Places of articulation (active and passive)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Exo-labial (outer part of lip) Endo-labial (inner part of lip) Dental (teeth) Alveolar (front part of alveolar ridge) Post-alveolar (rear part of alveolar ridge & slightly behind it) Pre-palatal (front part of hard palate that arches upward) Palatal (hard palate) Velar (soft palate) Uvular (a.k.a. Post-velar; uvula) Pharyngeal (pharyngeal wall) Glottal (a.k.a. Laryngeal; vocal folds) Epiglottal (epiglottis) Radical (tongue root) Postero-dorsal (back of tongue body) Antero-dorsal (front of tongue body) Laminal (tongue blade) Apical (apex or tongue tip) Sub-laminal (a.k.a. Sub-apical; nderside of tongue)

Articulation The process by which sounds, syllables, and words are formed when your tongue, jaw, teeth, lips, and palate alter the air stream coming from the vocal folds. The movement of the tongue, lips, jaw, and other speech organs (the articulators) in order to make speech sounds. The act of vocal expression; utterance or enunciation. The act or manner of producing a speech sound. A speech sound, especially a consonant. b) Lateral fricatives Lateral fricatives are a rare type of fricative, where the frication occurs on one or both sides of the edge of the tongue. The "ll" of Welsh and the "hl" of Zulu are lateral fricatives.

Manners of articulation include: 1) Plosive, or oral stop Plosive, or oral stop, where there is complete occlusion (blockage) of both the oral and nasal cavities of the vocal tract, and therefore no air flow. Examples include English /p t k/ (voiceless) and /b d g/ (voiced). The shape and position of the tongue (the place of articulation) determine the resonant cavity that gives different plosives their characteristic sounds. All languages have plosives. 2) Nasal stop, usually shortened to nasal Nasal stop, usually shortened to nasal, where there is complete occlusion of the oral cavity, and the air passes instead through the nose. The shape and position of the tongue determine the resonant cavity that gives different nasal stops their characteristic sounds. Examples include English /m, n/. Nearly all languages have nasals, the only exceptions being in the area of Puget Sound and a single language on Bougainville Island. 3) Fricative, sometimes called spirant Fricative, sometimes called spirant, where there is continuous frication (turbulent and noisy airflow) at the place of articulation. Examples include English /f, s/ (voiceless), /v, z/ (voiced), etc. Most languages have fricatives, though many have only an /s/. a) Sibilants Sibilants are a type of fricative where the airflow is guided by a groove in the tongue toward the teeth, creating a high-pitched and very distinctive sound. These are by far the most common fricatives. Fricatives atcoronal (front of tongue) places of articulation are usually, though not always, sibilants. English sibilants include /s/ and /z/.

4) Affricate Affricate, which begins like a plosive, but this releases into a fricative rather than having a separate release of its own. The English letters "ch" and "j" represent affricates. Affricates are quite common around the world, though less common than fricatives. 5) Flap, often called a tap Flap, often called a tap, is a momentary closure of the oral cavity. The "tt" of "utter" and the "dd" of "udder" are pronounced as a flap in North American and Australian English. 6) Trill Trill, in which the articulator (usually the tip of the tongue) is held in place, and the airstream causes it to vibrate. The double "r" of Spanish "perro" is a trill. Trills and flaps, where there are one or more brief occlusions, constitute a class of consonant called rhotics. 7) Approximant Approximant, where there is very little obstruction. Examples include English /w/ and /r/. a) Semivowel, sometimes called a glide Semivowel, sometimes called a glide, is a type of approximant, pronounced like a vowel but with the tongue closer to the roof of the mouth, so that there is slight turbulence. In English, /w/ is the semivowel equivalent of the vowel /u/, and /j/ (spelled "y") is the semivowel equivalent of the vowel /i/ in this usage. Lateral approximants, usually shortened to lateral, Lateral approximants, usually shortened to lateral, are a type of approximant pronounced with the side of the tongue. English /l/ is a lateral. Together with the rhotics, which have similar behavior in many languages, these form a class of consonant called liquids.

b)