eehs uao. u motni oez o a rmrs ruins sbe ls mjrs y e dsrol e ls ao stna E enoe or a uee l earlo n o s eet. l drco a l poec cnr l voeca e uo d ls ms rceeeh a rtcin ota a ilni s n e o ein tmne atclds dsuio pr piea vz cm ua voain eet riuao; ictd o rmr e oo n ilc d ls drco hmns a fns d ls ao ohna tv ua ee o eehs uao ie e o s cet, uo n x pnin eom e ls ao nvna a cee dse u efqe e as nre n o s oet, l rcr ed n nou n l voainylsgle e lsrlcoe d prj,al voainyl a ilc o ops n a eains e aea a ilc a voeca d gnr patcd pr ls Etds e l ger, l tru ilni e eo rciaa o o sao n a ura a otr y e ecreaino a cm drne l voeca itrtia E a l naclmet, s oo uat a ilni nenc. l rcia t i o e t a a a o a s x a e , l p n e i d l SIDA y p t c s rfc n rbjdrs euls a adma e scae priuae qe tee u ipco e ls mjrs cm e oils atclrs u inn n mat n a uee, oo l cre d ls gntls fmnns hn sd rcetmne dfnds ot e o eiae eeio, a io eineet eiio cm isaca d voeca e cnr d ls mjrs oo ntnis e ilni n ota e a uee. A e cneio d ls drco d ls mjrs h cmid s, l otnd e o eehs e a uee a abao dramticamente desde 1948, como lo han hecho los derechos hu-

Anu l ie d ls drco hmns uqe a da e o eehs uao

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mns d ua mnr ms gnrl Ets cmis sn e rslao ao e n aea eea. so abo o l eutd d ls atvdds d ls Etds y d ognzcoe tasaine a ciiae e o sao e raiains rnncoa Tre, 97 l s c m l s N c o e U i a e i n m r b e O N Gs ( u n r 1 9 ; e oo a ains nds nueals Kc y Skik 19; Budn, 18) Ss atvdds cnttek ikn, 98 olig 98. u ciiae osiu yn ua scea cvl itrainl ddcd a l epnin y l e n oidd ii nencoa eiaa a xas a observacin de los derechos humanos. Mediante procesos transnacoae d rclcin d ifrain cneeca y dsuins inls e eoec e nomc, ofrnis icsoe bj ls asiis d ls Ncoe Uia y ognso rgoae, ao o upco e a ains nds raims einls estos grupos han creado un nuevo orden cuasi-legal (ver Santos, 19) Ls cnecoe, taao y ssea d ipatc sn 95. a ovnins rtds itms e mlnain o ceds pr eups itrainls y leo rtfcds pr ls Etrao o qio nencoae ug aiiao o o sa ds ls cae aue ua rsosbldd pr hcro vlr bj o, o uls smn n epnaiia o aels ae ao l spriin d u ognso goa (e Rls 19) Anu e a uevs e n raim lbl vr ie, 99. uqe l sistema de derechos humanos carece del poder sancionador de la ly dl Etd, s epnin y eaoain cen u neo epco e e sao u xas lbrc ra n uv sai lgl dsusv dnr d l aea goa, u epco cntud pr ea icrio eto e a rn lbl n sai osrio o atrsfead Erp ylsEtdsUio,acm dnr d . coe ur e uoa o sao nds s oo eto e l Ua iutain daia d l cmrnin cmine d ls dn lsrc rmtc e a opes abat e o e rco a itro dl ssea d ls drco hmns e l eeehs l neir e itm e o eehs uao s a mr gencia de una concepcin de los derechos indgenas, aplicados a guo ms qe a idvdo, y qe dfnn qe e drco itra rps u niius u eie u l eeh nencional tiene competencia sobre asuntos anteriormente considerads dnr d l rsosbldd dmsia d ls Etds S Jms o eto e a epnaiia otc e o sao. . ae Aaa (96 nt qe e drco itrainl et rgead a ny 19) oa u l eeh nencoa s ersno l mro d rfrni ntrlsa d l piea to cia a ou ac e eeeca auait e a rmr era lsc, l cpre d ua pecpc aacdr pr l pz mnil l etbas e n rouain braoa o a a uda, a sai

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ldd y ls drco hmns y et icroad u dsus qe ia o eehs uao, s noprno n icro u s pecp pr ls idvdo y ls guo. e roua o o niius o rps Como sistema cuasi-legal, el rgimen de los derechos humanos s aoa a ptcs dsitvs d cntuc y aoo d ls dre bc rcia itnia e osrcin py e o ee chos. El sistema de derechos humanos est en constante cambio, desarrollando nuevas concepciones de derechos y nuevas declaracoe pr aucals Et esy eaia e sriino d l ins aa nniro. se nao xmn l ugmet e a voeca e cnr d ls mjrs cm ua cet d drco ilni n ota e a uee oo n usin e eehs humanos dentro del sistema de los derechos humanos, y explora cm l fra cailgl dl odnmet sca goa, crce o a om us-ea e reaino oil lbl aatrstica del sistema de derechos humanos contemporneo, funciona cn rfrni a l dfnc d l voeca e cnr d ls mjo eeeca a eiiin e a ilni n ota e a ue res como una cuestin de derechos humanos.

La expansin de los derechos humanos

Los derechos son un fenmeno cultural que s dsrol ycmi ata dltep e e earla aba rvs e imo n rsusa a ua vrea d ifunis sepet n aidd e nleca o cae, eoia, pltcs y cluae. A pri d 14 e cn ils cnmcs oia utrls atr e 98 l ocpo d drco hmns h cmid d s sgiiao oiia et e eehs uao a abao e u infcd rgnl d drco cvls y pltcs cn re e l to lbrl a ua e eehs iie oio o acs n a era iea, n nc ms etna d drco clcio, drco cluae y oin xes e eehs oetvs eehs utrls drco scae yeoio.E sseaata nce e pna eehs oils cnmcs l itm cul ai n l esmet rdcl d l Rvlc Facs, a fns dl sgo deiino aia e a eouin rnea ie e il ico co pr a tria e sgo vit e neo ssea d drco h, eo l emnr l il ene l uv itm e eehs humanos se haba convertido en el lenguaje global predominante d l jsii sca e e mno A i lsdrco hmnsdsle a utca oil n l ud. l r o eehs uao epa

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zando gradualmente al socialismo y el comunismo, han incorporado agns d ls crcetcs d ets ielga, tls cm ls dlua e a aatrsia e sa doos ae oo o e rco eoio y scae a taao y l aec a l sld E ehs cnmcs oils l rbj a tnin a au. n rsusa a ls dmna d ls pels idgns ete ors ls epet a eads e o ubo nea, nr to, o drco hmns icue aoa ls drco a ua clua eehs uao nlyn hr o eehs n utr. L cec oiia dl ssea d drco hmns fe ua a rain rgnl e itm e eehs uao u n rsusa a crusaca hsia priuae. Anu hb aepet icntnis itrcs atclrs uqe uo l gn dsuin d ls drco hmns a picpo dl sgo viua ics e o eehs uao rniis e il en t, e ssea d drco hmns mdro s dsrol dsus e l itm e eehs uao oen e earl ep de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Despus del holocausto, muchos argumentaron que la proteccin de los derechos humanos ya no p d a s g i s e d l p e r g t v s b r n d l s E t d s L ONU o eur ino a rroaia oeaa e o sao. a y e neo rgmn lgl d drco hmns feo fnao sl uv ie ea e eehs uao urn udds o be l spsc d qe a nn Etd s l pda cnir u r a uoiin e u ign sao e e o ofa n drco aslt sbe ss pois cuaao. Ls idvdo neeh bouo or u rpo iddns o niius e cstbn poec cnr Etds auio. E rgmn itra eiaa rtcin ota sao bsvs l ie nencoa d drco hmnsssuoqe e vru d s hmndd inl e eehs uao otv u, n itd e u uaia, tds ls idvdo tee drco a u mnm bsc d dgi oo o niius inn eeh n io io e indad humana; que ciertos derechos son universales, fundamentales e iainbe, y pr l tno n dbn sr aaalds pr ls tai nleals o o at o ee e vslao o a rdcoe cluae y rlgoa, y qe e acdne dl ncmet e ins utrls eiiss u l ciet e aiino n ua clua o guo sca priua n tee nnua rlvni n utr rp oil atclr o in ign eeaca sbe e vlr itsc d ls idvdo o s drco a sr taa or l ao nrneo e o niius u eeh e rtds cm srs hmns (ehne, 19) A e ssea d dro oo ee uao Zcetr 97. s, l itm e ee co hmns fe isiao n sl pr l to d l Iutain hs uao u nprd o o o a era e a lsrc facs, sn tmin pr l rac mnil a nzso D mrnea io ab o a ecin uda l aim. e a

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nr smlr e mvmet d dsooiain d ls ao cnun ea iia, l oiino e eclnzc e o s icet yssnadofraa dsus d lsdrco hmns Cad a eet i om l icro e o eehs uao. uno ls pels clnzds epzrn a peinr a fvr d l dso o ubo ooiao meao rsoa ao e a eclonizacin, la autodeterminacin emergi como un concepto imprat d ls drco hmns (e Mry 20) otne e o eehs uao vr er, 00. E rsusa a ets poeo hsio y scae, e mro d n epet so rcss itrcs oils l ac e a eud vlcoad t a a o d d r c o h m n s d l ONU h s g i o e o u i n n o y rbj e eehs uao e a cminodse14.S taad u sseapuaiao feil y abad ed 98 e rt e n itm lrlzd, lxbe rsosv qe s dsrol cn e tep, y h ceio d u efepnio u e earla o l imo a rcd e n no qe sbe ls drco idvdae a uo sbe ls drco clc u or o eehs niiuls n or o eehs oetvs o d guo L pecpc cnrl oiia d poee a ls io e rp. a rouain eta rgnl e rtgr o idvdo d ls auo dl pdr dl Etd s h epnio a niius e o bss e oe e sao e a xadd poee a ls Etds ncets d l epoain clna, y a po rtgr o sao aine e a xltc ooil rtgr a ls ncoe (ubo) ncets d ls eets d l eoo ee a ains pels aine e o fco e a cnma pltc itrainl A pri d ls ao ohna ls pels oia nencoa. atr e o s cet, o ubo idgns hn rcaao l poec cnr ls voains d ss nea a elmd a rtcin ota a ilcoe e u drco pr pre d ls Etds Pr el, e cnet mdro d eehs o at e o sao. o lo l ocpo oen e drco hmns e mns idvdait y ms iultro qe ss eehs uao s eo niiulsa gaiai u u peeets d pltc lbrl Ls drco cvls y pltcs fe rcdne e oia iea. o eehs iie oio urn ls pieo drco, pr s ls hn uio ls grns a o o rmrs eehs eo e e a nd a aata l bienestar humano de un empleo y condiciones de trabajo justas, sld aietc, sgrdd sca y priiain e l vd cl au, lmnain euia oil atcpc n a ia utrl d l cmndd Ets drco laao pstvs poinn ua e a ouia. so eehs lmds oiio rvee de concepciones socialistas y de un Estado protector que hacan fsse lsdrco eoio,scae ycluae precm nai n o eehs cnmcs oils utrls o nia d lsdrco pltcs LsEtdsUio d Aiaaet ls e o eehs oio. o sao nds e mrc cpa o

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drco cvls y pltcs cn ms etsam qe ls eoi eehs iie oio o nuiso u o cnmcs scae ycluae.Lspe arcnseftznlsdrco o, oils utrls o ass fiao naia o eehs scae,eoio ycluae sbelsdrco cvls ype oils cnmcs utrls or o eehs iie, ass asiticos populosos como China e Indonesia argumentan que los drco pltcs idvdae sn aeo a ss taiins clua eehs oio niiuls o jns u rdcoe utrls cmnls aitcs y a ss ncsdds d sbitni (esr e ouae sia u eeiae e usseca Mse, 1997). Ls drco clcio s eceta ete ls ms rcets o eehs oetvs e nunrn nr o eine, anu tee peeets qe dtn d picpo dl sgo vit uqe inn rcdne u aa e rniis e il ene e ls drco d ls mnra, ls drco a lnuj y ls drn o eehs e a ios o eehs l egae o ee chos a la autodeterminacin (ver por ejemplo Anaya, 1996; Asch, 18; Cutr 19; Ser, 19; Tnat 19; Tak 19, y 98 ole, 94 ira 95 enn, 94 rs, 93 Wilmsen, 1989). Los pueblos indgenas en particular han luchado pr drco qe sn clcio y cys bnfcais sn cmno eehs u o oetvs uo eeiiro o oui dades histricamente formadas, ms que individuos o Estados (Anaya, 1996). Como hace notar Anaya, estos derechos no slo eta e cnlco cn l dctma dmnne idvdoEtd, nrn n ofit o a ioo oiat niiu-sao qe et e l bs d l cec d ls nra itrainls u s n a ae e a rain e a oms nencoae, sn qetmindsfa l sbrnadlEtd.Hsacet pno io u ab ean a oea e sao at iro ut, ls rcao d drco cluae eie aimcoe d atni o elms e eehs utrls xgn frains e uetcidad cultural con resonancia en concepciones antropolgicas de clua atroe. Ls atrersnains atnia y cluautr neirs a uorpeetcoe utcs utrl mne dfrnids qe et dsus a vcs rqir, pee iet ieecaa u se icro ee euee udn n cluso constituir falsas representaciones o malos entendidos cntudsprhsoiscmatds(ekt,16;Fida,19 osrio o itra opria Bcet 96 remn 96 y Rgr, 19) E ors plba, hcr rcao d drco cl oes 96. n ta aars ae elms e eehs u-

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trls feuneet rqir emra ets rcao e tri uae rcetmne euee nacr so elms n mnos de una cultura esencializada, homognea y tradicional (ver Jcsn 19 y Mry 19) Et rqiio cnrdc l ntrlako, 95 er, 97. se eust otaie a auae z feil y cmine d l vd clua d ls cmndds ida lxbe abat e a ia utrl e a ouiae n g n s yc nf e u n i l so l g ap e e t rs sr c a o e t r i o ea, o rceca e bia rsna u elms n mns tiaet iarpao (oiel, 19) rgcmne npoids Pvnli 98. D et mnr, ps a ss oee e l Iutain ocdna, e sa aea ee u rgns n a lsrc cietl e ssea d drco hmns n e fj sn cmine e rs l itm e eehs uao o s io io abat n epet a nea crusaca goae. E e pout d l ngusa uvs icntnis lbls s l rdco e a eo cain y l dsuin ms qe d l ipsc. A epnis et ic a ics, u e a moiin l xadre se cnet a pri d s sgiiao iiil dnr dl lbrlso a ocpo atr e u infcd nca eto e ieaim l poec dl idvdo e cnr dl Etd a ua sre d olrtcin e niiu n ota e sao n ei e bi gcoe d lsEtdshcassmebo,tlscm drco al ains e o sao ai u imrs ae oo eehs a aietc, e aoaino l atdtriain y ors drco lmnain l ljmet, a uoeemnc to eehs c l c i o , e c n e i o l d v r i a y l n t r l z d ls dro e t v s l o t n d , a i e s d d a a u a e a e o ee chos ha cambiado.

a ilni n ota e a L voeca e cnr d ls mujeres como violacin de los derechos humanos

E cs d l voecad gnl ao e a ilni e e r e ua daia dmsro s n rmtc eota c d l cec d neo in e a rain e uvs derechos. Aunque la violencia d gnr hba sd ua cet d ipraca dse mdao d e eo a io n usin e motni ed eids e l s a o setenta, emergi como un punto focal importante de los o s drco d ls mjrs a picpo d ls nvna L voeca e eehs e a uee rniis e o oet. a ilni n cnr d ls mjrs n e gnrlet prerd pr ls Etota e a uee o s eeamne eptaa o o sa ds sn pr cuaao piao. Sn ebro ls atvsa ago io o iddns rvds i mag, a ciits ru

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mnao qe l ngtv dl Etd a poee a ls mjrs d l etrn u a eaia e sao rtgr a uee e a violencia es en s misma una violacin a los derechos humanos (Bunch, 1990 y Thomas y Beaseley, 1993). L cnec d l voeca d gnr cm ua voain d a ocpin e a ilni e eo oo n ilc e los derechos humanos creci rpidamente durante los aos novent. E 19 e Cmt pr l Eiiain d l Dsrmnc e a n 92 l oi aa a lmnc e a iciiain n Cmite n h lmnto f c n r d l s M j r s (C E D A W ) [ o m t e o t e E i i a i n o ota e a uee Discrimination Against Women] formul una recomendacin ampi qe dfn l voeca cn bs e e gnr cm ua fra la u eii a ilni o ae n l eo oo n om d dsrmnc, clcnoa drcaet dnr d l rbia d e iciiain oodl ietmne eto e a rc e ls derechos humanos y libertades fundamentales, y dejando claro o qe ls Etds etn olgds a eiia l voeca prerd u o sao s biao lmnr a ilni eptaa pr ls atrdds pbia y pr proa piaa (ok 19) o a uoiae lcs o esns rvds Co, 94. L dcrn aim l rsosbldd dl Etd a n poee a ls a otia fra a epnaiia e sao l o rtgr a mjrs d l voeca sed l olgc d poeels u druee e a ilni, ino a biain e rtgra n ee cho humano reconocido internacionalmente (Bunch, 1990; Thomas y Baee, 19 y Co, 19) Anu ls idvdo n sn lesly 93 ok 94. uqe o niius o o e glet rsosbe bj l ly itrainl d drco hmamne epnals ao a e nencoa e eehs ua ns lsEtdssnrsosbe prn cmlrcnssolgcoe o, o sao o epnals o o upi o u biains itrainls icuo pr ats d proa piaa, s n hcn nencoae, nls o co e esns rvds i o ae u efez pr eiia o mtgr tls ats (ok 19) Dnr n suro o lmnr iia ae co Co, 94. eto d lsssea lglsncoae,e aau ye aeiaosncni e o itms eae ainls l tqe l ssnt o osdrds uieslet cm dlts pr gler a l eps et eao nvramne oo eio, eo opa a soa s poeio pr s uiain dnr d ua efr piaa lgl y rtgd o u bcc eto e n sea rvd ea culturalmente construida (Reporte del Secretario General, 1995); hsiaet, e ls Etds Uio y e ors pre dl mno itrcmne n o sao nds n ta ats e ud

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h sd cnieao cm mns sro qe ors cae d aau. a io osdrd oo eo ei u ta lss e tqe D et md, e sriino d l voeca e cnr d ls mje se oo l ugmet e a ilni n ota e a ue rs cm ua voain epcfc d ls drco hmns dpn e oo n ilc seia e o eehs uao eed d ua rdfnc d l fmla pr qe dj d sr u rfgo e e n eeiiin e a aii aa u ee e e n eui cnr e ecuii lgl ota l srtno ea. Anu l voeca d gnr aaetmne n fe ua ceuqe a ilni e eo prneet o u n us t iprat e ls cneeca goae d mjrs d 17 y in motne n a ofrnis lbls e uee e 95 18, ls Etaeis hca e Ftr d Nioi [arb Frad 90 a srtga ai l uuo e arb Nioi owrLoig Srtge] dsrolds e 18 clcrn a l voeca okn taeis earlaa n 95 ooao a ilni e cnr d ls mjrs cm ua etaei bsc pr aodr l n ota e a uee oo n srtga ia aa bra a cet d l pz (tpesn 19, y Rpre dl Sceai Gusin e a a Sehno, 95 eot e ertro e nrl 19) L Cnec pr l Eiiain d tds ls Fr ea, 95. a ovnin aa a lmnc e oa a omas de Discriminacin en contra de las Mujeres de 1979 no mencion l voeca e cnr d ls mjrs Sn ebro e 18 e Ca ilni n ota e a uee. i mag, n 99 l o mt pr l Eiiain d l Dsrmnc e cnr d ls Mi aa a lmnc e a iciiain n ota e a u jeres adopt una recomendacin contra la violencia, y en 1992 formul una recomendacin amplia que defina a la violencia con base en el gnero como una forma de discriminacin, colocndola drcaet dnr d l rbia d ls drco hmns y lbr ietmne eto e a rc e o eehs uao ietds fnaetls y djno cao qe ls Etds etn olgae udmnae, ead lr u o sao s bia ds a eiia l voeca prerd pr ls atrdds pbia y o lmnr a ilni eptaa o a uoiae lcs por personas privadas. En 1990 el Consejo Econmico y Social adopt ua rslc rcmnaa pr l Cms pr e Etts d ls n eouin eoedd o a oiin aa l sau e a Mjrs rcnced qe l voeca e cnr d ls mjrs e uee, eooino u a ilni n ota e a uee n l fmla y e l scea s drv d s etts dsga e l a aii n a oidd e eia e u sau eiul n a sociedad, y recomendando que los gobiernos tomen medidas inme-

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daa pr etbee csio arpao pr l voeca e cn its aa salcr atgs poids aa a ilni n ota d ls mjrs y pr dsrolr pltcs pr peei y cnrr e a uee, aa earla oia aa rvnr oto lr l v o e c a e c n r d l s m j r s e l f m l a e e l g r d a a ilni n ota e a uee n a aii, n l ua e taao y e l scea (eot dl Sceai Gnrl 19) rbj n a oidd Rpre e ertro eea, 95. Esta recomendacin sugiere desarrollar servicios correccionales, euaio y scae, qe icua rfgo y porms d ete dctvs oils u nlyn euis rgaa e nrnmet pr fninro d l ly y pr e proa jdca, d aino aa ucoais e a e aa l esnl uiil e sld y d s r i i s c a . L s r p r e n c o a e p e a a o p r au e evco oil o eots ainls rprds aa l rvs y r e a u c d l s r c m n a i n s d N i o i p e a eiin evlain e a eoedcoe e arb rvo a l Cneeca d Biig e 19, rvlrn qe l myra is a ofrni e ejn n 95 eeao u a ao d ls pe rcncn aoa e polm d l voeca e cnr d e o ass eooe hr l rbea e a ilni n ota e ls mjrs y hn pet fss e rfra lgls E d hcr a uee a uso nai n eoms eae. s e ae ntr qe anu l myra d ls pe hn aotd porms oa u uqe a ao e o ass a dpao rgaa p r p e e i l v o e c a d m s i a l i i i t v s r i d O N Gs aa rvnr a ilni otc, a ncaia ug e tasainls Ls guo cn bss e vro pe qe hn ta rnncoae. o rps o ae n ais ass u a rbjd jno a ta d ls fotrs ncoae hn etd a l aao uts rvs e a rnea ainls a sao a cabeza en muchos de estos cambios. E l C n e e c a d l O N U de Derechos Humanos celebrada n a ofrni e a e Vea e 19, et cet s vli ms iprat an (e n in n 93 sa usin e ov motne vr Shlr 19) L Cms pr e Etts d ls Mjrs rccue, 92. a oiin aa l sau e a uee eo mn l fruain d u isrmno itrainl pr l vo ed a omlc e n ntuet nencoa aa a il n i e c n r d l s m j r s y e 1 9 d s r o l l Declaracin eca n ota e a uee, n 93 earl a p r l E i i a i n d l V o e c a e c n r d l s M j r s, t a a a d a a a l m n c e a i l n i n o t a e a u e e rbjno c n reuniones de grupos de expertos. En 1994, la Asamblea Geneo rld lsNcoe Uia aot l Dcaain(a Bee,19) a e a ains nds dp a elrc Vn urn 95. oEse mismo ao, la Comisin de Derechos Humanos de la O N U c n

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dn l voecacnbs e e gnr ynmr u rltrepca e a ilni o ae n l eo ob n eao seil d l voeca e cnr d ls mjrs (eot dl Sceai e a ilni n ota e a uee Rpre e ertro General, 1995). La Plataforma de Accin de la Cuarta Conferencia Mundial de ls Mjrs e Biig e 19, icu ua scin aec d l a uee n ejn n 95 nly n ec cra e a violencia con base en el gnero, denominando como una violacin d ls drco hmns caqir at d voeca cn bs e e e o eehs uao ulue co e ilni o ae n l gnr, l fmla l cmndd o prerd pr e Etd, qe eo a aii, a ouia, eptao o l sao u tnacm rslaou d osfiinofsc,sxa opio eg oo eutd n ao urmet io eul sclgc pr ls mjrs e s vd pbia o piaa icued ats io aa a uee n u ia lc rvd, nlyno co d voeca y auo sxa drne u cnlco amd, l etrle ilni bs eul uat n ofit rao a seii zc y e aot froo, y e ifniii d ns E txo dc: ain l bro ozss l natcdo e ia. l et ie
L voeca e cnr d ls mjrs a mso tep voa a ilni n ota e a uee, l im imo il e ipd o nlfc l psbldd d ls mjrs d dsrtr mie uiia a oiiia e a uee e ifua d ssdrco hmnsylbrae fnaetls L po e u eehs uao ietds udmnae. a rlnaa ngtv a poee y pooe eo drco y logd eaia rtgr rmvr ss eehs i brae e e cs d l voecae cnr d lsmjrse etds n l ao e a ilni n ota e a uee s mtra d pecpc pr tds ls Etds y db sr aei e rouain aa oo o sao, ee e efetd (e. D p 12. nrnaa Sc , . 1)

L voeca e cnr d ls mjrs s dfn apimne cm a ilni n ota e a uee e eie mlaet oo cualquier a t d v o e c a b s d e e g n r q e t n a c m r co e ilni aao n l eo u eg oo e slao o p e a t n r c m r s l a o d o s f i i n o f s c , utd, ud ee oo eutd, ao urmet io sxa o pioio icued aeaa d tls ats cec eul sclgc, nlyno mnzs e ae co, orin opiainabtai d l lbra,y saqet our e l vd rvc rirra e a ietd a e u sa cra n a ia

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pbia o piaa (e. D p 13. A dcaa e drco d ls lc rvd Sc , . 1) l elrr l eeh e a mjrs y ns a l poec cnr l voeca cm u druee ia a rtcin ota a ilni oo n ee co hmn uiesl l cneeca raim et daia eh uao nvra, a ofrni efr sa rmtc x pansin de los derechos humanos. Et dsrol goa d dcaains e iqitds aec d se earlo lbl e elrcoe nueue cra e los derechos humanos se construye sobre extensos movimientos socae ncoae y lcls a pri d ls ao stna Ta ds dils ainls oae atr e o s eet. rs o cdsd taaopr mvlzrl lydlEtd ardfnrlsgle aa e rbj aa oiia a e e sao eeii o ops dlcnuecm u dlt,lsatvsa hngoaiaossarxe yg oo n eio a ciits a lblzd u poi a o oiino eiim c o e p r m d o d l s O N Gsyl O N U. L s m v m e t s f m n s ains o ei e a t sl c l se E r p ,l sE t d sU i o ,A s r l a A g n i a B a i , a oae n uoa o sao nds utai, retn, rsl Ida ls Ils Vree y mca ors pre dl mno hn dsni, a sa gns uhs ta ats e ud a ea rold etaeis pr poee a ls mjrs d l voeca e e rlao srtga aa rtgr a uee e a ilni n l hgr bsnoe e ua cia dl pdr msuio dnr d ls oa, ads n n rtc e oe acln eto e a rlcoe d gnr yuiiad efqe cm rfgo,guo d eains e eo tlzno nous oo euis rps e aoopr vcia ypnlzc d lsgle dlcnue(iad py aa tms eaiain e o ops e yg Slr, 1994; Oller, 1994; Thomas, 1994; Bush, 1992, y Morrow, 1994). Algunos avisos en Internet indican nuevos programas en Quezn Ct, Flpns Bdps, Hnra y Nea Dli Ida L ncsiy iiia, uaet ug uv eh, ni. a eei dd d ua itrec et sed apimne rcncd e ls a e n nevnin s ino mlaet eooia n a ncoe dl sr a iul qe e ls dl nre (. e Oe-bay, ains e u l ga u n a e ot p . fiAoge 19) Mco d ets porms tmn s isiain d ls d94. uhs e so rgaa oa u nprc e o e rco hmns Pr eepo u aio e Itre a fns d ls ehs uao. o jml, n vs n nent ie e o aos noventa del grupo hngaro NaNE! propona hacer sugerenca cnrts pr fraee ls lys atae y dsrolr uis ocea aa otlcr a ee culs earla ne v s l y s y p o e c o e e l n a c n l Declaracin de los Derechos a ee rtcins n e o a

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Humanos d l O N U yl Carta Europea de Derechos Humanos, a b s ea a ma d lscae hnsd fraa yrtfcdsprHnra. e a uls a io imds aiiaa o ug A lsdcaainsgoae aec d l voecad gnr y s, a elrcoe lbls cra e a ilni e eo lsdrco hmnssre d mvmetslclsyas vzis o eehs uao ugn e oiino oae u e nprneifra aorsmvmetsypormslclse dsiia nomn to oiino rgaa oae n itn tspre dlmno Et poeod rarpainpeeitoui a ats e ud. se rcs e epoic ud nrdcr ctgra pc cncds d ietdd y d l qe cntty ua aeos oo ooia e dnia e o u osiue n proa icued ua rdfnc d ls drco d ls mjrs esn, nlyno n eeiiin e o eehs e a uee a l sgrdd pr e e rslao d l mvlzc d l lgsa a euia, eo s l eutd e a oiiain e a eilc ncoa y goa pr pre d aets lcls qe efetn in ainl lbl o at e gne oae u nrna rsseca lcl ms qe ua ipsc goa d u neo odn eitni oa, u n moiin lbl e n uv re moral (ver Freeman, 1994, para una descripcin de la manera en qe ls guo lcls itna ua ls nra itrainls d u o rps oae netn sr a oms nencoae e drco hmns pr cmir ssea lgls lcls cn rfeehs uao aa aba itms eae oae, o ee rni a ls drco hmns d ls mjrs e vra ncoe eca o eehs uao e a uee, n ais ains arcns. E l tm dcd h hbd u itrabo goa d fiaa) n a lia aa a aio n necmi lbl e acercamientos de programa modelo y de documentos de derechos humanos. Por ejemplo, el Proyecto de Intervencin en el Abuso Domstico (DAIP) [Domestic Abuse Intervention Program], desarold e Dlt, Mneoa a picpo d ls ao ohna s rlao n uuh inst, rniis e o s cet, e convirti en el prototipo para un programa de intervencin con gledrs dmsio e Hl, Hwi (er,95. E e poropaoe otcs n io aa Mry19) n l rga m hwin s es a ls prerdrs a ua l ngcain y a aaao e ne o eptaoe sr a eoic l clbrc a taa cn ss cnue e vz d l voeca e a oaoain l rtr o u ygs n e e a ilni, l asaino l itmdc y e eecco dl piiei msuio ilmet, a niiain l jrii e rvlgo acln, uaflsfadsrt d mnr iiae l ud dlpdrye n ioo ecia e aea cnc n a rea e oe l

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c n r l . E e f q e DAIP h s d u i i a o e N e a Z l n a d oto l nou a io tlzd n uv ead u rne arxmdmne e mso tep qe e Hl, pr a pr at poiaaet l im imo u n io eo h at dl porm s h mdfcd pr ls mos qe priia e e rgaa e a oiiao aa o are, u atcpn e guo sprdsd hmrs Lsnozlnee n mos e n rps eaao e obe. o e-eadss o are, n su mayora descendientes de europeos, participan en un programa ms smlr a pooio d Mneoa Porms smlrs oea iia l rttp e inst. rgaa iiae prn e Aeai, Ecca Cnd y ls Etds Uio, icuo e ln lmna soi, aa o sao nds nls n u grs tn cluamne dsits cm l Rsrain Ida Pn ae a utrlet itno oo a eevc ni ie RdeylsbssdlCep d Mrns sgnElnPne l ceig a ae e uro e aie, e le ec, a ra ab s n s n sal n 92 u dpao d r d l DAIP. T m i n e t e u o e I r e , y e 1 9 f e a o t d oa e e S. Cox Ils Vree (orw 19) n t ri, sa gns Mro, 94. E e e p o d l DAIP muestra cmo los enfoques programticos de l jml e l voeca d gnr s etn dsmnno goamne jno cn a ilni e eo e s ieiad lblet, ut o ls dcaains d drco e e ssea d drco hmns a elrcoe e eehs n l itm e eehs uao. A fns d ls ao nvna et poeo s vo fcltd pr ls ie e o s oet, se rcs e i aiiao o a comunicaciones por Internet. Por ejemplo, en 1999-2000 un grupo elz n necm d t a a o v r u l b j l s a s i i s d UNIFEM r a i u i t r a e rbj ita ao o upco e bo pr cre eetio aec d efqe d l voeca e i o oro lcrnc cra e nous e a ilni n c n r d l s m j r s q e i c u a 2 30 priiats e 10 pe. ota e a uee u nly 0 atcpne n 2 ass E dsrol d u efqe itrainl d l voeca d gl earlo e n nou nencoa e a ilni e nr s v cmlcd prl ipracad poee a msotep eo e e opiao o a motni e rtgr l im imo lsptcscluae lcls L voecad gnr et lgd d a rcia utrls oae. a ilni e eo s iaa e mnr isprbe a ssea d prnec y mtioi qe te aea neaal itms e aetso armno u inn ss re e l clua Eit ua ieial cls ete e u acs n a utr. xse n nvtbe oiin nr poee a ls mjrs y peevr ls mtiois S l ia mrtgr a uee rsra o armno. i a nc a nr d poocoa sgrddfsc yeoinlal mjre pr ea e rprinr euia ia mcoa a ue s e-

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mtre q e s s p r d s e p s , r d c r l v o e c a e c n r d l iil u e e a e e u s o o e u i a i l n i n o t a e a mjr dsiur l praeca dl mtioi y e pdr d ls ue imni a emnni e armno l oe e o epss sbe ls epss y cmir ls sgiiao d msuii soo or a soa, aba o infcds e aclndd y fmndd efetno drcaet l poec d l ma eiia, nrnad ietmne a rtcin e a u jr cnr l slaura dl mtioi. E ls Etds Uio, e ota a avgad e armno n o sao nds poee a l mjr d l voeca h sgiiao tpcmne sprtgr a ue e a ilni a infcd iaet ea rra d s eps gledr A psr d u etno itrs e ls al e u soo opao. ea e n xes ne n o porms d taaino pr gledrs pr eepo e io h rgaa e rtmet aa opaoe, o jml, l xt a sd lmtd, y l rt ms crea hca l sgrdd h sd l io iiao a ua etr ai a euia a io a sprc. Et tp d itrec dsfa l praeca y sn eaain se io e nevnin ea a emnni atdd d l fmla ia e a aii. D et mnr, cnetaia a l voeca e cnr d ls e sa aea ocpulzr a ilni n ota e a mjrs cm ua voain d ls drco hmns sgiia tpuee oo n ilc e o eehs uao infc i cmne eii cmis e ls ptcs cluae lcls qe tee aet xgr abo n a rcia utrls oae u inn qe vr cn l sxaia, e mtioi y l fmla L vleaii u e o a euldd l armno a aii. a unrbldd d l mjr a l voeca dpne d ptcs scoutrls a e a ue a ilni eed e rcia oicluae ariaa qe ivlca a mtioi, a taao e ielga rlragds u nourn l armno l rbj doos ei goa y sclrs d msuiia y fmndd (e Bnh 19; iss euae e aclndd eiia vr uc, 97 Co, 19; Kr, 19, y Shlr 19) Ls cnecoe aec ok 94 er 93 cue, 92. a ovnins cra d ls drco d ls mjrs gnrlet rqirn d ls Ete o eehs e a uee eeamne euee e o sa ds qe ls rtfcn qe cmin ptcs cluae qe sbri o u a aiia u abe rcia utrls u uodn nal sm j r s L D c a a i n p r l E i i a i n d l V o e c a e a a uee. a elrc aa a lmnc e a ilni n ie u c n r d l s M j r s e i i a e 1 9 p r e c m t CEDAW d c q e ota e a uee mtd n 92 o l oi o Etdsdbrncnea l voecae cnr d lsmjrs ls sao ee odnr a ilni n ota e a uee, y n dbrn ivcr nnua csube taiin o rlg u or o ee noa ign otmr, rdc eiin ta cnieain pr eai s olgc cn rset a s eiia osdrc aa vdr u biain o epco u lmn-

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cin (Cook, 1994: 167, quien cita la Recomendacin General 19 dl C E D A W) L s d s u i n s d l v o e c a e c n r d l s m j r s e . a icsoe e a ilni n ota e a uee en el marco de los derechos humanos generalmente piden reformas d ptcs cluae cm ls mets pr dt, l peeeca d e rcia utrls oo a ure o oe a rfrni e hjs vrns e ifniii d ns ls aeiao pr hnr y l io aoe, l natcdo e ia, o ssnts o oo a mtlc d gntls fmnns (cue, 19 y Bnh 19) uiain e eiae eeio Shlr 92 uc, 97. L Paaom pr l Ac d l Cat Cneeca d ls Mja ltfra aa a cin e a ura ofrni e a ue rs e Biig e 19, dcaa e n ejn n 95 elr:
L voeca e cnr d ls mjrs a l lro dl cco d a ilni n ota e a uee o ag e il e vd s drv eecamne d ptoe cluae, e pr ia e eia snilet e arns utrls n atclr ls eets dns d cets ptcs taiinls o iua o fco aio e ira rcia rdcoae d csube, y tds ls ats d eteim lgds a l e otmrs oo o co e xrmso iao a rz, e sx, e iim o l rlg qe pren e etts aa l eo l doa a eiin u epta l sau ifro qe s oog a ls mjrs e l fmla e lgr d neir u e tra a uee n a aii, l ua e taao l cmndd y l scea (, Sc 19. rbj, a ouia a oidd D e. 1)

Mco Etds s hn ouso a et cnec d ls drco uhs sao e a pet sa ocpin e o eehs hmns pr mtvs cluae y rlgoo, y s hn rhsd a uao o oio utrls eiiss e a euao rtfcr ls taao d ls mjrs o l hn hco sl cn ssaaiia o rtds e a uee o a eh o o utn 3 c a e r s r a . E 1 9 , 1 3 p e h b a r t f c d l CEDAW y 2 ils eevs n 99 6 ass an aiiao a C n l h b a h c o s g n e C m t N c o a d l O N U / E D A W; o o an eh, e l oi ainl e a pr tee ms rsra ssatvs e s cnr qe caqir or eo in eevs utnia n u ota u ulue to taao itrainl (uc, 19) Ua trea pre d ls Etrtd nencoa Bnh 97. n ecr at e o sa ds qe l hn rtfcd tee rsra ssatvs cnr pre o u a a aiiao inn eevs utnia ota ats d l C E D A W (Progress of Nations, 1997). Algunos Estados, como e a

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C i a a i m n q e l CEDAW v o a s s p o i s p t c s c l u a e y hn, fra u a il u rpa rcia utrls hn rtfcd e taao sl cn etna rsra. Agns pe a aiiao l rtd o o xess eevs luo ass ilmcs y e Vtcn s ouirn a l paaom d 19, agsio l aiao e pseo a ltfra e 95 ru mnad qe e mtioi, l mtria y l fmla sn l cetno u l armno a aendd a aii o a o lumna vertebral de la sociedad. En su declaracin acerca de la paaom d l cneeca d Biig e 19, l Sna Sd dltfra e a ofrni e ejn n 95 a at ee e ca fra l dgia ylsdrco d lsmjrsrqir u lr: Aimr a indd o eehs e a uee euee n rseo pr ls rls d ls mjrs cy bsud d raiain ept o o oe e a uee ua qea e elzc proa y cntuc d ua scea etbe et lgd ispesnl osrcin e n oidd sal s iaa nea rbeet as cmrms cnDo,l fmla e pioyepalmne u opoio o is a aii, l rjm se camnesshjs.A lsdrco d lsmjrsal poec ilet u io s, o eehs e a uee a rtcin cnr l voeca prcn etr daerlet ouso a l po ota a ilni aee sa imtamne pets a rtcin d l clua Pr et nea ctgra d voain d ls ec e a utr. eo sa uv aeo e ilc e o derechos humanos hace confluir una amplia variedad de conducts tlscm l voaine tepsd ger,lsgle dlcn a, ae oo a ilc n imo e ura o ops e yg y l mtlc d ls gntls fmnns (ek y Skik ue a uiain e o eiae eeio Kc ikn, 19) Ets atvdds vra sgiiaiaet e s aoo cl 98. sa ciiae an infctvmne n u py utrl lcl Agns sn caaet ieae, cm l voain e ua oa. lua o lrmne lgls oo a ilc n teps d ger; ors sn tlrds dnr dl epco piao d imo e ura ta o oeaa eto e sai rvd e l fmla cm ls gle dl cnue y ors sn ptcs clu a aii, oo o ops e yg, ta o rcia utrales locales que cuentan con apoyo dentro de comunidades locals D ets tms mca etn sed cetoaa atamne e. e sa lia, uhs s ino usinds culet ya g n sh ns d p e t sf e ad l l y c m e c r ed l sg n t l s lua a io usa ur e a e, oo l ot e o eiae fmnns qeaoae iea e vro pe arcns Vrl vo eeio, u hr s lgl n ais ass fiao. e a ilni e cnr d ls mjrs cm ua ooiin ete clua y eca n ota e a uee oo n psc nr utr drco n tm e cet e cetoao y vral aoo clu eehs o oa n una l usind aibe py ut-

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rl qe et vrea d cnuts rcb e dfrne guo sa u sa aidd e odca eie n ieets rps o cae,yaueqetdsetsacoe snpred l utry ils sm u oa sa cins o at e a clua qe n hy dbts dnr d nnua scea aec d l aetu o a eae eto e ign oidd cra e a cpa c d cd ua d els in e aa n e la. Agnsefqe d l voecad gnr s bsnmnse l luo nous e a ilni e eo e aa eo n a lyye uacnec d drco qee l rlg ol cmne n n ocpin e eehs u n a eiin a oui dd pned mns fss e l sprc. Pr eepo agns a, oino eo nai n a eaain o jml, lua iglesias evanglicas proporcionan programas de entrenamiento en e mnj d l ia a mso tep qe cnea e dvri. A l aeo e a r, l im imo u odnn l ioco l sm j r sg l e d ss l sa i aah c ro a i n yal sg l e d r s a uee opaa e e nm ae rc, o opaoe s ls etml a bsa l aua dvn pr cnrlr n sl ss e e siua ucr a yd iia aa otoa o o u gle sn tmin ss pnaino d ia Ls poiiins bops io ab u esmets e r. a rhbcoe bia cn rset a l triain dl mtioi psn e cn lcs o epco a emnc e armno ea n ota dl dvri. Or atraia bs l itrec e l ietdd r e ioco ta lentv aa a nevnin n a dnia cmntra E mvmet d jsii rsardr ata,preeouiai. l oiino e utca etuaoa cul o jm po s aoae l fez ylsvlrscluae d lscmndds l, e py n a ura o aoe utrls e a ouiae lcls pr rsle e cnlco sre d efqe d rslc oae aa eovr l ofit; ug e nous e eouin de conflictos comunitarios encontrados en algunas comunidades idgns E et mdl,lsmebo d l cmnddaua a nea. n se oeo o imrs e a ouia ydn l prerdr d l voeca a psr a ta dl arpniino a l eptao e a ilni aa rvs e reetmet a rcniic. Anu et efqe n e gnrlet alcd a eoclain uqe se nou o s eeamne piao l voeca d gnr, pee qe l sa e e ftr. a ilni e eo ud u o e n l uuo Tls efqe atraio, priuamne ls bsds e l ae nous lentvs atclret o aao n a ietdd nc o rlgoa aaee tmin e e dsus goa. dnia tia eiis, prcn ab n l icro lbl Pr eepo ls dbts e l cneeca d Biig aec d l o jml, o eae n a ofrni e ejn cra e a voeca e cnr d ls mjrs s cnrrn e e gao a qe e ilni n ota e a uee e etao n l rd l u l

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lnuj pouso cnrdca ptcs y vlrs cluae bsegae rpet otae rcia aoe utrls i cs sbe td ies aec d l snia y sgiiao rlgoo o, or oo da cra e a atdd infcds eiiss d l fmla yl rlc etel Ilsaye Etd.U etdoe e a aii, a eain nr a gei l sao n sui n Cnd ecnr qe n etb sepe cao qe ls mjrs ao aa not u o saa imr lr u a uee brgns peen ls cruo d sneca a ls fra pnls d ee rfra o cls e etni a oms eae e intervencin en incidentes de golpeo domstico (McGillivray y Comaskey, 1999).

Los derechos humanos como cuasi-ley

E ssea d drco hmns te l itm e eehs uao in mca crcetcs qe sn pe uhs aatrsia u o a rcds a l ly pr crc d u eia a e, eo aee e n m c n s o q e l h g v l r prll a d l ly d Etd. A sme a i m u o a a a e aaeo l e a e e sao ee jna d l s s s e a d l y d l E t d , l s d r c o h m n s o e az e o i t m s e e e s a o o e e h s u a o p ran mediante estatutos producidos por medio de procesos cailgsaio d ruins d cmsoe y dlbrcoe, cn us-eiltvs e enoe e oiins eieains o l aitni d e p r o b j l s a s i i s d l s o g n z c o e d l a sseca e x e t s a o o u p c o e a r a i a i n s e a O N U. L s t x o p e i o d l s d c a a i n s y c n e c o e , l g a o ets rcss e a elrcoe ovnins ordos por medio de un minucioso proceso que examina palabras y sgiiao e ua vrea d ruins peiiae y d guo infcds n n aidd e enoe rlmnrs e rps d taao sn peetds etne a l Aabe Gnrl pr s e rbj, o rsnao nocs a smla eea aa u arbc (e Rls 19) Ua vz arbds ls cnecoe poain vr ie, 99. n e poaa, a ovnins aa u d b n s r s m t d s a l s n c o e q e c n t t y n l ONU pr s ee e oeia a ains u osiue a rtfcc y dbn sr vlds itrainlet sl cad u aiiain ee e ia nencoamne o uno n nmr sfcet d ncoe h rtfcd e auro Ls dca eo uiine e ains a aiiao l ced. a elrcoe, p r o r l d , s n s m l m n e a r b d s p r l A a b e ains o t o a o o i p e e t p o a a o a s m l a General (Kim, 1991). De este modo, las convenciones de derechos

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hmns s vevn pre d ls ssea lgls ncoae y sn uao e ule at e o itms eae ainls o, e to, pets e vgr pr ea ncoe, meta qe ls dn era usa n io o ss ains inrs u a e claraciones pueden gradualmente volverse parte de la ley de uso itrainl cm h ourd cn l Dcaain Uiesl Y nencoa, oo a crio o a elrc nvra. a e aa n n e e ains oeaa, q e e s s e a d l ONU s b s e u a r d d n c o e s b r n s u l itm e a n tee pdr d olgtrea ms al dl cnetmet d ls o in oe e biaoidd l e osniino e a ncoe qe l cnttyn ains u a osiue. Sn ebro hy agns atrs n ncoae sgiiaio i mag, a luo coe o ainls infctvs ddcds a et ssea Ls ms iprats sn ua rd cein eiao se itm. o motne o n e rcet d O N Gs transnacionales que proporcionan conocimiento expere e t e l rdcind dcmno yaua e e poeod osra o n a eac e ouets ydn n l rcs e bevr el cumplimiento de los acuerdos (Stephenson, 1995). El arma ms iprat e e cmlmet d lsdrco hmnssgesed motne n l upiino e o eehs uao iu ino la comunicacin: poner en evidencia puntos de violacin de los dcmno d drco hmns y uiia l oiin pbia iouets e eehs uao tlzr a pn lc n trainl pr cnea a ls Etds qe ls voe. Ee mcencoa aa odnr o sao u o iln s ea nso dpne caaet dl ssea itrainl d pdr y ls im eed lrmne e itm nencoa e oe o itrss d ls ncoe pdrss e peinr pr vra cae d neee e a ains oeoa n rsoa o ais lss e derechos humanos. Inevitablemente, los derechos promovidos por ls ncoe ms pdrss srn ls ms eetvmne ipets a ains oeoa e o fciaet muso sbe ls ncoe qe n cmln cn els A cnetre l vo or a ains u o upa o lo. l ovris a ilni e cnr d ls mjrs e ua cet ms iprat e eca n ota e a uee n n usin motne n ls Etds Uio y Erp, pr eepo h sd pooia cn o sao nds uoa o jml, a io rmvd o mayor frecuencia como una preocupacin dentro del sistema de derechos humanos.

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Et mcnso pr hcr vlr ls drco hmns dj ca se eaim aa ae ae o eehs uao ea lr, sn ebro qe s ua cet ped ipraca dnr d l o i mag, u i n usin ire motni eto e a nr o ciits e a ains oiaet comunidad O N G y e t e l s a t v s a d l s n c o e p l t c m n e pdrss e poal qe dsprza d l aed d pecpoeoa, s rbbe u eaaec e a gna e roua ciones internacionales. Margaret Keck y Kathryn Sikkink (1998) proponen un modelo boomerang para describir esta forma de pres d ls drco hmns ls guo lcls qe etn efein e o eehs uao: o rps oae u s nrn tnoe a dsud d ua voain d ls drco hmns e ds l ecio e n ilc e o eehs uao n nencoae, a u u e oiia s p a e a a l s O N Gs i t r a i n l s l s q e a s v z m v l z n u as pln a e aoo pltc dnr d u p dmnne y l idcn a pnr l py oio eto e n as oiat o nue oe pein sbe e p ms dbl A hcr vlr ls drco hmrs or l as i. s, ae ae o eehs ua ns dpne e ga pre dl eulbi itrainl d pdr y o eed, n rn at, e qiiro nencoa e oe d ls aeds d ls ncoe pltc y eoiaet pdre a gna e a ains oia cnmcmne oeo ss l qe e raia sgiia ls ncoe dl nre ms qe ls a, o u n eldd infc a ains e ot u a dl sr e u. Sin embargo, el sistema de derechos humanos est apoyado tamb pr l oiin pbia y pr ua etna rd d isiuins in o a pn lc o n xes e e nttcoe lcls y tasainls qe uiia ssea d cmncc oae rnncoae, u tlzn itms e ouiain cm l Itre pr are l aec goa sbe cnuts qe oo a nent aa tar a tnin lbl or odca u definen como violaciones de los derechos humanos. Aunque estas rds d cmncc y l cneune mvlzc d l oiin ee e ouiain a oscet oiiain e a pn pbia n pee sr laaa ly pee sri cm pdrss lc o udn e lmds e, udn evr oo oeoa mtvcoe pr atrs lcls pecpds pr l oiin pbi oiains aa coe oae rouao o a pn lc e l ecn itrainl Agns dcmno dl ssea d a n a sea nencoa. luo ouets e itm e drco hmns hn aqiio e etts d ly d uo itra eehs uao a durd l sau e e e s nencoa, cm l Dcaain Uiesl d mnr tl qe s vgn inl oo a elrc nvra, e aea a u u ie-

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ca n rqir rtfcc. E cao qe l mvlzc d l oi i o euee aiiain s lr u a oiiain e a pn pbia tasainl mdat l gnrc d rpre, e in lc rnncoa, eine a eeain e eots l itrabo d ifrain ls mdo y ls ats cnrby d necmi e nomc, o eis a re, otiue e mnr iprat a fraee e ssea cailgl d ls draea motne otlcr l itm us-ea e o ee chos humanos.

Conclusin

Et aii d ls drco hmns cm u sse se nlss e o eehs uao oo n itm e dsrol y e cntne cmi, qe e ia n earlo n osat abo u s m patd pr l scea cvl y l oiin pbia tasainl lnao o a oidd ii a pn lc rnncoa, rvl l ipraca d ls mvmets pltcs atae e ao eea a motni e o oiino oio culs n pyo de derechos humanos especficos. Tales derechos emergen de movimientos polticos, como el movimiento de liberacin de las mjrse lsao stnaylsmvmetsd lspelsidguee n o s eet o oiino e o ubo ne ns e ls dcds d ls stna y ls ohna A i ets guo a n a aa e o eet o cet. l r so rps definiendo sus cuestiones en trminos de derechos humanos y pondls e l aed d ls isiuins pr ls drco hminoo n a gna e a nttcoe aa o eehs ua a eofrad l itm e n s m s i p r a t s d l O N U, v n r c n o m n o e s s e a d o motne e a drco hmns A mso tep, l fez y l eetvdd d eehs uao. l im imo a ura a fciia e cualquier cuestin de derechos humanos depende de la continua mvlzc pr pre d ets guo y d u atvso pltc oiiain o at e so rps e n ciim oio sostenido para mantener su visibilidad. De muchas maneras, los derechos humanos representan un discurso disponible para enmarcrpolms msqeu ssead drcopr peeils Cm a rbea, u n itm e eeh aa rvnro. oo dsus, pee sr uiiao pr atrs lcls arddr dl mn icro ud e tlzd o coe oae leeo e ud qebsa dfnrsspolmse etstrio.Pror ld, o u ucn eii u rbea n so mns o to ao como sistema cuasi-legal, su poder depende profundamente de un

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atvso cniud d ls guo lcls a cm d ls ciim otnao e o rps oae, s oo e a t a s a i n l s l s g b e n s y l s o g n s o d l O N U. rnncoae, o oiro o raims e a

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