UDEE 2224 GENETICS BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONS) BIOCHEMISTRY YEAR 2 SEMESTER 1

NAME STUDENT ID LECTURERS NAME EXPERIMENT

: SANMUGAPRIYA ELAMPARUTHI : 09ANB08398 : Mr. Kam : 3

EXPERIMENT TITLE : Mitosis and Meiosis

Title: Mitosis and Meiosis Objectives: 1. To determine the chronological order the main events of mitosis. 2. To demonstrate the process of mitosis by preparing a squash of onion root tip. 3. To compare and contrast the mitotic event in metaphase between a normal onion root tip and a colchicines-treated onion root tip. 4. To compare and contrast the mitotic process in plant and animal cells. Results: Activity 1: Characteristic of Mitosis 1) Prophase 2) Prophase 3) Prophase

4) Metaphase

5) Anaphase

6) Anaphase

7) Anaphase

8) Telophase

Activity 2: Mitosis in Onion Root Tip Squashes

Prophase Metaphase Anaphase

Telophase

Prophase

Anaphase

Activity 3: Mitosis in plants vs. Mitosis in Animals Animal:

Metaphase

Fish blastodisc Plant:

Ascaris male

Anaphase

Early prophase

Metaphase Onion Mitosis root tip Allium I.s.

Activity 4: Characteristic of Meiosis

Activity 5: Meiosis in Grasshopper Spermatogenesis

Metaphase I

Leptonema

Activity 6: Meiosis in Flowering Plants

Metaphase I

Lily Anther First Meiotic Division

Lily Anther Pollen Tetrad

Lily Ovulary First Meiotic Division

Lily Ovulary Second Meiotic Division

Lily Ovulary Megasporocyte c.s.

Lily Ovulary First-Four Nucleate Stage

Table 1: Differences between mitosis in animal and plant cells. Plant cells During telophase plants cell gets a cell phase Plant cells do not have centrioles. Animal cells During telophase, animal cells gets a cleavage furrow during separation Animal cells have centrioles that migrate to the ends of the cell to create the web of The plant cells have to form the cell wall between the new cells. spindle fibers that the chromatids attach to. Animal cells go through cleavage cytokinesis, which is division of the cell membranes Activity 8: Compare and contrast between mitosis and meiosis Meiosis Compare o The chromosome of the diploid mother cell (mitosis) and diploid meiocyte (meiosis) have been duplicated, associated with DNA synthesis before mitosis and meiosis begin. o Both mitosis and meiosis involve Cytokinesis in which the cleavage furrow splits the cell in to two (mitosis and meiosis I) and four (meiosis II). Contrast o Mitosis consists of a single step of o Meiosis consists of a two steps of cell division which includes Prophase, early Metaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase. o Two identical diploid daughter (2n) cells are produced after cell division of mitosis. cell division which include Prophase I and II, Metaphase I and II, Anaphase I and II, Telophase I and II o Two identical diploid daughter cells are produced after cell division of meiosis I. However, four nonidentical haploid (n) cells are produced after the cell division of meiosis II. Mitosis

o The Prophase stage in the mitosis does not divide into five stages.

o The Prophase I of the meiosis is divided into five stages which are Leptonema, Zygonema, Pachynema, Diplonema and Diakinesis. o The chromosomes do not replicate before meiosis II. o The metaphase of the meiosis is divided into two stages which are meiosis I and II. Both steps occur from meiosis I then to meiosis II. o Synapsis and crossing over or exchange of genetic materials occurs in the Diplonema and Pachynema of the Prophase I respectively. o Prophase I
i.

o The chromosomes have been replicated before during Interphase. o The metaphase of the mitosis is divided into two stages which are early Prophase and Prophase. Both steps occur continuously. o No synapsis and crossing over occur in the mitosis.

o Prophase i. Centrosome duplicates, chromosomes begin to condense and become visible. ii. Formation of the spindle accompanied by fragmentation of many intracellular. iii. iv. The nucleolus begins to disappear. The nuclear membrane breaks up into many vesicles v. Microtubules are formed within the cytoplasm invade the nuclear space. Some microtubules attach to the
v. iv. iii. ii.

Leptonema replicated chromosomes become visible. Zygonema homologous chromosomes pair. Pachynema homologous chromosomes fully paired. Crossing over occurs. Diplonema homologous chromosomes begin to repel each other. Chromatids become fully visible. Chiasmata become visible. Diakinesis chromosomes continue to shorten and thicken. Nucleolus and nucleus membrane disappear and microtubules attach to kinetochores.

kinetochores.

o Prophase II Chromosomes condense and move to metaphase plate. o Metaphase I Assembly of spindle is completed. Each chromosome pair aligns across the metaphase plate of the spindle. o Metaphase II Kinetochores attach to the spindle fibers. Chromosomes line up on metaphase plate. o Anaphase I Homologous chromosome pairs separate and migrate toward opposite poles. o Anaphase II Sister chromatids separate and the move to opposite poles as separate chromosomes.

o Metaphase i. The duplicated chromosomes move to positions midway between the spindle poles. ii. The sister chromatids of a duplicated chromosomes is connected to a different pole via microtubules attached to its kinetochores. o Anaphase i. The sister chromatids of duplicated chromosomes are separated from each other. ii. The separation is accompanied by shortening of the microtubules that attached to the kinetochores and by degrading material that hold the sister chromatids together. iii. The separated sister chromatids (chromosomes) are pulled to opposite poles of the cell. Then the poles begin to move apart. o Telophase i. ii. iii. Decondensation of the chromosome. The nuclear membrane reforms. The restoration of the

o Telophase I Chromosomes (each with two sister chromatids) complete migration to the poles and new nuclear membranes may form. o Telophase II

internal organelles.

Nuclear membrane forms around chromosomes and chromosomes uncoil and Nucleolus re-forms.

Conclusion: There are four stages (prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase) that presents in mitosis which produce identical offspring. The differences between animal cell and plant cell identified and able to differentiate. Meiosis 1 and 2 involve in the spermatogenesis of grasshopper. Flowering plants have distinct alternation of generation. The formation of megasporogenesis and megagametophyte in Lilium involve four megaspores which play major role in the formation of the eightnucleate female gametophyte.

References: 1) Klug, Cummings, Spencer. Concepts of Genetics (9th edition). Pearson International Edition.