11/15/2011 1

^~-
,
Math
Form 2
8.1 The concept of Coordinates.
8.2 ScaIes of the coordinates Axes
8.3 Distance Between Two Points on a Cartesian
PIane.
8.4 The Concept of Midpoint
^.~~ ^.~~
- -
(0,0)
(2,6)
(-3,5)
(4,-5)
(-5,7)
I Iove
Math.
, :.
~.. .
.,,
-~ .-
11/15/2011 2
a) System of Cartesian coordinates is a system
to determine the position of a point on a pIane
based on two straight Iines. These two Iines
intersect each other perpendicuIarIy. The pIane
in which the two Iines Iie is caIIed the Cartesian
pIane.
8.1 The Concept Of Coordinates 8.1 The Concept Of Coordinates
Cartesian pIane, x-axis and y-axis.
Cartesian
pIane
y-axis
x-axis

x-axis and y-
axis are two
straight Iines
which
intersect to
each other
perpendicuIarI
y.
11/15/2011 3
1. The horizontaI
Iine is caIIed the
x-axis.
2. The verticaI Iine
is caIIed y-axis.
3. The point of
intersection of
the x-axis and y-
axis is caIIed
origin.
4. The coordinates
of the origin is
(0,0)
b) The pIane shown beIow is the Cartesian b) The pIane shown beIow is the Cartesian
pIane. pIane.

( x, y
)
( -x, y
)
( x, -y
)
( -x, -y
)
2 3 4 5 - -2 -3 -4
-
-2
-3
-4

2
3
4
1
st
quadrant 2
nd
quadrant
3
rd
quadrant 4
th
quadrant
11/15/2011 4
Coordinates of the points given distance from the y Coordinates of the points given distance from the y- -axis and axis and
x x- -axis. axis.
Coordinates is the position of
the points on the Cartesian
pIane
SymboI of coordinates
is (x ,y) , where a is the
distance of the point
from the y axis, and b
is the distance of the
point from the x-axis.

-
-2
-3
5

2
3
4
-4
-5

2 3 4

- -2 -3 -4
-5 5
xampIe
1:
The coordinates
of :
A is (5,2)
B is (3, -4)
C is (-3, -2)
D is (-5 , 3)
Origin is (0 , 0)
2
units
5
units
A( 5, 2
)
xampIe
2:
4
units
3
units
xampIe
3:
2
units
3
units
B( 3, -4 )
C( -3, -2 )
xampIe
4:
3
units
D( -5, 3 )
5
units
11/15/2011 5
PIot the foIIowing points on the Cartesian PIot the foIIowing points on the Cartesian
pIane and state their distance from y pIane and state their distance from y- -axis and axis and
x x- -axis. axis.
1) P(4, 4)
2) Q(-3,0)
3) R(-1, 6)
4) S(-4,-5)
5) T(5, -2)

-
2 3 4

- -2 -3 -4 -5
5
6
-2
-3
-4
-5
5

2
3
4
4
units
4
units
P( 4, 4
)
3
units
Q( -3, 0 )
6
units
1 unit
R( -1, 6 )
5
units
4
units
S( -4, -5 )
2
units
5
units
T( 5, -2 )
The x coordinate is the
distance of the point
from y-axis.
The y coordinate is the
distance of the point
from x-axis.
11/15/2011 6
PIotting and Stating
points Iies on the x-
axis.

-
- -2 -3 2
-2
-3
3

2
3
( 1, 0 )
( 2, 0 )
(3, 0 )
x coordinate = 1
y coordinate = 0
x coordinate = 2
y coordinate = 0
x coordinate = 3
y coordinate = 0
Any point which Iies
on the x-axis has 0
(zero) as the
coordinate of y.
( -3, 0
)
( -2, 0
)
( -1, 0
)
x coordinate = -
3
y coordinate = 0
x coordinate = -
2
y coordinate = 0
x coordinate = -
1
y coordinate = 0
11/15/2011 7

-
- -2 -3 2
-2
-3
3

2
3
( 0, 2 )
(0, 1 )
x coordinate =
0
y coordinate =
3
x coordinate =
0
y coordinate =
2
x coordinate = 0
y coordinate = 1
Any point which Iies on the y-axis
has 0 (zero) as the coordinate of
x.
( 0, -1
)
( 0.-2 )
(0,-3 )
x coordinate = 0
y coordinate = -
1
x coordinate = 0
y coordinate = -
2
x coordinate = 0
y coordinate = -
3
I Iove
Math.
PIotting and Stating points Iies on the y-
axis.
( 0, 3 )
11/15/2011 8
8.2 ScaIes of the Coordinates Axes.
Concept of scaIes of the
coordinates axes
1) Same scaIes 2) Different scaIes

-2
-2 -4 -6 2 4
-4
-6
6
2
4
6
x

-5
-3 -6 -9 3 6
-
-5
9
5

5
x
On the x-axis and y-axis, 1
unit represents 2 units
respectiveIy.
(The scaIes are 1:2
On the x-axis, 1 unit
represents 3 units, and y-axis
, 1 unit represents 5 units.
RespectiveIy.
(The scaIes are 1:3 and 1:5
11/15/2011 9
The coordinates of a given point The coordinates of a given point
with reference to the scaIe given. with reference to the scaIe given.
1) The coordinates
of P= (16, 10)
2) The coordinates
of Q= (-12,12)
3) The coordinates
of R= (-20,-8)
4) The coordinates
of S= (20, -4)

-2
4 8 2 6

-4 -8 -2 -6
-2 2
2
-4
-6
-8
-

2
4
6
8
10 units
16 units
( 16, 10 )
12
units
12 units
( -12, 12 )
8
units
20 units
( -20, -8
)
4
units
20 units
( 20, -4 )
In the Cartesian
pIane shown, state
the coordinates of
the points P, Q, R and
S.
P
Q
R
S

11/15/2011 10
ProbIem soIving invoIving
coordinates
Given that the scaIe of the x-axis is 1:1 and the
scaIe of the y-axis is 1:3 . PIot the points P(-2, 6),
Q(3, 6), R(2,-3), S(-3,-3). Name the shape of PQRS.

-3
- -2 -3 2
-6
-9
3
3
6
9
x
(The shape of PQRS
is a paraIIeIogram
P( -2, 6
)
Q( 3, 6 )
R( 2, -3 ) S( -3, -3
)
11/15/2011 11
ProbIem soIving invoIving
coordinates
Three of four vertices of a rectangIe are (-3, 6),
(2, 6), and (-3,-6). Determine the coordinates of
the fourth vertex.

-3
- -2 -3 2
-6
-9
3
3
6
9
x
(The fourth
coordinates is
(2, -6)
( -3, 6 ) ( 2, 6 )
( 2, -6 ) ( -3, -6 )
rectangle
11/15/2011 12
8.3 Distance Between Two 8.3 Distance Between Two
Points On a Cartesian Plane Points On a Cartesian Plane
The distance
between two
points that have
the same x-
coordinates is
the difference
between the y-
coordinates of
the two points.

-
- -2 -3 2
-2
-3
3

2
3
x
ample: Find the distance
between 1) A and B 2) C and D
3) and F
A
B
C D

4
units
3
units
6
units
=2-(-2)
=2+2
=4 units
=1-(-2)
=1+2
=3 units
=3-(-3)
=3 +3
=6 units
11/15/2011 13
Distance Between Two Points Using Distance Between Two Points Using
Pythagoras Theorem Pythagoras Theorem
The distance
between any two
points is the
Iength of the Iine
that joins the two
points.

-
- -2 -3 2
-2
-3
3

2
3
x
xampIe 1:
ind the distance between
the foIIowing point.
M (-3, 2) and N ( 0, -2)
M
N

4
units
3
units
We can find the Iength
by using the
Pythagoras' Theorem
MN
2
= 3
2
+ 4
2
= 9 + 16
= 25
MN = b25
= 5 units
11/15/2011 14
Distance Between Two Points Using Distance Between Two Points Using
Pythagoras Theorem Pythagoras Theorem

-3
-2 -4 -6 2 4
-6
-9
6
3
6
9
x
xampIe 2:
ind the distance between
the foIIowing point.
J (6, 6) and K ( -8, -6)
J
K

12
units
14
units
By using the
Pythagoras' Theorem
JK
2
= 14
2
+ 12
2
= 196 + 144
= 340
JK = b340
= 18.439 units
340 is not a perfect
square, so use the
caIcuIator to find the
answer.
11/15/2011 15
Problem Solving !nvolving Distance Two Points Problem Solving !nvolving Distance Two Points

-
-2 -4 -6 2 4
-2
-3
6

2
3
x
P Q
S R
diagona
l
Given that P(-6,3) , Q(6,3) , R(6, -2) , S(-6,-2) are the
vertices of a rectangIe. ind the Iength of the
diagonaI of the rectangIe.
SoIution:
PR
2
= 12
2
+ 5
2
= 144 + 25
= 169
PR = b169
= 13 units
12
units
5 units
Good
Job!
11/15/2011 16
ind the distance between the foIIowing two points
without using the Cartesian pIane.
1) P(3,5) and Q(3,10)
2) R(-3,7) and S(-3, 9)
PQ =10 - 5
= 5 units
RS =9 - 7
=2 units
TU =5 - (-1)
= 5 + 1
= 6 units
VW =7-(-3)
=7+3
=10 units
P and Q
have
common x-
coordinates
3) T(5,8) and U(-1,8)
4) V(-3,6) and W(7,6)
R and S
have
common x-
coordinates
T and U
have
common y-
coordinates
V and W
have
common y-
coordinates
??
The distance between two points
that have the same x-coordinates
is the difference between the y-
coordinates
of the two points.
The distance between two points
that have the same y-coordinates
is the difference between the x-
coordinates
of the two points.
11/15/2011 17
8.4 The Concept of Nidpoint 8.4 The Concept of Nidpoint
1. The midpoint of a straight Iine joining two
points
A
B
M
midpoint
The midpoint is the
centre point of a
straight Iine joining
two points
AM = MB
So, M is the midpoint of
AB
11/15/2011 18
The Concept of Nidpoint The Concept of Nidpoint
2. ind the midpoint of the foIIowing Iine
using method of geometricaI construction
P
Q
Midpoint of
PQ
Construct the
perpendicuIar
bisector of the Iines
PQ by using
compass and ruIer.
PM = MQ
M is the midpoint of
PQ
M
11/15/2011 19
3. The midpoint of a straight Iine joining two points with
common y-coordinates has the same y-coordinate. The x-
coordinate is haIf of the sum of the x-coordinates of the two
points.

-
-2
-3
-4

2
3
4

5 6 7 4 9 3 2 8
P
Q
S R
P and Q have
common y-
coordinates, i.e. 2.
( y-coordinate of
the midpoint = 2
x-coordinate of the
midpoint = 5
Midpoint of
PQ
R and S have
common y-
coordinates, i.e. -4.
( y-coordinate of
the midpoint = -4
x-coordinate of the
midpoint = 3
Midpoint of
RS
(5,2)
(3,-4)
(1,2)
(9,2)
(0,-4)
(6,-4)
11/15/2011 20
4. The midpoint of a straight Iine joining two points with common
x-coordinates has the same x- coordinate. The y-coordinate is
haIf of the sum of the y-coordinates of the two points.

-
-2
-3
-4

2
3
4

5 6 7 4 9 3 2 8
K
M
N
L
K and L have
common x-
coordinates, i.e. 1.
( x-coordinate of
the midpoint = 1
y-coordinate of the
midpoint = 1
Midpoint of
KL
M and N have
common x-
coordinates, i.e. 7.
( x-coordinate of
the midpoint = 7
y-coordinate of the
midpoint = 1
Midpoint of MN
(1,1)
(7,1)
(1,4)
(1,-2)
(7,3)
(7,-1)
11/15/2011 21
5. The coordinates of midpoint of a
straight Iine joining two points.

-
-2
-3
-4

2
3
4
ind the
coordinates of
the midpoint of
the straight
Iine joining the
points
P( -1,-2), Q( 5,
4)

2 3 -4 5 - -2 -3 4
-5
Q
P
6
units
6
units
Midpoint of
PQ
(2,1)
PM = MQ.
(Coordinates of
the midpoint of
PQ = (2,1)
M
11/15/2011 22
6. ind the midpoint of two points without
using the Cartesian pIane.
AIternate method
to find the
midpoint of two
points.
A( x
1
,y
1
) and B(x
2
, y
2
)
= ( x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 )
2 2
xampIe
1:
1) A(7, 8) and B( 5, 2) 1) A(7, 8) and B( 5, 2)
Midpoint of AB,
= ( 7 + 5 , 8 + 2 )
2 2
= ( 12 , 10 )
2 2
= ( 6, 5 )
xampIe
2:
2) C( 2) C(- -3, 3, - -1) and D( 1) and D( - -13, 13,
5) 5)
Midpoint of CD,
= ( -3 +(-13) , -1 + 5 )
2 2
= (-16 , 4 )
2 2
= ( -8, 2 )
11/15/2011 23
7. SoIving ProbIems InvoIving midpoint of two
points.
xampIe
1:
Let A(2, 7) and B( 2, Let A(2, 7) and B( 2, - -
1) 1)
k = 7 +(-1)
2
= 6
2
= 3
xampIe
2:
P(7, 11) and Q( m, n) P(7, 11) and Q( m, n)
7 + m =3
2
7 + m = 6
m = 6-7
m = -1
Given that (2,k) is the
midpoint of the straight
Iine joining the points (2,
7) and (2,-1). ind the
vaIue of k.
Given that (3,4) is the
midpoint of the straight
Iine joining the points
P(7, 11) and Q( m, n). ind
the coordinates of Q.
11 + n =4
2
11 + n = 8
n = 8-11
n = -3
Coordinates of Q = ( -1, -
3)
11/15/2011 24
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Iemon, make Iemonade .
If you come up with an
appIe, make...