CALUSES: COORDINATION AND SUBORDINATION 1.

1 terms of clause Terms : Clause : any structure that contains its own verb. : a group of words containing a subject and a verb. Independent clause : a clause that can stand on its own. : a complete sentence. It contains the main subject and the verb of a sentence. (called also main clause). Dependent clause : structure that cannot stand alone as grammatical entity. : not a complete sentence. (called subordinate clause). Note : when the structure contains a subordinate clause, the containing structure is often called a matrix clause. 1.2 Conjoining Recourse one structure to another by using conjunction, English has three conjunctions--- and, or and but 1.2.1 And Used to conjoin a variety of structure, from single lexical item to structure I like computer and philosophy Hot cloud destroys and burn houses I can and must marry you He robbed the bank and threat official bank He loughs aloud and long We are more and more happy We are waiting for and on you Sue rushes down the stairs and out the door It was short and soft Uul sleep, yaya plays game, and you watch TV Muse! a) I want this and that book. b) This is his and her house. c) This is my uncle and aunts house. a) The kids ate spaghetti and Penthol. b) The kids ate spaghetti and Tumpang. c) I will have butter and bread 1 d) You and I should have good relationship. a) The CEO wined and dined the client b) By and large, they were well behaved Conjoined NPs Conjoined verbs Conjoined modals Conjoined predicates Conjoined adverb Conjoined intensifiers Conjoined prepositions Conjoined adverbial prepositional phrases Conjoined adjectives and adjective phrase Conjoined sentence This structure is ungrammatical and unacceptable. it can be acceptable, as c), if the speaker points the mean by gesturing or give genitive marker. In a), we will think that penthol is in spaghetti. But do u think the same on b)? c) and d) are acceptable We cannot separate the CEO wined and the CEO dined. They are one on meaning. Wined and denied=entertain. The same way on b) by and

some speaker do say Me and you should have good relationship

large=generally Some meanings of and Muse ! a) Yaya and Uul fought. b) Yaya ran, and ran and ran and ran. 1.2.2 Or Flexible to conjoin a variety of structures but only conjoin the same type of structures Did you see yaya or Uul? Yaya has lost or misplaced her cell phone Yaya will mope the floor or sweep the floor Uul always throws her money under the bed or behind the dresser Does Yaya wait for or on you? Your partner is nave or dumb. You may or may not attend the party Yayas sleeping or shes in the library. a) Do you want tea or coffee? b) You may apply for this grant if you are Hispanic (and/)or female In a), meaning of the sentence is Yaya and Uul do the same thing each other. b) means more activity

Conjoin NPs Conjoin VPs Conjoin predicate Conjoin PPs Conjoin prepositions Conjoin adjectives Conjoin modals Conjoin sentences In a), there is choice tea or coffee or the other but not both, called exclusive or. In b), it is ok to be both Hispanic or female, called inclusive or. in daily discourse, speaker will often resort to the and/or conversation. I a) and b) are same and, eitheror ,indicates that one alternative on the other is viable I c) and d) are same and, neithernor, indicates that neither alternative are viable When neither is not required for grammaticality in sentence containing nor, the coordinates structures must contain some short of negative nd word and the word order of the 2 sentence is inverted. Like in d) Do you think that car and bicycle are choice? Some grammarians say they are choice and the others say neither choice

a) b) c) d) a) b)

I will go by either car or bicycle. Either I will go by car or bicycle. Neither I will go by car or bicycle. I will go by neither car nor bicycle. I do no help nor support you None residents offered help nor did they call the police

Muse! I wont go by either car or bicycle.

1.2.3 But But is normally categorized as a conjunction, but it behave quite differently from and and or. It does not conjoin nouns or noun phrases, but modal auxiliary and most conjoin predicate and independent

clause. a) She can but wont help you b) He eats Tumpang but he really does not like it. Muse! a) I eat very little and Im not gaining weight.

In a), but conjoin modal and in b) but conjoin the predicate and independent clause It is not acceptable because uncommon and unexpected.

1.2.4 Coordination And Questions Speaker of English tens to process coordinated items as single structure. a) Karl wants pecel or tumpang Karl wants pecel or what? What does karl want pecel or? b) Karl gave the job to Heinz and Anam Karl gave the job to Heinz and who? Who did karl give the job to Heinz and? 1.2.5. Ellipsis And Gapping 1.2.5.1 Ellipsis Coordinated construction often reflects ellipsis. By and large, the term ellipsis refers to any omission of a word/words. The dots used to indicate omitted material are called ellipses. a) We are smart but they are not smart In a), the sentence has yet to be ellipse. In b) We are smart but they are not. sentence b) we know that the meaning of the sentence is same as a) a) I was looking for a sport car and I found one In a) one refers to NPs and too replaces the b) Karl have much money and Heinz does, too missing element of predicate, as in b). SO has c) Karl have much money and so does Heinz the same way as too but different ordered word. Muse! So stands for the entire previous sentence I love you very much. I love you very much and I tell you so 1.2.5.2.Gapping nd Gapping is fairly similar to ellipsis but less common. It occurred when lexical verb of the 2 coordinate structure is deleted. a) Karl kicked the ball and Heinz (kicked) ass. b) Karl is in paradise and Bob hell. 1.2.6 Embedding Embedding is placing one structure inside another
Direct object

I know that you are smart I know that you told bob that I am beautiful

In the 1 sentence, that you are smart is the nd direct object of know. In the 2 sentence that you told bob that I am beautiful is the direct object of know. And that I am beautiful is the direct of told.

st

Note :it is possible to embed 2, 3, 4, 5, 1.2.7 Nominal clauses Is the clause being able to perform most of functions NPs perform. Nominal clause is usually embedded within the main clause or another clause. We would like to introduce 3 clauses including in nominal clause, that clause, infinitive clause and ING clause. 1.2.7.1 That Clause That functions as subordinator of the clause. That clause can functions as, direct object, predicate nominative, subject, verb complement and other 1.2.7.1.1 That clause as direct object The number of verb that can take clauses as direct objects is limited. E.g. know, believe, think, hope, wish, assume, guess, hear, see, feel etc. that Karl is a excellence student is DO of The teachers think that Karl is a excellence student think. that Heinz gives Sekar his heart is Do of Subject DO IO thinks while the DO has its own structure. The teacher thinks that Heinz gives Sekar his heart Heinz is the subject, sekar is DO of gives Subject and his heart is IO of gives. And that clause can be replaced by a single pronoun. The teacher knows it. Or can word The teacher knows that Karl is an excellence student that can be omitted The teacher knows Karl is an excellence student. Muse! Like word insist, think typically only take a) The teacher thinks that Karl is an excellence clausal direct object. As a rule a nonclausal student. The teacher thinks it. Can be? direct object requires a multi-word verb. I think about your performance Passive form Theoretically, that clause functioning as b) That Karl is an excellence student is known by the direct object can be subject on passive form teacher. as in b) 1.2.7.1.2 that clause as predicate nominative that clause as predicate nominative occurs when that clause follows copula, commonly be. That clause always embodies a proposition a) My concern is that hell never learn responsibility (not people), they never function as direct Subject predicate nominative object. b) The plan was that Karl would study first. 1.2.7.1.3 that clause as verb complement a) Heinz warned me that he is the best student.

That clause likes in a) and b) seems DO of

b) Karl alert me that the computer is out of order

a)

Karl alert me that the computer is out of order

Subject DO subject predicate nominative Verb complement

verb warned. But, NP following the verb is the DO. Proved in passive form I was warned by Heinz that he is the best student. Even NP is the DO, that clause is need for discourse coherence. Unlike the ditransitive verb, verbs taking causal complement are less deontic.

b) Karl assured me that he would fix my computer 1.2.7.1.4 That Clause As Subject a) That the election was rigged seemed clear
Subject predicate nominative DO

Subject

b) That the sound was aloud bothered me c) That I had been chosen thrilled my parents /it thrilled my parents that I had been chosen (cataphoric it)

Muse! It seemed that Uul has get the job.

That clause subject co-occure with a very limited number of verbs. Most stative copulas can take that clause and so can that suggest emotional states or personal reactions. Like in c), English speaker does nd this structure, the 2 structure. This is called extraposition Note: subordinator cannot be deleted when that clause be a subject of sentence. That clause looks like predicate nominative (follows copula) but it is definitely not, because it here is cataphoric. Appears also has a same phenomenon. Could we change to be that Uul has get the job seems?

1.2.7.1.5 Factive And Non-Factive Construction a) Factive He regrets that Karl resign That she is still here is significant b) Nonfactive/fictive That she will succeed is unlikely I imagine that Karl has already got much money 1.2.7.2. Infinitive Clause a) I would hate to have apologize b) Karl wants Heinz to have finished by afternoon c) I want you to be cleaning my room by 8.A.M d) Heinz hopes to be selected by the committee Muse! a) I will hate you to have apologize

Factive construction is when the speaker presupposes that the proposition in the clause is a fact. And when the speaker treat epistemically , it is called non-factive construction

Infinitives are not finite. Because modals have no infinitive form, they never appear in infinitive clause Can be?

1.2.7.2.1 Infinitive Clause As Direct Object a) Karl would like for you to leave the note in the maibox
Subject subject DO DO adv of place

Muse! b) I want to be a millionaire c) I want (I) to be a millionaire

infinitive clause has overt subject, you. Note: before subject of the clause put for precede the subject. In b) that clause has covert subject , I, just like in c).

1.2.7.2.2 Infinitive Clause As Predicate Nominative a) My dream was to become a dentist Just like that clause, the clause shows b) My dream was for you to become a dentist proposition so the subject of sentence must be abstract. Note: the covert subject of this clause is not same as the subject of the sentence. My dream was (I) to become a dentist. I is not appear in the subject of the sentence. 1.2.7.2.3 Infinitive clause as verb complement a) The teacher wanted Heinz to join us
Subject subject DO

b) The teacher persuaded Heinz (Heinz) to join us

Subject Subject DO subject DO verb complement

The teacher persuaded Heinz to join us c) They wanted the priest to read Koran/they wanted Koran to be read by the priest.

Muse! Karl wants Sue to hurt himself

Karl persuades Sue to be examined by the doctor. Karl persuades the doctor to examine Sue.

No drama on sentence a), Heinz is overt subject of DO clause. But need more analysis for sentence b), Heinz is overt subject of DO clause and also DO of main verb, persuaded. It makes different in meaning. If infinitive clause is DO of main verb, it wont change the meaning as in active form when it is changed to be passive form. This structure is ungrammatical. Because, Karl occur in matrix clause but himself in embedded clause. It should be Karl wants Sue to hurt herself. How about the expected meaning is not same? Use causative, make, have and get Same in meaning or not?

1.2.7.2.4 Dual structure of infinitive clause a) The teacher expected Heinz to win the world series
Subject subject DO

b) The teacher expected Heinz (Heinz) to win the world series

Subject --u-u DO verb complement

When infinitive clause as verb complement, infinitive clause does not change the meaning of the sentence in passive form. The teacher expected the world series is to be won by

Heinz Muse! a) The jury found patty guilty/the jury found patty to be guilty b) They declare Heinz the winner/they declare Heinz to be the winner

1.2.7.2.5 Infinitive clause as subject a) for you to leave the note in the maibox was my demand
Subject subject DO DO . . . predicate nominative

a).is overt subject b).is covert subject Like that clause, infinitive clause also has extraposition structure.

b) to leave the note in the mailbox was my demand c) It was my demand to leave the note in the mailbox

1.2.7.3. ING Clause a) Karl hates having to take clarinet lesson b) Heinz like having been grandmas favorite c) The baby enjoys being massaged Muse! a) Taking a lake is forbidden
subject

b) Smoking cigars in the classroom is forbidden

. DO s adverb. .

ING clauses are not finite. They dont contain modal aux. but they do contain semi-aux, perfect and passive. even taking is Noun, it does not leave the verb meaning of it. See sentence b) smoking is verblike being able to follow DO and adverb. When ING clause in a very nominal construction, its subject must take a genitive form. And when ING construction is highly verb-like, the genitive form is not needed. C) and d) are fine for many speakers

c)

Bills accidental shooting of that cow created a furor d) Bill accidentally shooting of that cow created a furor

1.2.7.3.1 ING clause as direct object a) I have eating tumpang b) I dislike STMJ(s) wearing clothes

a) I regret to inform you of an accident b) I regret informing you of the accident

a).is covert DO b).is overt DO take a concern to sentence b) with and without genitive form. Think the meaning! a). regretting precedes informing. b) informing precedes regretting.

\ 1.2.7.3.2 ING clause as predicate Nominative

a) The issue is merchants selling illegal fireworks b) The trick has been arriving on time Muse! a) Marrys favorite activity is fishing in the everglades b) Mary is fishing in the everglades

Like the predicate nominative of the previous clauses. The subject is abstract and the copula is almost always be Which one is progressive verb? Ask Ibu Afifi !

1.2.7.3.3 ING clause as verb complement a) I saw baby hit billy b) I saw baby hitting billy I saw baby (baby) hitting billy

a). hit can refers to a single action. b) hitting can be repeated action or can be present participle functioning as post modifier of baby (verb complemet).

1.2.7.3.4 ING clause as Subjects a) Hiking up a mountain during a hail storm is painful
i. Adv of direction adv of time Subject . predicate adj

Sue(s) playing cards every afternoon upset her mother

after sensory verb. after sensory verb.