ECE 525:

Power Systems Protection and Relaying

Session 39; Page 1/6
Fall 2010
ECE 525: Lecture 39
Derivation of k0 zero sequence current (or residual current) correction
factor for ground fault elements
For most transmission lines the zero sequence impedance is not equal to the positive sequence
impedance. As a result, a simply V/I calculation at the relay will not give the correct effective
impedance for a fault involving ground.
Derivation
Voltage seen at the relay for a SLG fault on phase A (based on the figure below):
Fault location is m% of the way down the line.
V
a
I
A
m Z
as
V
mBA
+ V
mCA
+ I
A
R
F
+ = (1)
Where:
Z
as
is the self impedance of phase A of the line
V
mBA
m Z
m
I
B
=
V
mCA
m Z
m
I
C
=
Note that these terms represent the induced voltages due to inductive mutual -
coupling between phase A and either phase B or phase C.
Z
m
is the mutual impedance (assuming equal spacing between conductors) -
R
F
V
F
I
F
E
A
}
mZas
L
I
A
V
A Za
S
E
B
}
mZbs
L
I
B
V
B Zb
S
E
C
}
mZcs
L
I
C
V
C Zc
S
+ +
+ +
+ + - -
- -
- -
V
M
BA V
M
CA
V
M
AB V
M
CB
V
M
AC V
M
BC
ECE 525:
Power Systems Protection and Relaying
Session 39; Page 2/6
Fall 2010
We can rewite equation (1) as follows (not that I
A
*Z
m
is both added and subtracted)
V
a
I
A
m Z
as
Z
m

( )
I
A
I
B
+ I
C
+
( )
m Z
m
+ I
A
R
f
+ = (2)
Now think back to the impact of the symmetrical components transformation
on the impedances. Start with a 3x3 impedance matrix for the line:
Z
line
Z
as
Z
m
Z
m
Z
m
Z
bs
Z
m
Z
m
Z
m
Z
cs
|

\
|
|
|
|
.
= Since the Z
m
terms are all equal, we would
expect
Z
as
Z
bs
= Z
cs
= Z
s
=
Now if we convert this to the sequence domain with the transformation matrix:
A
012
1
1
1
1
a
2
a
1
a
a
2
|

\
|
|
|
|
.
= A
012
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
a
a
2
1
a
2
a
|

\
|
|
|
|
.
=
Z
012
A
012
1
Z
line
A
012
=
Resulting in:
Z
012
Z
0
0
0
0
Z
1
0
0
0
Z
2
|

\
|
|
|
|
.
= where we would find that:
Z
1
Z
2
= Z
s
Z
m
=
Z
0
Z
s
2 Z
m
+ =
So if we look at equation (2) again (repeated here) to try to express the result in terms of Z
1
and Z
0
:
V
a
I
A
m Z
as
Z
m

( )
I
A
I
B
+ I
C
+
( )
m Z
m
+ I
A
R
f
+ =
First we see that: -
Z
1
Z
as
Z
m
=
Now we want to be able to replace Z
m
with a function of Z
1
and Z
0
.We -
can work from the two equations above. From the first equation:
Z
s
Z
1
Z
m
+ =
ECE 525:
Power Systems Protection and Relaying
Session 39; Page 3/6
Fall 2010
Substitute this into the second equation resulting in:
Z
0
Z
1
3 Z
m
+ =
then Z
m
1
3
Z
0
Z
1

( )
=
Now rewrite the voltage equation:
V
a
I
A
m Z
1 ( )
I
A
I
B
+ I
C
+
( )
m
1
3
Z
0
Z
1

( )

(
(

+ I
A
R
f
+ =
We can factor out the "m" term:
V
a
m I
A
Z
1
I
A
I
B
+ I
C
+
( )
1
3
Z
0
Z
1

( )

(
(

(
(

I
A
R
f
+ =
We also know that the residual current (or the the current through neutral
of the CT's) is:
I
R
3 I
0
= I
A
I
B
+ I
C
+ =
Therefore:
V
a
m I
A
Z
1 ( )
I
R ( )
1
3
Z
0
Z
1

( )

(
(

(
(

I
A
R
f
+ = (4a)
or in terms of the zero sequence current:
V
a
m I
A
Z
1 ( )
3 I
0

( )
1
3
Z
0
Z
1

( )

(
(

(
(

I
A
R
f
+ = (4b)
Which can be rearranged and written as:
V
a
m Z
1
I
A
I
R
1
3
Z
0
Z
1

Z
1

\
|
|
.
+ I
A
R
f
+

= (5)
Note that the term multiplying the residual current, I
R
, needs to be divided by Z
1
since the -
enture term in the outer brackets is multiplied by Z
1
.
ECE 525:
Power Systems Protection and Relaying
Session 39; Page 4/6
Fall 2010
Define:
k0
Z
0
Z
1

3Z
1
=
V
a
m Z
1
I
A
k0 I
R
+ I
A
R
f
+
(
= (5a)
Or in terms of I
0
:
V
a
m Z
1
I
A
k0 3 I
0
+ I
A
R
f
+
(
= (5b)
So the phase A to ground relay element could be viewed as calculating:
Z
AG
Va
I
a
k0 I
R
+
=
This will give the effective impedance for a fault on phase A and include the effect
of the common mode (zero sequence) current on other phases as well as zero sequence
imbalance in the lines.
Similarly
Z
BG
Vb
I
b
k0 I
R
+
= Z
CG
Vc
I
c
k0 I
R
+
=
Example
Consider a phase A SLG fault at 80% of the length of the line in front of the relay. Assume
that the source impedance is zero. Assume no load current, unfaulted phases have no current.
Z1 10 e
j 85 deg
:= V
a
j 1.0 :=
Z2 Z1 :=
Z0 35e
j 80 deg
:=
k0
Z0 Z1
3 Z1
:= k0 0.84 = arg k0 ( ) 6.99 deg =
I
0
V
a
0.8 Z1 Z2 + Z0 + ( )
:= I
0
0.02 = arg I
0 ( )
8.18 deg =
ECE 525:
Power Systems Protection and Relaying
Session 39; Page 5/6
Fall 2010
Apparent impedance using only phase A current:
I
af
3 I
0
:=
Z
meas
V
a
I
af
:= Z
meas
14.65 =
arg Z
meas ( )
81.82 deg =
Notice the simply calculating V/I does not give the correct result, which should
be 0.8*Z1
Now use the term with the zero sequence correction factor:
Z
AG
V
a
I
af
k0 3 I
0
+
:=
Z
AG
8 = arg Z
AG ( )
85 deg =
Now look at what happens on the unfaulted phase to ground elements:
Z
BG
V
a
e
j 120 deg

0 k0 3 I
0
+
:=
Z
BG
17.55 = arg Z
BG ( )
31.19 deg =
Z
CG
V
a
e
j 120 deg

0 k0 3 I
0
+
:=
Z
CG
17.55 = arg Z
CG ( )
151.19 deg =
So notice that the unfaulted phases will see a fault impedance due to the zero sequence
coupling between currents.
Now plot these impedance values against a Mho characteristic set at 80% of the line length.
k 0 1 , 719 .. :=
rad
Mhozone1
0.8
Z1
2
:= offset
Mhozone1
0.8
Z1
2
|

\
|
|
.
e
j arg Z1 ( )
:=
Zone1
k
offset
Mhozone1
rad
Mhozone1
e
j k 0.5 deg
+ :=
LineZ
0
Z1
|

\
|
|
.
:=
ECE 525:
Power Systems Protection and Relaying
Session 39; Page 6/6
Fall 2010
20 10 0 10 20
20
10
10
20
Im LineZ ( )
Im Zone1
k
( )
Im Z
AG
( )
Im Z
meas
( )
Im Z
BG
( )
Im Z
CG
( )
Re LineZ ( ) Re Zone1
k
( ) , Re Z
AG
( ) , Re Z
meas
( ) , Re Z
BG
( ) , Re Z
CG
( ) ,