Abstract

Cloud computing technology has been a new buzzword in the IT industry and expecting a new horizon for coming world. It is a style of computing which is having dynamically scalable virtualized resources provided as a service over the Internet. It reduces the time required to procure heavy resources and boot new server instances in minutes, allowing one to quickly scale capacity, both up and down, as ones requirement changes. Nevertheless the technology is hot in the market and is ready to cater to the small and medium business segment. The typical characteristic of this technology: Cloud computing customers do not generally own the physical infrastructure serving as host to the software platform in question. Instead, they avoid capital expenditure by renting usage from a third-party provider. The entire service lies on the service provider who owns the huge scalable and variable host of infrastructure, software and bundle of other services. Cloud computing consumers consume resources as a service and pay only for resources that they use. Many cloudcomputing offerings employ the utility computing model, which is analogous to how traditional utility services (such as electricity) are consumed, while others bill on a subscription basis. Sharing "perishable and intangible" computing power among multiple tenants can improve utilization rates, as servers are not unnecessarily left idle (which can reduce costs significantly while increasing the speed of application development).

1.Introduction
Imagine yourself in the world where the users of the computer of todays internet world dont have to run, install or store their application or data on their own computers, imagine the world where every piece of your information or data would reside on the Cloud (Internet). Many people are confused as to exactly what cloud computing is, especially as the term can be used to mean almost anything. Roughly, it describes highly scalable computing resources provided as an external service via the internet on a pay-as-you-go basis. The cloud is simply a metaphor for the internet, based on the symbol used to represent the worldwide network in computer network diagrams. Economically, the main appeal of cloud computing is that customers only use what they need, and only pay for what they actually use. Resources are available to be accessed from the cloud at any time, and from any location via the internet. Theres no need to worry about how things are being maintained behind the scenes you simply purchase the IT service you require as you would any other utility. Because of this, cloud computing has also been called utility computing, or IT on demand. This new, web-based generation of computing utilises remote servers housed in highly secure data centres for data storage and management, so organisations no longer need to purchase and look after their IT solutions in-house. U.S. Government's National Institute of Standards and Technology defines cloud computing as: Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. Cloud computing enables users and developers to utilize services without knowledge of, expertise with, nor control over the technology infrastructure that supports them. The concept generally incorporates combinations of the following:

Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) Platform as a service (PaaS) Software as a service (SaaS)

2. History
The Cloud is a term with a long history in telephony, which has in the past decade, been adopted as a metaphor for internet based services, with a common depiction in network diagrams as a cloud outline. The underlying concept dates back to 1960 when John McCarthy opined that "computation may someday be organized as a public utility"; indeed it shares characteristics with service bureaus which date back to the 1960s. The term cloud had already come into commercial use in the early 1990s to refer to large ATM networks. By the turn of the 21st century, the term "cloud computing" had started to appear, although most of the focus at this time was on Software as a service (SaaS). In 1999, Salesforce.com was established by Marc Benioff, Parker Harris, and his fellows. They applied many technologies of consumer web sites like Google and Yahoo! to business applications. They also provided the concept of "On demand" and "SaaS" with their real business and successful customers. The key for SaaS is being customizable by customer alone or with a small amount of help. Flexibility and speed for application development have been drastically welcomed and accepted by business users. IBM extended these concepts in 2001, as detailed in the Autonomic Computing Manifesto -which described advanced automation techniques such as self-monitoring, self-healing, selfconfiguring, and self-optimizing in the management of complex IT systems with heterogeneous storage, servers, applications, networks, security mechanisms, and other system elements that can be virtualized across an enterprise. Amazon.com played a key role in the development of cloud computing by modernizing their data centers after the dot-com bubble and, having found that the new cloud architecture resulted in significant internal efficiency improvements, providing access to their systems by way of Amazon Web Services in 2005 on a utility computing basis. 2007 saw increased activity, with Google, IBM, and a number of universities embarking on a large scale cloud computing research project, around the time the term started gaining popularity in the mainstream press. It was a hot topic by mid-2008 and numerous cloud computing events had been scheduled. In August 2008, Gartner Research observed that "organizations are switching from companyowned hardware and software assets to per-use service-based models" and that the "projected shift to cloud computing will result in dramatic growth in IT products in some areas and in significant reductions in other areas."

3.Concept
Cloud computing is Internet ("cloud") based development and use of computer technology ("computing"). It is a style of computing in which dynamically scalable and often virtualized resources are provided as a service over the Internet. Users need not have knowledge of, expertise in, or control over the technology infrastructure "in the cloud" that supports them. An abstraction of the complex infrastructure is given below:

The NIST definition of cloud computing describes five essential characteristics, three service models and four deployment models. 2.1.1 Delivery Models The NIST definition of cloud computing defines three delivery models: Software as a Service (SaaS): The consumer uses an application, but does not control the operating system, hardware or network infrastructure on which it's running. Platform as a Service (PaaS): The consumer uses a hosting environment for their applications. The consumer controls the applications that run in the environment (and possibly has some control over the hosting environment), but does not control the operating system, hardware or network infrastructure on which they are running. The platform is typically an application framework. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): The consumer uses "fundamental

computing resources" such as processing power, storage, networking components or middleware. The consumer can control the operating system, storage, deployed applications and possibly networking components such as firewalls and load balancers, but not the cloud infrastructure beneath them. 2.1.2 Deployment Models The NIST definition defines four deployment models: Public Cloud: In simple terms, public cloud services are characterized as being available to clients from a third party service provider via the Internet. The term public does not always mean free, even though it can be free or fairly inexpensive to use. A public cloud does not mean that a users data is publically visible; public cloud vendors typically provide an access control mechanism for their users. Public clouds provide an elastic, cost effective means to deploy solutions. Private Cloud: A private cloud offers many of the benefits of a public cloud computing environment, such as being elastic and service based. The difference between a private cloud and a public cloud is that in a private cloud-based service, data and processes are managed within the organization without the restrictions of network bandwidth, security exposures and legal requirements that using public cloud services might entail. In addition, private cloud services offer the provider and the user greater control of the cloud infrastructure, improving security and resiliency because user access and the networks used are restricted and designated.2 Community Cloud: A community cloud is controlled and used by a group of organizations that have shared interests, such as specific security requirements or a common mission. The members of the community share access to the data and applications in the cloud. Hybrid Cloud: A hybrid cloud is a combination of a public and private cloud that interoperates. In this model users typically outsource non-businesscritical information and processing to the public cloud, while keeping business-critical services and data in their control. 2.1.3 Essential Characteristics The NIST definition describes five essential characteristics of cloud computing. Rapid Elasticity: Elasticity is defined as the ability to scale resources both up and down as needed. To the consumer, the cloud appears to be infinite, and the consumer can purchase as much or as little computing power as they need. This is one of the essential characteristics of cloud computing in the NIST definition. Measured Service: In a measured service, aspects of the cloud service are controlled and monitored by the cloud provider. This is crucial for billing, access control, resource optimization, capacity planning and other tasks. On-Demand Self-Service: The on-demand and self-service aspects of

cloud computing mean that a consumer can use cloud services as needed without any human interaction with the cloud provider. Ubiquitous Network Access: Ubiquitous network access means that the cloud providers capabilities are available over the network and can be accessed through standard mechanisms by both thick and thin clients.4 Resource Pooling: Resource pooling allows a cloud provider to serve its consumers via a multi-tenant model. Physical and virtual resources are assigned and reassigned according to consumer demand. There is a sense of location independence in that the customer generally has no control or knowledge over the exact location of the provided resources but may be able to specify location at a higher level of abstraction (e.g., country, state, or datacenter).

4.Components

Application
A cloud application leverages the Cloud in software architecture, often eliminating the need to install and run the application on the customer's own computer, thus alleviating the burden of software maintenance, ongoing operation, and support. For example:

Peer-to-peer / volunteer computing (Bittorrent, BOINC Projects, Skype)

Web application (Facebook) Software as a service (Google Apps, SAP and Salesforce) Software plus services (Microsoft Online Services)

Client
A cloud client consists of computer hardware and/or computer software which relies on cloud computing for application delivery, or which is specifically designed for delivery of cloud services and which, in either case, is essentially useless without it. For example:

Mobile (Android, iPhone, Windows Mobile) Thin client (CherryPal, Zonbu, gOS-based systems) Thick client / Web browser (Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox)

Infrastructure
Cloud infrastructure, such as Infrastructure as a service, is the delivery of computer infrastructure, typically a platform virtualization environment, as a service. For example:

Full virtualization (GoGrid, Skytap) Management (RightScale) Compute (Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud) Platform (Force.com)

Platform
A cloud platform, such as Platform as a service, the delivery of a computing platform, and/or solution stack as a service, facilitates deployment of applications without the cost and complexity of buying and managing the underlying hardware and software layers. For example:

Web application frameworks o Python Django (Google App Engine) o Ruby on Rails (Heroku) o .NET (Azure Services Platform) Web hosting (Mosso) Proprietary (Force.com)

Service
A cloud service includes "products, services and solutions that are delivered and consumed in real-time over the Internet". For example, Web Services ("software system[s] designed to support interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a network") which may be accessed by other cloud computing components, software, e.g., Software plus service, or end users directly. Specific examples include:

Identity (OAuth, OpenID) Integration (Amazon Simple Queue Service) Payments (Amazon Flexible Payments Service, Google Checkout, PayPal) Mapping (Google Maps, Yahoo! Maps) Search (Alexa, Google Custom Search, Yahoo! BOSS)

Others (Amazon Mechanical Turk)

Storage
Cloud storage involves the delivery of data storage as a service, including database-like services, often billed on a utility computing basis, e.g., per gigabyte per month. For example:

Database (Amazon SimpleDB, Google App Engine's BigTable datastore) Network attached storage (MobileMe iDisk, Nirvanix CloudNAS) Synchronization (Live Mesh Live Desktop component, MobileMe push functions) Web service (Amazon Simple Storage Service, Nirvanix SDN)

5.Architecture
In this diagram, Service Consumers use the services provided through the cloud, Service Providers manage the cloud infrastructure and Service Developers create the services themselves. (Notice that open standards are needed for the interactions between these roles).

Service Consumer The service consumer is the end user or enterprise that actually uses the service, whether it is Software, Platform or Infrastructure as

a Service. Depending on the type of service and their role, the consumer works with different user interfaces and programming interfaces. Some user interfaces look like any other application; the consumer does not need to know about cloud computing as they use the application. Other user interfaces provide administrative functions such as starting and stopping virtual machines or managing cloud storage. Consumers writing application code use different programming interfaces depending on the application they are writing. Consumers work with SLAs and contracts as well. Typically these are negotiated via human intervention between the consumer and the provider. The expectations of the consumer and the reputation of the provider are a key part of those negotiations. Service Provider The service provider delivers the service to the consumer. The actual task of the provider varies depending on the type of service: For Software as a Service, the provider installs, manages and maintains the software. The provider does not necessarily own the physical infrastructure in which the software is running. Regardless, the consumer does not have access to the infrastructure; they can access only the application. For Platform as a Service, the provider manages the cloud infrastructure for the platform, typically a framework for a particular type of application. The consumers application cannot access the infrastructure underneath the platform. For Infrastructure as a Service, the provider maintains the storage, database, message queue or other middleware, or the hosting environment for virtual machines. The consumer uses that service as if it were a disk drive, database, message queue, or machine, but they cannot access the infrastructure that hosts it. In the service provider diagram, the lowest layer of the stack is the firmware and hardware on which everything else is based. Above that is the software kernel, either the operating system or virtual machine manager that hosts the infrastructure beneath the cloud. The virtualized resources and images include the basic cloud computing services such as processing power, storage and middleware. The virtual images controlled by the VM manager include both the images themselves and the metadata required to manage them. Crucial to the service providers operations is the management layer. At a low level, management requires metering to determine who uses the services and to what extent, provisioning to determine how resources are allocated to consumers, and monitoring to track the status of the system and its resources. At a higher level, management involves billing to recover costs, capacity planning to ensure that consumer demands will be met, SLA management to ensure that the terms of service agreed to by the provider and consumer are adhered to, and reporting for administrators. Security applies to all aspects of the service providers operations. (The many

levels of security requirements are beyond the scope of this paper.) Open standards apply to the providers operations as well. A well-rounded set of standards simplify operations within the provider and interoperability with other providers. Service Developer The service developer creates, publishes and monitors the cloud service. These are typically "line-of-business" applications that are delivered directly to end users via the SaaS model. Applications written at the IaaS and PaaS levels will subsequently be used by SaaS developers and cloud providers. Development environments for service creation vary. If developers are creating a SaaS application, they are most likely writing code for an environment hosted by a cloud provider. In this case, publishing the service is deploying it to the cloud providers infrastructure. During service creation, analytics involve remote debugging to test the service before it is published to consumers. Once the service is published, analytics allow developers to monitor the performance of their service and make changes as necessary. Why cloud architecture? Cloud Architectures address key difficulties surrounding large-scale data processing, such as : In traditional data processing it is difficult to get as many machines as an application needs. It is difficult to get the machines when one needs them. It is difficult to distribute and co-ordinate a large-scale job on different machines, run processes on them, and provision another machine to recover if one machine fails. It is difficult to auto-scale up and down based on dynamic workloads. It is difficult to get rid of all those machines when the job is done. Cloud Architectures solve such difficulties. Applications built on Cloud Architectures run in-the-cloud where the physical location of the infrastructure is determined by the provider. They take advantage of simple APIs of Internetaccessible services that scale on-demand, that are industrial-strength, where the complex reliability and scalability logic of the underlying services remains implemented and hidden inside-the-cloud. The usage of resources in Cloud Architectures is as needed, sometimes ephemeral or seasonal, thereby providing the highest utilization and optimum bang for the buck. Examples of Cloud Architectures There are plenty of examples of applications that could utilize the power of Cloud Architectures. These range from back-office bulk processing systems to web applications. Some are listed below: convert hundreds of thousands of documents from Microsoft Word to PDF, OCR millions of pages/images into raw searchable text transcode AVI to MPEG movies perform search over millions of records

 analyze and generate daily/weekly reports websites for conferences or events (Super Bowl, sports tournaments)

- websites that only run during the tax season or the holiday season (Black Friday or Christmas)

6.Services
There are numerous services that can be delivered through cloud computing, taking advantage of the distributed cloud model. Here are some brief descriptions of a few of the most popular cloudbased IT solutions: Hosted Desktops Hosted desktops remove the need for traditional desktop PCs in the office environment, and reduce the cost of providing the services that you need. A hosted desktop looks and behaves like a regular desktop PC, but the software and data customers use are housed in remote, highly secure data centres, rather than on their own machines. Users can simply access their hosted desktops via an internet connection from anywhere in the world, using either an existing PC or laptop or, for maximum cost efficiency, a specialised device called a thin client. Hosted Email As more organisations look for a secure, reliable email solution that will not cost the earth, they are increasingly turning to hosted Microsoft Exchange email plans. Using the worlds premier email platform, this service lets organisations both large and small reap the benefits of using MS Exchange accounts without having to invest in the costly infrastructure themselves. Email is stored centrally on managed servers, providing redundancy and fast connectivity from any location. This allows users to access their email, calendar, contacts and shared files by a variety of means, including Outlook, Outlook Mobile Access (OMA) and Outlook Web Access (OWA). Hosted Telephony (VOIP) VOIP (Voice Over IP) is a means of carrying phone calls and services across digital internet networks. In terms of basic usage and functionality, VOIP is no different to traditional telephony, and a VOIP-enabled telephone works exactly like a 'normal' one, but it has distinct cost advantages. A hosted VOIP system replaces expensive phone systems, installation, handsets, BT lines and numbers with a simple, cost-efficient alternative that is available to use on a monthly subscription basis. Typically, a pre-configured handset just needs to be plugged into your broadband or office network to allow you to access features such as voicemail, IVR and more. Cloud Storage Cloud storage is growing in popularity due to the benefits it provides, such as simple, CapExfree costs, anywhere access and the removal of the burden of in-house maintenance and management. It is basically the delivery of data storage as a service, from a third party provider,

with access via the internet and billing calculated on capacity used in a certain period (e.g. per month). Dynamic Servers Dynamic servers are the next generation of server environment, replacing the conventional concept of the dedicated server. A provider like ThinkGrid gives its customers access to resources that look and feel exactly like a dedicated server, but that are fully scalable. You can directly control the amount of processing power and space you use, meaning you don't have to pay for hardware you don't need. Typically, you can make changes to your dynamic server at any time, on the fly, without the costs associated with moving from one server to another.

7.Cloud Vendors
There are many companies who are into the market offering various ranges of services on Cloud Computing. The major players are Vmware, Sun Microsystems, Rackspace US, IBM, Amazon, Google, Microsoft, and Yahoo. Cloud services are also being adopted by individual users through large enterprises including Vmware, General Electric, and Procter & Gamble. The vendor hosts and manages the infrastructure required with the respective technology.

8.Security Concern
Many companies that are considering adopting cloud computing raise concerns over the security of data being stored and accessed via the internet. What a lot of people dont realise is that good vendors adhere to strict privacy policies and sophisticated security measures, with data encryption being one example of this. Companies can choose to encrypt data before even storing it on a third-party providers servers. As a result, many cloud-computing vendors offer greater data security and confidentiality than companies that choose to store their data in-house. However, not all vendors will offer the same level of security. It is recommended that anyone with concerns over security and access should research vendors' policies before using their services. Technology analyst and consulting firm Gartner lists seven security issues to bear in mind when considering a particular vendors services: 1. Privileged user accessenquire about who has access to data and about the hiring and management of such administrators 2. Regulatory compliancemake sure a vendor is willing to undergo external audits and/or security certifications 3. Data locationask if a provider allows for any control over the location of data 4. Data segregationmake sure that encryption is available at all stages and that these "encryption schemes were designed and tested by experienced professionals" 5. Recoveryfind out what will happen to data in the case of a disaster; do they offer complete restoration and, if so, how long that would take

6. Investigative Supportinquire whether a vendor has the ability to investigate any inappropriate or illegal activity 7. Long-term viabilityask what will happen to data if the company goes out of business; how will data be returned and in what format Generally speaking, however, security is usually improved by keeping data in one centralised location. In high security data centres, security is typically as good as or better than traditional systems, in part because providers are able to devote resources to solving security issues that many customers cannot afford. However Corporations or end-users wishing to avoid not being able to access their data or even losing it should research vendors' policies on data security before using vendor services. Seven security issues which one should discuss with a cloud-computing vendor:

1. Privileged user accessinquire about who has specialized access to data and about the hiring and management of such administrators. 2. Regulatory compliancemakes sure a vendor is willing to undergo external audits and/or security certifications. 3. Data locationsask if a provider allows for any control over the location of data. 4. Data segregationmake sure that encryption is available at all stages and that these "encryption schemes were designed and tested by experienced professionals". 5. Recoveryfind out what will happen to data in the case of a disaster; do they offer complete restoration and, if so, how long that would take. 6. Investigative Supportinquire whether a vendor has the ability to investigate any inappropriate or illegal activity. 7. Long-term viabilityask what will happen to data if the company goes out of business; how will data be returned and in what format.

9.Advantages
Removal / reduction of capital expenditure Customers can avoid spending large amounts of capital on purchasing and installing their IT infrastructure or applications by moving to the cloud model. Capital expenditure on IT reduces available working capital for other critical operations and business investments. Cloud computing offers a simple operational expense that is easier to budget for month-by-month, and prevents money being wasted on depreciating assets. Additionally, customers do not need to pay for excess resource capacity in-house to meet fluctuating demand. Reduced administration costs IT solutions can be deployed extremely quickly and managed, maintained, patched and upgraded remotely by your service provider. Technical support is provided round the clock by reputable providers like ThinkGrid for no extra charge, reducing the burden on IT staff. This means that

they are free to focus on business-critical tasks, and businesses can avoid incurring additional manpower and training costs. IT giant IBM has pointed out that cloud computing allows organisations to streamline procurement processes, and eliminates the need to duplicate certain computer administrative skills related to setup, configuration, and support. Improved resource utilisation Combining resources into large clouds reduces costs and maximises utilisation by delivering resources only when they are needed. Businesses neednt worry about over-provisioning for a service whose use does not meet their predictions, or under-provisioning for one that becomes unexpectedly popular. Moving more and more applications, infrastructure, and even support into the cloud can free up precious time, effort and budgets to concentrate on the real job of exploiting technology to improve the mission of the company. It really comes down to making better use of your time focusing on your business and allowing cloud providers to manage the resources to get you to where you need to go. Sharing computing power among multiple tenants can improve utilisation rates, as servers are not left idle, which can reduce costs significantly while increasing the speed of application development. A side effect of this approach is that computer capacity rises dramatically, as customers do not have to engineer for peak loads. Economies of scale Cloud computing customers can benefit from the economies of scale enjoyed by providers, who typically use very large-scale data centres operating at much higher efficiency levels, and multitenant architecture to share resources between many different customers. This model of IT provision allows them to pass on savings to their customers. Scalability on demand Scalability and flexibility are highly valuable advantages offered by cloud computing, allowing customers to react quickly to changing IT needs, adding or subtracting capacity and users as and when required and responding to real rather than projected requirements. Even better, because cloud-computing follows a utility model in which service costs are based on actual consumption, you only pay for what you use. Customers benefit from greater elasticity of resources, without paying a premium for large scale. Quick and easy implementation Without the need to purchase hardware, software licences or implementation services, a company can get its cloud-computing arrangement off the ground in minutes.

Helps smaller businesses compete Historically, there has been a huge disparity between the IT resources available to small businesses and to enterprises. Cloud computing has made it possible for smaller companies to compete on an even playing field with much bigger competitors. Renting IT services instead of investing in hardware and software makes them much more affordable, and means that capital can instead be used for other vital projects. Providers like ThinkGrid take enterprise technology and offer SMBs services that would otherwise cost hundreds of thousands of pounds for a low monthly fee. Quality of service Your selected vendor should offer 24/7 customer support and an immediate response to emergency situations. Guaranteed uptime, SLAs. Always ask a prospective provider about reliability and guaranteed service levels ensure your applications and/or services are always online and accessible. Anywhere Access Cloud-based IT services let you access your applications and data securely from any location via an internet connection. Its easier to collaborate too; with both the application and the data stored in the cloud, multiple users can work together on the same project, share calendars and contacts etc. It has been pointed out that if your internet connection fails, you will not be able to access your data. However, due to the anywhere access nature of the cloud, users can simply connect from a different location so if your office connection fails and you have no redundancy, you can access your data from home or the nearest Wi-Fi enabled point. Because of this, flexible / remote working is easily enabled, allowing you to cut overheads, meet new working regulations and keep your staff happy! Technical Support A good cloud computing provider will offer round the clock technical support. ThinkGrid customers, for instance, are assigned one of our support pods, and all subsequent contact is then handled by the same small group of skilled engineers, who are available 24/7. This type of support model allows a provider to build a better understanding of your business requirements, effectively becoming an extension of your team. Disaster recovery / backup Recent research has indicated that around 90% of businesses do not have adequate disaster recovery or business continuity plans, leaving them vulnerable to any disruptions that might occur. Providers like ThinkGrid can provide an array of disaster recovery services, from cloud backup (allowing you to store important files from your desktop or office network within their data centres) to having ready-to-go desktops and services in case your business is hit by problems. Hosted Desktops (or Hosted VDI) from ThinkGrid, for example, mean you dont have to worry about worry about data backup or disaster recovery, as this is taken care of as part of the service. Files are stored twice at different remote locations to ensure that there's always a copy available 24 hours a day, 7 days per week.

Reliability is improved if multiple redundant sites are used, which makes well-designed cloud computing suitable for business continuity and disaster recovery.[16] Scalability and Elasticity via dynamic ("on-demand") provisioning of resources on a finegrained, self-service basis near real-time, without users having to engineer for peak loads.[17]

Performance is monitored, and consistent and loosely coupled architectures are constructed using web services as the system interface.[13] Security could improve due to centralization of data, increased security-focused resources, etc., but concerns can persist about loss of control over certain sensitive data, and the lack of security for stored kernels.[18] Security is often as good as or better than under traditional systems, in part because providers are able to devote resources to solving security issues that many customers cannot afford.[19] However, the complexity of security is greatly increased when data is distributed over a wider area or greater number of devices and in multi-tenant systems that are being shared by unrelated users. In addition, user access to security audit logs may be difficult or impossible. Private cloud installations are in part motivated by users' desire to retain control over the infrastructure and avoid losing control of information security. Maintenance of cloud computing applications is easier, because they do not need to be installed on each user's computer.

10.Disadvantages
As any technology is a boon for an evaluation as the history is evidence, there are disadvantages too which cannot be ignored. Despite a fact cloud computing has so many features which can be awaiting a new horizon there are also key factors which cannot be ignored. Few have been summed up below: Lack of connectivity causes 100% downtime, whereas with traditional applications, lack of connectivity allows for some local function to continue until connectivity is restored. The lack of industry-wide standards means that a usage surge can easily overwhelm capacity without the ability to push that usage to another provider. Companies providing computing services will over-sell these services similar to how bandwidth is over-sold based on average or "peak" usage, instead of "maximum" usage. ISP's typically operate at multiples of 5 to 1, where they sell 5 times more than they have in capacity, assuming users will not use more than 20% of their allotted resources. This works, until there is a popular YouTube video that everyone wants to see at the same time.... resulting in outages. Cloud computing is even more vulnerable to the peak-usage problem than internet bandwidth. "Denial of service" attacks, currently common, become easier. What's more they become harder to trace, as compromised "cloud resources" can be leveraged to launch the attacks, rather than compromised "individual pc's". Cloud computing is vulnerable to massive security exploits. Currently, when a system is broken into, only the resources of that system are compromised. With cloud computing, the damages caused by a security breach are multiplied exponentially. By "centralising" services, cloud computing increases the likelihood that a systems failure becomes "catastrophic", rather than "isolated". No political approach has been made till date to control the uncontrolled factors to bring the service under the boundary lines of trust and owner ship, as these services are beyond country lines.

11.Future Work
The future of cloud computing will see some larger software vendors competing to take up the top position in this industry. Many companies like Amazon, Google and IBM have already initiated applications using this cloud computing which will further be augmented with more number of vendors going for this type of technology which has several advantages when it is properly implemented. In the future of cloud computing an individual can see that with the advantages for this technology, they can reduce the amount spent on maintenance of hardware and software required for an application, also it helps both the provider and customer without being a disadvantage to both parties. According to the future of cloud computing, more number of applications will be inclined towards the SaaS business services or it might even be a mixture of applications which can be accessed when the internet is connected or even when it is not connected. Many applications related to multimedia can be developed by many companies in the prospective time which will help in distribution of content without any unnecessary troubles. The customer will not have to spend large amounts of money or time on this type of technology because it does not have anything like installation or maintenance of software on the computer system, which might sometimes also be risky due to the virus which might find its way into the system while updating the software. Most of the people will choose risk free cloud computing which does not require huge amounts to use applications rather than going with contemporary style of hosting companies which have higher charges along with the risks involved for maintenance of the server, hardware and software. Companies which find it difficult to trust the security of cloud computing will have to face lot of troubles in the future if they choose to go with well established and traditional hosting rather than taking up the chance to do some research in cloud computing field. The main idea of customer is to see that the final result goes smoothly without any hassles and is not at all concerned about the storage location of data or the software and hardware involved during the functioning. The future of cloud computing is expected to see lot of technological advances with a scope to change the world. Even now the current applications like email and accessing of social media through mobile handsets, which will be using the cloud based architecture. The future of cloud computing uses applications which will extract entire potential of the cloud which will only be well known when it is used with Internet which has higher bandwidth rates and can be accessed at faster speeds because many of the public places like airlines, educational institutions now have hotspots which have wireless internet facilities. The future of cloud computing also shows that the burden of maintaining software in clients computer will be negligible since there is no need to install the software application on their computer so there will no need for the person to take stress for maintenance or troubleshooting issues if any arises. The applications can be operated on by using an interface designed especially for cloud computing which will make it easier for the person to access the software which is installed on one specific computer in a network. If the software can be accessed over web browser, then there will be minimal need to store data on the computer which indirectly points to another advantage offered by the future of cloud

computing where the end user will not have to invest large amounts of money to buy hard disks which can store loads of information in various formats and types. All the data is stored safely on internet along with ready backup all the time. For people who is lot into gaming, future of cloud computing assures them that with the reduced usage of hardware, there will be no chance of virus entering the system since everything will be operated over the network and using web browser. The future of cloud computing shows scope for many areas of fields like medicine, education and space where there is need for larger storage spaces and which requires high bandwidth internet which might seem difficult if the system does not use cloud computing. Cloud computing reduces the cost and risks of having storage area and also can have the data stored readily with backup which does not have to be done manually.

12.Conclusion
The key motive to publish this paper is to give a glimpse of understanding on cloud computing as a technology for a new era. Its potential is considered so vast that it is surely going to give up a new dimension for the generation to come. So, in the long run, most of the companies (large, mid size or small) do not want to have the overhead cost associated with running a large IT department that is solely involved in sustaining existing enterprise application. Large companies do not have the risk tolerance to start using cloud computing immediately. Most CEOs and top IT Executives in large organizations will wait for the technology to mature before putting even the most non-essential applications on someone elses servers. It gives a new aspect to do a business without owing so much. The concept is so new that work is still going on to cater the world with the best way for the companies having a technology appetite. There is a big push for cloud computing services by several big companies. Amazon.com has been at the forefront of the cloud computing movement. Google and Microsoft have also been very publicly working on cloud computing offerings. Some of the other companies to watch for in this field are Yahoo!, IBM, Intel, HP and SAP. Several large universities have also been busy with large scale cloud computing research projects. There is no end to the evolution until one stops thinking. In the future, more cloud adoption is certain, this year alone the move to the cloud by many business has been phenomenal, so much so that some cloud business have grown by over 200%. Large vendors see this as the growing model for software and services in the future so more focus by the vendors is afforded. Do not be surprised if the cloud bursts with offerings over the next 24 months.

Cloud Computing is a vast topic and the above report does not give a high level introduction to it. It is certainly not possible in the limited space of a report to do justice to these technologies. What is in store for this technology in the near future? Well, Cloud Computing is leading the industrys endeavor to bank on this revolutionary technology. Cloud Computing Brings Possibilities..

Increases business responsiveness Accelerates creation of new services via rapid prototyping capabilities Reduces acquisition complexity via service oriented approach Uses IT resources efficiently via sharing and higher system utilization Reduces energy consumption Handles new and emerging workloads Scales to extreme workloads quickly and easily Simplifies IT management Platform for collaboration and innovation Cultivates skills for next generation workforce

Today, with such cloud-based interconnection seldom in evidence, cloud computing might be more accurately described as "sky computing," with many isolated clouds of services which IT customers must plug into individually. On the other hand, as virtualization and SOA permeate the enterprise, the idea of loosely coupled services running on an agile, scalable infrastructure should eventually make every enterprise a node in the cloud. It's a long-running trend with a farout horizon. But among big metatrends, cloud computing is the hardest one to argue with in the long term. Cloud Computing is a technology which took the software and business world by storm. The much deserved hype over it will continue for years to come.