Date 270707

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PDS Tut. & Lab.: I (CS 11001/19001): Section 9 Dept. of CS&Engg., IIT Kharagpur 1
Tutorial & Laboratory

Programming & Data Structure: CS11001/19001

Section - 9/C
DO NOT POWER ON THE MACHINE
Department of Computer Science and Engineering

I.I.T. Kharagpur
Autumn Semester: 2007 - 2009 (27.07.2007)
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Instructors
Name Tel. No. & email

A. Mukherjee 9433124004 & animeshm@cse· · ·
G. Biswas 281910 & goutam@cse· · ·
K.V.N. Kishore 9932574281 & kvnkishore@cse· · ·
Mayank Gupta 09212504753 & mayank@cse· · ·
R. Chakrabarty 9733504608 & rupsac@cse· · ·
S. Ghosh 9733388033 & Santosh.Ghosh
Siva V. AppaRao 9832793931 & siva@cse· · ·
S. Sadhu 9474487404 & sanjibs@cse· · ·
@cse.iitkgp.ernet.in, Santosh.Ghosh@gmail.com
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Tutorial
1. No student will be allowed in the tutorial or

laboratory class without a C programming
book and a notebook (for tutorial).
2. Tutorial is to be done in the notebook (with
proper date) and at the end of the semester
the notebook is to be submitted for evaluation.
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Feedback
The number of students

• who have done computer programming:
• who have done programming in C, C++, Java
or Pascal:
• who have worked on Unix or Linux OS:
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Laboratory Classes
27th July, 3rd Aug., 10th Aug. 17th Aug., 24th

Aug., 31st Aug., 7th Sept., 28th Sept., 5th
Oct., 12th Oct., 26th Oct., 2nd Nov., 9th Nov.,
16th Nov.
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Laboratory Marks Distribution
1. First class - Introduction (will not be

evaluated).
2. Assignment Evaluation (a): 40
3. Laboratory Test I (l1 ): 25
(7th September, 2007)
4. Laboratory Test II (l2 ): 35
(9th November, 2007)
5. Marks Obtained (t): a + l1 + l2 .
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The Computing Environment
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The Processor Hardware
• Intel Pentium IV
– Clock : 1.7GHz,
– Cache Memory : 12K µOP ET Cache + 8KB
L1 Data Cache, 256KB L2 Unified Cache,
– 32-bit processor.
• Main Memory : 256MB,
• Hard Disk : 40GB.
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OS, Editor and Compiler
• OS : Redhat Linux 9.x

• Programming Language : C
• Compiler : gcc (cc)
• Editor : emacs
• Window Manager : KDE
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A Computer
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VDU
Processor
Memory
Disk etc.
Keyboard
Mouse
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CPU−Memory Bus
Cache Memory
Main
DMA etc. Memory
MMU
IO Bus
CPU
IO Controller IO Controller
Mouse IO Controller
Disk I
Graphics Network
Disk II VDU
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CPU IO
BUS
User Prog
Compiler
OS
Memory
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Central Processing Unit (CPU)
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Instruction
Set
Control
Instruction
and Data
from
Registers
Memory
FPU ALU
Data Path
Figure 1: A CPU
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A Pentium Processor Chip is not just a CPU

but CPU + MMU + Cache Memory
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Memory Subsystem
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Data
C
P
U Instruction
Disk
10 GB
L1 Cache L2 Cache Main Memory
KB 100 KB 100 MB
Figure 2: Computer Memory
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A Compiler
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Source
Language
Program
Compiler A Compiler is a
Software
Target
Language
Program
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C Program
C Preprocessor
Object
Modified C Program
Module/
Library C Compiler
Assembly Language
Program
Linker Assembler
Object
Executable Module
Module (a.out) (test.o)
Figure 3: Preprocessor + Compiler + Assembler + Linker
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The First C Program: first.c
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/*** First C Program : first.c ***/

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
printf("The First C Program\n");
return 0 ;
}
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How to Compile a C Program?
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C Program to · · ·
• Assembly Language Program

cc -S first.c
first.c ⇒ first.s
• Object Module
cc -Wall -c first.c
first.c ⇒ first.o
• Executable Module (we shall use)
cc -Wall first.c
first.c ⇒ a.out
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Let Us Compile & Execute
$ cc -Wall first.c
$ ./a.out
The First C Program
$ ls -l first.c a.out
-rwxr-xr-x 1 goutam users 11370
Jan 1 10:36 a.out
-rw-r--r-- 1 goutam users 153
Jan 1 10:36 first.c
$
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Compile to Assembly Language Program
$ cc -Wall -S first.c
$ ls -l first.* a.out
-rwxr-xr-x 1 goutam users 11370
Jan 1 10:36 a.out
Jan 1 10:36 first.c
Jan 1 10:45 first.s
$
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Compile to Object Module
$ cc -Wall -c first.c
$ ls -l first.*
Jan 1 10:36 first.c
Jan 1 10:50 first.o
Jan 1 10:45 first.s
$
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Assembly Language Program: first.s
.file "first.c"
.section .rodata
.LC0:
.string "The First C Program\n"
.text
.align 2
.globl main
.type main,@function
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main:
pushl %ebp
movl %esp, %ebp
subl $8, %esp
andl $-16, %esp
movl $0, %eax
subl %eax, %esp
subl $12, %esp
pushl $.LC0
call printf
addl $16, %esp
movl $0, %eax
leave
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ret
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.Lfe1:
.size main,.Lfe1-main
.ident "GCC: (GNU) 3.2 20020903
(Red Hat Linux 8.0 3.2-7)"

Size: 399 Bytes
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Object Module: first.o
$ hexdump -C first.o | less

00000000 7f 45 4c 46 01 01 01 00 ... 00 |.ELF............|
00000010 01 00 03 00 01 00 00 00 ... 00 |................|
00000060 46 69 72 73 74 20 43 20 ... 0a |First C Program.|
00000070 00 00 47 43 43 3a 20 28 ... 32 |..GCC: (GNU) 3.2|
00000080 20 32 30 30 32 30 39 30 ... 48 | 20020903 (Red H|
00000090 61 74 20 4c 69 6e 75 78 ... 32 |at Linux 8.0 3.2|
00000300 00 00 00 00 10 00 00 00 ... 63 |.........first.c|
00000310 00 6d 61 69 6e 00 70 72 ... 00 |.main.printf....|
00000320 14 00 00 00 01 05 00 00 ... 00 |................|
00000330
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Machine Code in Object Module: first.o
$ objdump -d first.o | less

$ objdump -d first.o | less
first.o: file format elf32-i386
Disassembly of section .text:
00000000 <main>:
0: 55 push %ebp
1: 89 e5 mov %esp,%ebp
......
13: 68 00 00 00 00 push $0x0
18: e8 fc ff ff ff call 19 <main+0x19>
1d: 83 c4 10 add $0x10,%esp
20: b8 00 00 00 00 mov $0x0,%eax
25: c9 leave
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26: c3 ret
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Machine Code in Executable Module: a.out
$ objdump -d a.out | less

a.out: file format elf32-i386
08048328 <main>:
8048328: 55 push %ebp
8048329: 89 e5 mov %esp,%ebp
.....
804833b: 68 98 83 04 08 push $0x8048398
8048340: e8 23 ff ff ff call 8048268 <_init+0x38>
8048345: 83 c4 10 add $0x10,%esp
804834d: c9 leave
804834e: c3 ret
804834f: 90 nop
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Let’s Start At The Very Beginning
• How to Start a Computer?

• How to write a C Program?
• How to Compile a C Program to an
Executable Module?
• How to Run (Create a Process with) an
Executable Module?
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How to Start & Stop the Machine
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1. Power On the machine (main cabinet first,

then the VDU).
2. Select the Linux option.
3. Enter the login name and then the password.
(a) login : cnn (nn is the machine number e.g.
c07).
(b) password : same as the login name.
4. Create one or two windows on the VDU (use
the icon).
5. One window is active at a time - use the
mouse to activate an window.
6. A window may be closed by pressing Ctrl-D.
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Power-off the Machine
1. Close all windows.

2. logout from the machine (use the icon).
3. Shutdown the system.
4. Power-off the VDU (power of the main cabinet
will be put-off automatically).
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How to Start the Emacs Editor
• Select an window and enter the command

emacs & .
• An emacs window is created.
• You may select the font size.
• Close the emacs window selecting the File
menu and then the Exit emacs entry.
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Write, Compile and Execute a C Program
1. Start emacs editor: emacs &

2. Select Open File of the File menu.
3. Give a file name: first.c (at the bottom of the
emacs window).
4. Type the following C Program and finally save
the buffer as a file first.c : Save Buffer of File
menu.
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/**** This is the first Program ****/

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
printf("Tamaso Ma Jyotir Gamaya\n") ;
return 0 ;
}
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1. Run the compiler with your program as data:

$ cc -Wall first.c
2. If the compilation process ends without any
message, the file ‘first.c’ contains a well-formed
C Program and it has been translated to the
executable module ‘a.out’
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1. Run the executable module:

$ ./a.out
2. It will flash the message
Tamaso Ma Jyotir Gamaya
on the VDU screen.
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If There is an Error
/**** This is the first Program ****/

#include <stdio.h>
int main(
{
printf("Tamaso Ma Jyotir Gamaya\n") ;
return 0 ;
}
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Compiler Message
bash$ cc first.c
first.c:4: parse error before ‘{’
bash$
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What to DO?
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1. Open the file first.c in emacs.

2. Identify and fix the errors.
3. Save the modified file (same name).
4. Compile it again.
Any time you make a change in the file,

(a) You have to Save it and
(b) Compile it to get the new executable
module, a.out.
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1. If there is no more message from the compiler,

the C program is syntactically correct
(well-formed).
2. An well-formed C program may have logical
error. Error-free compilation does not
guarantee the correctness of a program.
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Getting the Slides
• Run Mozilla and access

http://facweb.iitkgp.ernet.in/∼goutam
• Follow the link
Programming & Data Structures ...
of Autumn: 2007 - 2008.
• Download the correct .ps/.pdf file.
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A Few Linux Shell (bash) Commands
• ls : Lists the directory contents.

• rm : Removes files from a directory.
• pwd : Prints name of the current/working
directory.
• mkdir : Makes Directories.
• rmdir : Removes empty directories.
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A Few Linux Shell (bash) Commands
• cd : Changes working directory.

• cp : Copy files and directories.
• mv : Moves/Renames files.
• man : Format and display the online manual
pages.
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A man Page
$ man ls
LS(1) User Commands LS(1)
NAME
ls list directory contents
SYNOPSIS
ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
DESCRIPTION
List information about the FILEs (the current
directory by default). ....................
-a, --all
do not hide entries starting with .
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...........................................
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File System
• Program and data are stored in a non-volatile

media as a named object called files.
• Contents of different files - C program, object
module, executable module, program data,
data for this presentation, etc.
• Files are to be organised in a systematic way.
• There are special files (in Linux) called
directories containing names of files and
subdirectories.
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Directory Structure on a Machine
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/ root
/pclab2 pclab2
/pclab/g07 g07
Working
Directory
assignment a.out practice first.c
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Creating Directories
1. Create a subdirectory practice07 under your

working directory.
2. Close the emacs widow (if there is one).
3. Move the first.c under practice07.
4. Change current directory to practice07.
5. Open first.c using emacs again.
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Write, Compile and Execute
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Example - II
/*** second.c ***/

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int n ;
printf("Enter a non Negative integer: ") ;

scanf("%d", &n) ; /* Reads an integer */
printf("\nSum of (0 + ... + %d) = %d\n",
n, n*(n + 1)/2 ) ;
return 0 ;
}
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Example - III
/**** Area of a Circle: third.c ****/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
int main() {
float radius, area ;
printf("Enter the radius :") ; scanf("%f", &radius) ;

area = 4.0 * atan(1.0) * radius * radius ;
printf("\n Circle-Area = %f for Radius = %f\n",
area, radius) ; return 0 ;
}
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Compile with Mathematical Library
• $ cc -Wall -lm third.c

• Where is the mathematical library?
$ cd /lib
$ ls -l libm*.*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 208984 Apr 8 2003 libm-2.3.2.so
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 13 Jul 15 2003 libm.so.6 ->
libm-2.3.2.so
$
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Example - IV
// Convert Fahrenheit to Celsius: fourth.c

#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
float cel, fah ;
printf("Enter temp. in F: ") ;
scanf("%f", &fah) ;
cel = 5.0*(fah-32.0)/9.0 ;
printf("%6.2f F = %6.2f C\n", fah, cel) ;
return 0 ;
}
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Example - V
#include <stdio.h>
int main() { // **** fifth.c
int first, second, max ;
printf("Enter two integers :") ;

scanf("%d%d", &first, &second) ;
if(first > second) max = first ;
else max = second ;
printf("\nMax(%d,%d) = %d\n",
first, second, max) ; return 0 ;
}
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Example - VI
#include <stdio.h>
int main() { // **** sixth.c
int n, i, sum = 0 ;
printf("Enter a non-negative integer:") ;

scanf("%d", &n) ;
for(i = 0; i <= n; ++i) sum += i ;
printf("\nSum of (0 + ... + %d) = %d\n",
n, sum ) ;
return 0 ;
}
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Example - VII
int sum(int n) { // *** seventh.c

if(n==0) return 0; else return n+sum(n-1);
}
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int n ;
printf("Enter a non-negative integer:") ;
scanf("%d", &n) ;
printf("\nSum of (0+...+%d)=%d\n",n,sum(n));
return 0 ; }
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Try to Modify the Given Programs
1. Modify example-II to print the sum of an AP

series, where the first term (a) and the
common difference (b) and number of terms
(n) are three inputs.
2. Modify example-III to calculate the volume of
a sphere where again the radius is the input.
3. Modify example-V to read three integers and
find the smallest.
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What Does it Do?
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#include <stdio.h>
int what(int n, int m)
{
if(m == 0) return n ;
else return what(m, n%m) ;
}
int main() {
int m, n ;
printf("Enter two non-negative integers:") ;
scanf("%d%d", &n, &m) ;
printf("\nwhat(%d, %d) = %d\n",m,n,what(m,n));
return 0 ;
}
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Tutorial & Laboratory

DO NOT POWER ON THE MACHINE

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Name Tel. No. & email

1. No student will be allowed in the tutorial or

The number of students

27th July, 3rd Aug., 10th Aug. 17th Aug., 24th

Laboratory Marks Distribution

1. First class - Introduction (will not be

The Computing Environment

The Processor Hardware

OS, Editor and Compiler

• OS : Redhat Linux 9.x

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Figure 2: Computer Memory

Figure 3: Preprocessor + Compiler + Assembler + Linker

The First C Program: first.c

/*** First C Program : first.c ***/

How to Compile a C Program?

• Assembly Language Program

Let Us Compile & Execute

Compile to Assembly Language Program

Compile to Object Module

Assembly Language Program: first.s

Object Module: first.o

$ hexdump -C first.o | less

Machine Code in Object Module: first.o

$ objdump -d first.o | less

Machine Code in Executable Module: a.out

$ objdump -d a.out | less

Let’s Start At The Very Beginning

• How to Start a Computer?

How to Start & Stop the Machine

1. Power On the machine (main cabinet first,

Power-off the Machine

1. Close all windows.

How to Start the Emacs Editor

• Select an window and enter the command

Write, Compile and Execute a C Program

1. Start emacs editor: emacs &

/**** This is the first Program ****/

1. Run the compiler with your program as data:

1. Run the executable module:

/**** This is the first Program ****/

1. Open the file first.c in emacs.

Any time you make a change in the file,

1. If there is no more message from the compiler,

Getting the Slides

• Run Mozilla and access

A Few Linux Shell (bash) Commands

• ls : Lists the directory contents.

A Few Linux Shell (bash) Commands

• cd : Changes working directory.

• Program and data are stored in a non-volatile

Directory Structure on a Machine

1. Create a subdirectory practice07 under your

Write, Compile and Execute

/*** second.c ***/

printf("Enter a non Negative integer: ") ;

/**** Area of a Circle: third.c ****/

printf("Enter the radius :") ; scanf("%f", &radius) ;

Compile with Mathematical Library

/* First C Program : first.c */

/ This is the first Program /

/ This is the first Program /

/* second.c */

/ Area of a Circle: third.c /