Buckling Analysis

Buckling Analysis
THE UNI VERSI TY OF HONG KONG
THE UNI VERSI TY OF HONG KONG
Dr . Ray Su
Dr . Ray Su
Depar t ment of Ci vi l Engi neer i ng
Depar t ment of Ci vi l Engi neer i ng
Buckling of Truss
Buckling of Truss
Before buckling
After buckling
Maximum Load = 58N
(Buckling load)
A crane collapsed on a Hennessy Centre demolition site in Causeway Bay, Hong Kong
in 2007. The accident killed two construction workers.
Buckling I nst abilit y
Buckling I nst abilit y
Buckling is an inst abilit y phenomenon where a
st ruct ural syst em or a st ruct ural member under
predominant compressive forces is unduly sensit ive t o
changes.
Buckling load is t he maximum load t hat t he st ruct ure
can be wit hst ood before buckling.
The aim of t his course is t o use mat rix met hod t o
det ermine t he buckling load and t he buckling
displacement s ( buckling modes) of frame st ruct ures
Neutral Equilibrium Unstable
A small disturbance will
lead to excessive
movement
A curved surface
Equilibrium position
at local min.
Stable
Concept of Stability
M

M
Bending Stiffness K

=M/
The additional axial force increases the end rotations u,

lateral
deflection x

and internal moment (M
add

=Px) and reduces the
bending stiffness.
M M

P
P
Under combined axial and bending loads
x
The Effect of Axial Load on t he
The Effect of Axial Load on t he
Bending St iffness
Bending St iffness
Force approach
Consider a simple structural system with two struts only
Roller
Hinge
Hinge
Spring
L
L
L = t he lengt h of each port ion of t he column
k = spring st iffness
S
Joint equilibrium
S
N
N/S = L/x
S = (x/L) N
By the geometric argument
compression
compression
Force approach
L
L
F
N = axial load, compression t aken t o be posit ive
F = t he applied lat eral load
X = lat eral deflect ion
S

= (x/L) N
If F=0 kx
k
2S
Horizont al force equilibrium
F= kx

( 2N/ L)

x
( 1)
Spring
force
Lat eral force
generat ed by N
Rearranging
( k- 2N/ L) x

= F
( 2)
Additional stiffness
(geometric stiffness)
Not es:
Not es:
The effect of t he axial force N

is equivalent t o an
addit ional st iffness of value ( - 2N/ L) act ing
lat erally at t he pin locat ion. We t erm it as
geomet ric st iffness.
When t he axial force is t ensile ( - ve) , t he
geomet ric st iffness is posit ive. The effect s on t he
syst em t end t o be beneficial, t he lat eral
deflect ion and t he rest raining force in t he spring
are bot h reduced.
When t he axial force is compressive ( + ve) , t he
geomet ric st iffness is negat ive. The effect s on t he
syst em t end t o be det riment al, t he lat eral
deflect ion and t he rest raining force in t he spring
are bot h increased.
when N= N
cr
, t he negat ive geomet ric st iffness will cancel
out t he spring st iffness, causing t he lat eral st iffness of
t he syst em t o become zer o.
When t he compressive force is kept increasing, N > 0
and assuming t hat F= 0 ( no horizont al applied force)
When buckling happen, the lateral (or bending)
stiffness of the member becomes ZERO
For an axially loaded beam, t he lat eral st iffness comes
from t he bending st iffness. Buckling implies t hat t he
bending st iffness is cancelled out by t he geomet ric
st iffness
Crit ical load ( Ncr)
k- 2N
cr
/ L = 0
N
cr
= kL/ 2
( 3)
I f t he analysis is t o be
accurat e t o wit hin
10%, it may need t o
allow for t he effect s of
buckling if N/ N
cr
> 0. 1.
Stiffness K

with
geometric effects
Decreasing in the lateral stiffness
K=

k

(1-N/N
cr

)

increasing in lateral displacement
Buckling equat ion
Subst it ut ing ( 3) int o ( 2)
k( 1- N/ N
cr
) x

= F
( 4)
F
N
k (1-N/N
cr

)
k
= =k/K
Ef f ect s of di spl acement ampl i f i cat i on
10.0 1.11 0.9
5.00 1.25 0.8
3.33 1.43 0.7
2.50 1.67 0.6
2.00 2.00 0.5
1.67 2.50 0.4
1.50 3.33 0.3
1.25 5.00 0.2
1.11 10.00 0.1
1.00 0
Displacement
Amplification

cr
N/N
cr
10.0 1.11 0.9
5.00 1.25 0.8
3.33 1.43 0.7
2.50 1.67 0.6
2.00 2.00 0.5
1.67 2.50 0.4
1.50 3.33 0.3
1.25 5.00 0.2
1.11 10.00 0.1
1.00 0
Displacement
Amplification

cr
N/N
cr
Energy approach
We will use the energy approach to derive the stiffness and geometric matrices.
y

=2= 2 [ L -

d ]
Ignore the higher order
terms
(of the spring)
L

2

=y
Energy gain +ve
Energy loss -ve
d
x
L
kx
W
By the theory of
minimum potential
energy (see page B7)
U (with geometric effect)
A curve surface
Equilibrium position
at local min. i.e. =0
Stable
Concept of Stability

x
U+W=
=U
=W
0
0
=0
N
this implies

x

can be any

value. i.e. buckling! N=kL/2
U=
=W
=U+W
U = 0

= W

F = 0 -F x =0

= W = 0

=W
=0
for all x
a line
= No local minimum
x=F/(k-2N/L)
Not es on Tomorrow
Not es on Tomorrow

s Test
s Test
The t est venue is at Know l es Bui l di ng 419
The design part is on slab design.
The t heory part is on sket ch of BMD and assembly
of syst em mat rix and vect ors
Please bring along t he HK code and a calculat or.
Table for reinforcement areas will be provided.
Buckling Problems with Multiple Degrees of Freedom
Energy Approach
Assumed disp.

shape
Have been
derived in
Matrix Method
for Static Load
Analysis
(a
i

=Nodal displacements)
Consider a beam segment of length dx
Longitudinal deformations
1.

Hookes law (axial shortening)
2.

Geometric
u

= du/dx
v

= dv/dx
Binomial expansion
See page B5
(due to geometric deformation)
Hookes law Geometric
dx
du
dx
dx=ds
du
dv
v
ignored
Since v =

a
i

N
i
4
i=1
(see page B6)
-P=
0
4
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
=
c
H c
+
c
H c
+
c
H c
+
c
H c
= H a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
o o o o o
Hence:
Not a function of x
a function of x

is a function of a
i
Strain energy axial load nodal forces
=dv/dx=v
d/dx=v
d=vdx
M=EI v
dU=Md
Note:
4x4
scalar
Geometric stiffness affecting the
total stiffness of the beam element
by the applied axial load P
P P
=k
ij
=g
ij

These two
matrices will be
given in the
examination.
St iffness mat rix
Geomet ric
st iffness mat rix
| |
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(

=
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
3
4 3 3
3 36 3 36
3 4 3
3 36 3 36
30
4 6 2 6
6 12 6 12
2 6 4 6
6 12 6 12
L L L L
L L
L L L L
L L
L
P
L L L L
L L
L L L L
L L
L
EI
Pg k
The st iffness mat rix and geomet ric st iffness mat rix
I t will be provided in t he Examinat ion paper.
Consider t he last t wo eqns.
(Buckling Analysis)
Only considering the
deformation due to geometric
change
There is no end
shear force and
moment.
{ }
)
`

=
2
2
2
u
v
d
= 0
u
2
P
When buckling
j ust occurred,
u
2
= 0
Det ailed solut ion of t he
Det ailed solut ion of t he
eigenvalues
eigenvalues
0
4 3
3 36
30 4 6
6 12
det
2 2 3
=
(

l l
l
l
P
l l
l
l
EI
0
4 3
3 36
30 4 6
6 12
det
2
=
(

EI
Pl
EI
Pl
30
2
= A
0
4 3
3 36
4 6
6 12
det =
(

A
(

0
4 4 3 6
3 6 36 12
det =
(

A A +
A + A
0 135 156 12
2
= A + A
2 2 2
1807 . 32 or 4860 . 2
30
l
EI
l
EI
l
EI
P
=
A
=
0 ) 3 6 ( ) 4 4 )( 36 12 (
2
= A + A A
)
`

=
)
`

2
2
2
2
u u l
v v
0
4 3
3 36
30 4 6
6 12
det
3
=
(

l
P
l
EI
Set =l
l l l l
A=0.0829 or 1.0727
By formula
0
2
= + + c bx ax
a
ac b b
x
2
4
2

=
by the first equation
9.01685/l1-

5.7514
2

=0 or
2

=9.01685/5.7514l=1.5677/l
or by the second equation
-5.75141

+ 3.66854l
2

=0 or
2

=5.7514/3.66854l=1.5677/l

2DOF only

Subdivided into
more line segments
/elements
Knowing the nodal displacements, the column deformation can be calculated by interpolation.
a
3
a
4
Sket ch t he mode shapes
Mode 1, v
2
= 1 and
2
= 1. 5677/ l
v
x/l

1
=0
v
x/l

1
=0
Mode 2, v
2
= 1 and
2
= - 9. 567/ l
v
2
1
v
2
1
=0
X
Y
= 0
u
2
P
When buckling
j ust occurred,
u
2
= 0
C

=0 Axial force=0
St iffness mat rix of a beam
St iffness mat rix of a beam
element
element
Stiffness equations
for element 1
( )
( )
2 1 2
1 2 1
4 2
2 4
M
L
EI
M
L
EI
=
=
u u
u u
v
1

=0 v
2

=0
u
1

=0
u
2

=0

=
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

2
2
2
1
1
1
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
3
0
0
4 6 2 6
6 12 6 12
2 6 4 6
6 12 6 12
u
u
u
v
u
v
L L L L
L L
I
AL
I
AL
L L L L
L L
I
AL
I
AL
L
EI
=
0
=
0
u
1
u
2
removed
1 2
For Element 1
NO AXIAL FORCE (P=0)
0
Node 1 is fixed and
vertical displacement at
node 2 =0
1
2
For Element 2
Node 1 is fixed
u
2
v
2
The stiffness matrix of element 2 is (the same as that in Example 1)
For element 2
X
Y
Element from example 1
Rotate the element and
the local coordinate axes
by 90
o
clockwise
The coordinate system is the same as
that of element 1 in example 1.
Eqn(3)
Involving one DOF only.
Stiffness from element 1
To get accurate
results, we
have to use
more elements
C
System
0
Sliding only,
no rotation
System
=0
By static condensation
reduced 3DOFs to 2DOFs
System
&
Matrix condensation 2DOF 1DOF
=0
By static condensation
reduced 3DOFs to 2DOFs
( )
( )
2 2 1
1 2 1
2
1
2
1
4 2
2 4
4 2
2 4
M
L
EI
M
L
EI
M
M
L
EI
'
=
'
+
'
'
=
'
+
'
)
`

'
'
=
)
`

'
'
(

u u
u u
u
u
The effects of
pinned joint i.e.
M
1

=0 has been
considered.
&
System
No transform

1
u
1
With stiffness matrix only
Stiffness
+ geometric

matrices
Ignore the axial deformations
v
1

=v
2

=0, u
1

=u
2
2
1
Y
X
Fixed end

2
u
1
Take away l

in the matrices of the above equation
System
With only numerical values in the matrices
(details see next slide)
Expansion of Det erminant
Expansion of Det erminant
For a 22 determinant
For a 33 determinant
2
b c a
c b
b a
=
e d
c b
d
f d
e b
b
f e
e c
a
f e d
e c b
d b a
+ =
= acf

+ 2bde -

ae
2
-

b
2
f

cd

2
I t will be provided in
t he Examinat ion
paper.
P
>
Considering the symmetric buckling mode of the 1 Considering the symmetric buckling mode of the 1
st st

mode, the mode, the
problem can be simplified as a cantilever with a length problem can be simplified as a cantilever with a length L L/2 subjected /2 subjected
to a point load to a point load
Past examination question, year 2000
End
End
(Shear Building)
The flexural stiffness of the horizontal beam elements is infinitely high and
the beams would not be bent and rotated. This type of buildings

is called
shear building. Each story has one horizontal DOF only.
Undeformed

shape
Deformed shape
2DOF
= 0
+
Skipped
Illustration of Energy Method
0
k D
eq

dD

(internal W.D.)
+ -P dD

(external W.D.)
0
Skipped
Formulat ion for t he st iffness
Formulat ion for t he st iffness
mat rix of element 1
mat rix of element 1
No use
Stiffness for
element 1
removed
( )
( )
2 1 2 2 1 1
1 2 1 1 1 1
4 2 0
2 4 0
M
L
EI
F v
L
EA
v
L
EA
M
L
EI
F v
L
EA
v
L
EA
= = = +
= = =
u u
u u
v
1

= -v
1
v
2

= -v
1

=
(
(
(
(
(
(

2
2
1
1
2
1 2
1
1
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
3
4 2
2 4
M
F
M
F
v v
v
L L
I
AL
I
AL
L L
I
AL
I
AL
L
EI
u
u
v
1
v
1
u
1

=0
u
2

=0

=
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

2
2
2
1
1
1
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
3
0
0
4 6 2 6
6 12 6 12
2 6 4 6
6 12 6 12
u
u
u
v
u
v
L L L L
L L
I
AL
I
AL
L L L L
L L
I
AL
I
AL
L
EI