yon kay Taylan D.

, ang pagbasa ay maaaring mauri sa mga sumusunod: Iskaning o Palaktaw na Pagbasa Ang nagbabasa ay tumutunton sa mahahalagang salita, mga pamagat at mga subtitulo. Palaktaw-laktaw na pagbubuklat sa materyal ang paraang ginagamit sa ganitong pagbasa.

Iskiming Ang iskiming ay mabilisang pagbasa upang makuha ang pangakalahatang ideya ng teksto. Pahapyaw na pagbasa ang isinasagawa sa mga seleksyion tulad ng pamagat. Ginagawa ito para sa pagtingin o paghanap ng mahahalagang impormasyon na maaaring makatulong sa bumabasa.

Previewing Sinusuri ng mambabasa ang kabuuan, estilo at register ng wika ng sumulat.

Kaswal na Pagbasa Kadalasang ginagawa bilang pampalipas oras lamang Masuring Pagbasa Isinasagawa ang pagbasa na ito nang maingat para maunawaan ganap ang binabasa upang matugunan ang pangangailangan. Pagbasang May Pagtatala Ito ang pagbasang may kaakibat na pagtatala o pagha-highlight ng mahahalagang impormasyon sa teksto.

Cradle of civilization
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about society beginnings. For the beginning of humanity before writing, see History of the world. For other uses, see Cradle of Humankind (disambiguation).

The Fertile Crescent is the place most cited by scholars as the cradle of civilization [citation needed].

The cradle of civilization is a term referring to any of the possible locations for the emergence of civilization. It is usually applied to the Ancient Near Eastern Chalcolithic (Ubaid period, Naqada culture), especially in the Fertile Crescent (Levant and Mesopotamia), but also extended to sites in Armenia,[1]and the Persian Plateau, besides other Asian cultures situated along large river valleys, notably the Indus River in the Indian Subcontinent[2] and the Yellow River in China.[3] If writing is taken as a prerequisite for civilization, the earliest "cradle" is Sumer (Jemdet Nasr). Civilization is usually taken to presuppose the presence of agriculture and urban settlements, and as such is a consequence of the Neolithic Revolution.[4]This postulates that there is no single "cradle", but several independent developments of civilization, of which the Near Eastern Neolithic was the first. The extent to which there was significant influence between the early civilizations in the Fertile Crescent and East Asia is disputed, while the civilizations of theAndes and Mesoamerica are accepted as having emerged independently from those in Eurasia.

ingle or multiple cradles

A traditional theory of the spread of civilization is that it began in the Fertile Crescent and spread out from there by influence.
needed] [14]

This consistent "Cradle of Civilization" concept is contradicted by the occurrence of

[citation needed][clarification

shared essential features of civilization met independently on bothhemispheres,

[citation needed][clarification needed]

and by the observation of a both gradual and irregular succession of different focuses regarding "Sedentary" and "nomadic"

sociocultural developments and geographical spread.

communities continued to interact considerably and cannot always be neatly separated along polar dividing lines between widely different cultural groups. The concept reduces to a convenient focus where the inhabitants came to build cities, to create writing systems, to experiment in techniques for making pottery and using metals, to domesticate animals, and to develop complexsocial structures involving class systems.

Greece
The oldest man-made structure is found within a prehistoric cave in central Greece, according to the Greek culture ministry. The structure is a stone wall that blocked two-thirds of the entrance to theTheopetra cave, near Kalambaka, on the north edge of the Thessalian plain. It was constructed 23,000 years ago, probably as a barrier to cold winds.
[21]

In Crete recent findings show that the ancient people of Greece had "the most ancient sign of early navigation worldwide". Archaeological experts from Greece discovered along the southern coast of the Greek island of Crete rough axes and other tools and indicating that men of Crete navigated across open waters as far back as between 130,000 and 700,000 years ago
[22]

The Franchthi Cave in the Peloponnese, in the southeastern Argolid, was occupied from the Palaeolithic circa 20,000 BCE (and possibly earlier) through the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods, being abandoned about 3000 BCE (Middle Neolithic). It is one of the very few settlements in the world that shows continuous human occupation for more than 20,000 years.
[23]

It also contains some of the

[24]

earliest evidence for agriculture in Greece. The first inhabitants were probably hunter gatherers, but from around 11,000 BCE almonds, pistachios, bitter vetch, and lentils all appear at the same time, while wild
[23]

oats and wild barley appear from 10,500 BCE, while from 7,300 BCE peas and wild pears also appear.

The Neolithic Civilization (6800-3300 B.C.) Neolithic civilization is the long era, the main characteristics of which are farming, stock-breeding, permanent installation and the extensive use of stone. From the stage of the nomadic hunter-gatherer (Paleolithic Era) man entered the stage of farmer-husbandman and dominated his natural environment. This Neolithic "revolution" is affected in ancient Greece at the beginning of the 7th millennium BC . The Neolithic civilization lasted more than three thousand years. The Neolithic settlements extended all over Greece, with the greatest concentration in the plain of Thessaly, where the two most important settlements are located, Sesklo and Dimini. The arrangement of the dwellings of the settlement, with their streets and squares, constitute the first architectural and townplanning forms on European ground.
[25]

The first settlements, which predate the 6th millennium BC, are known as proto-Sesklo (main group) and pre-Sesklo (secondary groups with differentiated characteristics) and they show an advanced agriculture and a very early use of pottery that rivals in age those of the Near East, in an area geographically close to the Petralona cave and the Archanthropus living environment.
[26]

the settlements of Sesklo 6850

BC Dimini 4800 BC and Dispilio 5600 BC is one of the most important sites for our knowledge of this period in Greece, Sesklo was at its peak during the Middle Neolithic (5800-5300 BC) when it occupied an area of approximately 100,000 square metres, the settlement's 500-800 dwellings were densely arranged, with narrow streets and squares running between them, surrounded by large retaining walls.
[27] [28]

The Minoan civilization was a Bronze Age civilization that arose on the island of Crete and flourished from approximately the 2700 BC to the 1500 BC.
[30] [29]

It was rediscovered at the beginning of the 20th century

through the work of the British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans. Will Durant referred to it as "the first link in the European chain." Paleolithic age.
[31][32]

The early inhabitants of Crete settled as early as 128,000 BC, during the Middle

in 5000 BC the first signs of advanced agriculture appeared, marking the beginning

of the civilization. The Mycenaean Greeks invaded Crete in 1500 BC and adopted much of the Minoan culture they found on Crete.
[33]

The Minoan civilization which preceded the Mycenaean civilization on Crete was revealed to

the modern world by Sir Arthur Evans in 1900, when he purchased and then began excavating a site at Knossus.

Mycenaean civilization was dominated by a warrior aristocracy. Around 1400 BC the Mycenaeans extended their control to Crete, center of the Minoan civilization, and adopted a form of the Minoan script called Linear A to write their early form of Greek. The Mycenaean era script is called Linear B. Around 1100 BC the Mycenaean civilization collapsed. Numerous cities were sacked and the region entered what historians see as a dark age. During this period Greece experienced a decline inpopulation and literacy. The Greeks themselves have traditionally blamed this decline on an invasion by another wave of Greek people, the Dorians, although there is scant archaeological evidence for this view. In 900-800 BC the Greek civilization was engulfed in a renaissance that spread the Greek world as far as the Black Sea and Spain. Writing was relearned from the Phoenicians, eventually spreading north into Italy and the Gauls. Ancient Greece is considered by most historians to be the foundational culture of Western Civilization. Greek culture was a powerful influence in the Roman Empire, Ancient Greek civilization has been immensely influential on the language, politics, educational systems, philosophy, art and architecture of the modern world, particularly during theRenaissance in Western Europe and again during various neo-Classical revivals in 18th and 19th century Europe and the Americas.

What Are the Four Cradles of Civilization?

By Karl Wallulis, eHow

Ancient historians place the birth of civilization at the time when writing was invented, at approximately 3100 B.C. The earliest ancient societies arose in four river valleys located in Asia, Africa and the Middle East. These four valleys -- the Tigris and Euphrates, the Nile, The Indus and the Huang He -- are commonly referred to as the four cradles of civilization, although other ancient civilizations are occasionally included.

1. Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

o

By 5000 B.C., Sumerian tribes had begun to settle in the region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, located in modern-day Iraq. The twin rivers allowed farmers to irrigate their crops, leading to the birth of agriculture. Cities were established by 3500 B.C., and writing by 2500 B.C.

Nile River Valley

o

Egyptian farmers settled in the Nile River valley at about the same period as the Sumerians in Mesopotamia. They had a fully developed writing system and irrigation network by 3000 B.C. The height of ancient Egyptian civilization began in 3100 B.C. when King Menes united Lower and Upper Egypt.

Indus River Valley

o

The Indus River valley saw the birth of the Indian civilization in the 5th century B.C., a population which now numbers in the hundreds of millions. The river valley itself is located in modern day Pakistan. Two major cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, were thriving marketplaces in the early 3rd century B.C. Little is known about the ancient history of this civilization.

Huang He (Yellow River) Valley

o

Nomadic Chinese farmers settled in the Huang He River, located in northern China, around 3000 B.C. They developed a complex writing system incorporating both ideograms (symbols that represent concepts) and phonograms (symbols that represent sounds). The two major dynasties of ancient China were the Shang (1766-1122 B.C.) and Zhou (1122-221 B.C.).

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References
Westchester Country Day School: World History Atlas of Blank Maps International World History Project: Ancient Civilizations