Name of the experiment: COST OF PRODUCTION OF CASTOR

Cost of production: Cost of production means total cost involved for successful production of crops. By estimating cost of production one can take decision whether the crop will be beneficial or not. Mainly 2 types of cost are involved in estimating cost of production of crops:i) ii) Variable cost Overhead cost

Variable cost: Variable cost includes cost of fertilizer, seeds, irrigation, water, fungicide, or any other materials. It also involves labor cost, human labor, animal labor and mechanical power. Overhead cost/ fixed cost: Fixed cost includesi) ii) iii) Interest of running capital. Land leashing charge. Cost of other purpose.

Total income: It includes the income come from both product and by product. It can be express by the following wayTotal income = Income comes from product + Income comes from byproduct Net income = Total income Total cost of production. Cost of production per unit area (CPUP): Here, TCP = Total cost of production VB = value of byproduct YP = Yield of main product

COST OF PRODUCTION OF CASTOR FOR ONE HECTAR OF LAND Variable cost: Items 1. Seed 2. Fertilizer a) Urea b) Tsp c) Mp 3. Irrigation 4. Pesticide Quantity(Kg/ha) 12 173 90 20 Rate(Tk/Kg) 15 6 16 12 Cost(Tk) 180 1038 1440 240 500 500 3898 Cost (Tk) Total Cost (Tk)

Total Items Of Operation No. Of Bullock Pair Required @ Tk 100/Pair 3 Cost(Tk) No. Of Labors Required @ Tk 70

1. Ploughing and laddering 2. Planting 3. Weeding 4. Fertilizer application 5. Pesticide application 6. Harvesting 7. Beating, winnowing, removing husk and drying

300

3 4 10 4 2 10 10

210 280 700 280 140 700 700

510 280 700 280 140 700 700

Total Total Variable cost = (3310+3898) Tk = 7208 Tk

3310

Overhead cost/Fixed cost: Items Cost(Tk) 1. Interest on total variable cost @ 8.5% per year for 6 month 306 2. Interest on land value (1,20,000) @ 8.5% per annum for 6 month 5100 3. Miscellaneous cost @ 5% of total variable cost for 6 month 180 Total 5586 Total cost of production = (Total variable cost + Total fixed cost) Tk = (5586+7208) Tk = 12794 Tk

Gross income: Product or By Product Grain Fuel Wood Quality(Kg/ha) 1200 3000 Price(Tk/Kg) Total Value(Tk) 18000 6000 24000

15 2 Total Net income = (Total Gross Income Total Cost of Production) Tk = (24000 - 12794) = 11206 Tk Now, = 9.34 Tk Tk

Name of the experiment: STUDY ON LAND UTILIZATION AND CROP STATISTICS OF BANGLADESH

Introduction: Land utilization means how the lands are being used. In other words by what means or for what accounts the lands are being utilized in a year is called land utilization. Objectives: Its main objectives is the efficient and purpose use of land for getting maximum farm products. Bangladesh is an agricultural country comprising 154.88 lakh ha of land (BBS, 1999). This land area is not only occupied by agricultural crops, but also covered by forestland. Some parts are not getting available for cultivation. The total land area of Bangladesh can be studied under the following heads: A. Forest land B. Area not available for cultivation C. Cultivable land- it is a divided into two i. Cultivable waste land ii. Cultivated land- it is divided into two a. Current fallow b. Net cropped area- it is divided into three 1. Single cropped area 2. Double cropped area 3. Triple cropped area A. Forest land: It includes the area where forests are grown (khas land). The area of forest land in Bangladesh is about 22.5587lakh hectare (BBS 1999) which is about 14.99% of the total land area. For keeping ideal environmental condition a country must need at least 25% of its total land area under forest area decreasing day by day. B. Area not available for cultivation: This area is occupied by homestead, educational institutes, prayer houses, hutbazars, cities etc. it covers about 37.0081 lakh hectares of land which is about 24.6% of total land area. Due to the increasing population this area is increasing day by day.

C. Cultivable land: It includes the crop land which is under cultivation (cultivated land +culturable waste). It is of two types: 1. Culturable waste: This area includes the land around the homestead, educational institutes, mosque, and madrasas which remain fallow throughout the year. These areas are filled for cultivation bought under cultivation. It occupies about 4.4534 lakh hectares of land which is about 2.26% of the total land area. This type of land is decreased day by day. 2. Cultivated land: Cultivated land means where crops are grown through cultivation. Cultivated land = cultivable land culturable waste. It includes about 139.64 lakh hectares of land. It can be divided into two groups: a. Current fallow: this includes the land area is available for cultivation but due to some unfavorable condition such as drought, flood, unavailability of seed, water, etc. it cannot be brought under cultivation for that season of year. It occupied about 4.51 lakh hectares of land which is about 2.91% of the total land area (BBS, 1999). b. Net cropped area: it is actual cultivated land area in which crops are grown or raised in a year in question. It includes about 79.9231 lakh hectares of land which about 51.12% of total land area (BBS, 1999). This land is decreasing day by day due to increasing population. It can be divided into three groupi. Single cropped area: the land which produced only one crop in a year is called single cropped area. It occupied about 2.99919 lakh hectares of land. This decreasing day by day. It is about 19.93% of the total net cropped area. ii. Double cropped area: The lands which produce two crops in a year are called double cropped area. This land is increasing day by day. It is about 26.58% of the net cropped area. iii. Triple cropped area: the land which is produces three crop in a year is called tipple cropped area. It covers more than 9.7935 lakh hectares of land. Due to release of high yielding varieties (HYV), development of new technologies and availability of seeds, fertilizer, water and other inputs. This area is increasing day by day. It is about 6.50% of the net cropped area.

Total cropped area: It includes the net cropped area and the area is sown more than once. The total cropped area = (single cropped area * 1)+(double cropped area * 2)+(triple cropped area * 3) In Bangladesh the total cropped area is 139.64 lakh hectares (BBS, 1999)

Intensity of land use: It is the ratio of net cropped area to the total land area of the country and multiplied by 100.

Intensity of cropping: It is the ratio of total cropped area to the net cropped area and multiplied by 100

Heads Year 1989-90. 1990-91. 1991-92. 1992-93. 1993-94. 1994-95. 1995-96. 1996-97. 1997-98. 1998-99.

Forest land

4703 4693 4674 4674 4674 4861 5317 5329 5572 5572

Area not Culturable available waste for cultivation 7783 863 7958 1442 9885 1532 10137 1512 10355 1566 10128 1547 9788 1314 9681 1395 9268 1241 9141 1100

Current Net Single Double Triple fallow cropped cropped cropped cropped area area area area 2686 2379 862 928 984 1000 969 963 898 1115 20634 20198 19716 18892 19090 19233 18381 19401 19690 19741 8980 8140 7702 6411 7229 7228 7875 7196 7083 7408 9191 9634 9623 9996 9497 9530 8702 9722 10094 9914 2463 2424 2391 2485 2364 2375 2704 2483 2513 2419

25000

20000 Forest Land 15000 Area Available for Cultivation Culturable Waste Current Fallow 10000 Net Cropped Area Single Cropped Area 5000 Double Cropped Are Tripple Cropped Area 0

Fig: Histogram showing the land utilization statistic in Bangladesh in the year 1989-1999.
25000

20000 Forest Land 15000 Area Available for Cultivation Culturable Waste Current Fallow 10000 Net Cropped Area Single Cropped Area 5000 Double Cropped Are Tripple Cropped Area 0

Fig: Line graph showing the land utilization statistic in Bangladesh in the year 1989-1999.

Name of the experiment: STUDY ON CROP STATISTICS

Crop statistics: Production statistics of different crops is called crop statistics. It includes the area of land occupied by different crops and their production & yield per unit area.

RICE Rice is the major food crop of Bangladesh. Rice Cropping in Bangladesh on
the season of cultivation and varieties developed in Bangladesh. There are three rice growing season namely Aus, Aman & Boro. Rice research institute so far developed 52 HYV rice for growing yield different occurs of the country. Crop statistical report on 10 years average data from 1989-90 are interpreted belowArea: Rice covers the longest area of the total cropped area. It was about 25893 thousand acres in 1989-90 and covered about 75.61% of the total cropped area. The area was about 24996 thousand acres in 1998-99. The area under rice cultivation have been increased and reached to maximum 25786 thousand acres during 1990-91. Probably because of the main cash crop jute has becoming less population to farmers due to reduce market price. The area under rice cultivation was the maximum in the year 1997-98 and it covered about 24996 thousand acres land. The total land under rice cultivation was decreasing 1989-90 to 1994-95, except 1997-98 because of increasing the area under the cultivation of wheat and rabi crops or probably natural climates. Production: There is an increasing demand and tendency of total rice production in Bangladesh. In general it was about 18252 thousand M.tons in 1996-97. The production of rice reached maximum in the year 1998-99. There is a sharp increasing in total rice production except in1994-95 and 1995-96. The reasons for such low production might be due to insect attack etc. in other wards rice production increased due to use of HYV, certified seed, proper doses of fertilizer & pesticide increasing irrigation facilities, increase in Boro rice better management practices.

1989-90 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99

Area 25893 25786 25315 25151 24664 24517 24567 25149 25359 24996

Production 17857 17852 18252 18340 18042 16833 17687 18883 18862 19905

30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0

Area Production

Aus Year Local HYV 1989-90 4071 872 1990-91 4307 901 1991-92 3710 1025 1992-93 3368 920 1993-94 3085 992 1994-95 3086 1026 1995-96 2775 1035 1996-97 2753 1176 1997-98 2657 1211 1998-99 2429 1090 Source: BBS, 1999

Crop

Aman Total Local HYV 5573 9740 4354 5208 9416 4857 4735 8858 5210 4286 8683 5729 4077 8625 5584 4112 8519 5304 3810 8347 5606 3929 8223 6107 3868 8054 6294 3519 6675 6087

Boro Total Local HYV 14095 741 5323 14273 697 5600 14068 743 5768 14410 614 5809 14209 607 5771 13824 628 5953 13953 611 6094 14339 582 6294 14333 539 6599 12743 667 8104

Total 6064 6297 6511 6423 6378 6581 6705 6876 7138 8711

Fig: Acerage area under rice cultivation by different varieties from the year 198990 to 1998-99(000 acres)

Column1

Aus Aman Boro

Fig: pie graph showing the production of Aus, Aman and Boro rice (1998-99)

WHEAT Wheat is the second main food crop in Bangladesh. To minimize food shortage there is no alternative way without increasing the production of wheat. From the statistical report on 10 years average from 1989-90 to 1998-99 in the table. We have found the following information