HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT THEORIES

The term growth and development both refers to dynamic process. Often used interchangeably, these terms have different meanings. Growth and development are interdependent, interrelated process. Growth generally takes place during the first 20 years of life.; development continues after that.

Growth: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 2. 3. Is physical change and increase in size. It can be measured quantitatively. Indicators of growth includes height, weight, bone size, and dentition. Growth rates vary during different stages of growth and development. The growth rate is rapid during the prenatal, neonatal, infancy and adolescent stages and slows during childhood. Physical growth is minimal during adulthood. Is an increase in the complexity of function and skill progression. It is the capacity and skill of a person to adapt to the environment. Development is the behavioral aspect of growth. Development:

THEORIES: 1. Freuds Psychosexual Development Theory

STAGE 1. Oral

AGE Birth to 1 y/o

2. Anal

1 to 3 y/o

4. Latency

6 y/o to puberty Puberty onwards

5. Genital

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Theories of Growth and Development

3. Phallic

4 to 6 y/o

CHARACTERISTICS Center of pleasure: mouth (major source of gratification & exploration) Primary need: Security Major conflict: weaning Source of pleasure: anus & bladder (sensual satisfaction & self-control) Major conflict: toilet training Center of pleasure: childs genital (masturbation) Major conflict: Oedipus & Electra Complex Energy directed to physical & intellectual activities Sexual impulses repressed Relationship between peers of same sex Energy directed towards full sexual maturity & function & development of skills to cope with the environment

2. Eriksons Stages of Psychosocial Development Theory

STAGE 1. Infancy

AGE Birth-18 mos 1 to 3 y/o

2. Early childhood

3. Late childhood

3 to 5 y/o

4. School Age

6 to 12 y/o

5. Adolescence

1220 y/o

6. Young Adulthood

18-25 y/o

7. Adulthood

25-65 y/o

8. Maturity

65 y/o to death

Mistrust, withdrawal, estrangement Autonomy vs Self control w/o loss of Compulsive, selfShame & self esteem restraint or doubt Ability of cooperate & compliance. express oneself Willfulness & defiance. Initiative vs Learns to become Lack of selfguilt assertive confidence. Ability to evaluate Pessimism, fear of ones own behavior wrongdoing. Over-control & over-restriction. Industry vs Learns to create, Loss of hope, Inferiority develop & manipulate. sense of being Develop sense of mediocre. competence & Withdrawal from perseverance. school & peers. Identity vs Coherent sense of self. Feelings of role confusion Plans to actualize confusion, ones abilities indecisiveness, & possible anti-social behavior. Intimacy vs Intimate relationship Impersonal isolation with another person. relationships. Commitment to work Avoidance of and relationships. relationship, career or lifestyle commitments. Generativity Creativity,productivity, Self-indulgence, vs stagnation concern for others. self-concern, lack of interests & commitments. Integrity vs Acceptance of worth & Sense of loss, despair uniqueness of ones contempt for own life. others. Acceptance of death. DEVELOPMENTAL TASK - eat solid foods - walk - talk - control elimination of wastes - relate emotionally to others - distinguish right from wrong through development of a conscience - learn sex differences and sexual modesty - achieve personal independence - form simple concepts of social & physical reality Theories of Growth and Development

CENTRAL TASK Trust vs Mistrust

(+) RESOLUTION Learn to trust others

(-) RESOLUTION

3. Havighursts Developmental Stage and Tasks

DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE 1. Infancy & early childhood

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2. Middle childhood

3. Adolescence

4. Early Adulthood

5. Middle Adulthood

6. Later Maturity

- learn physical skills, required for games - build healthy attitudes towards oneself - learn to socialize with peers - learn appropriate masculine or feminine role - gain basic reading, writing & mathematical skills - develop concepts necessary for everyday living - formulate a conscience based on a value system - achieve personal independence - develop attitudes toward social groups & institutions - establish more mature relationships with same-age individuals of both sexes - achieve a masculine or feminine social role - accept own body - establish emotional independence from parents - achieve assurance of economic independence - prepare for an occupation - prepare for marriage & establishment of a family - acquire skills necessary to fulfill civic responsibilities - develop a set of values that guides behavior - select a partner - learn to live with a partner - start a family - manage a home - establish self in a career/occupation - assume civic responsibilities - become part of a social group - fulfill civic & social responsibilities - maintain an economic standard of living - assist adolescent children to become responsible, happy adults - relate ones partner - adjust to physiological changes - adjust to aging parents - adjust to physiological changes & alterations in health status - adjust to retirement & altered income - adjust to death of spouse - develop affiliation with ones age group - meet civic & social responsibilities - establish satisfactory living arrangements Theories of Growth and Development CHARACTERISTICS Seeks independence by separating from family Experiments with different careers & lifestyles Makes lifestyle adjustments Experiences greater stability Is self-directed & engages in self-evaluation DESCRIPTION Infant learns to rely on caregivers to meet needs & desires Child begins learning to delay immediate

4. Levinsons Seasons of Adulthood

AGE 18-20 yrs 21-27 yrs 28-32 yrs 33-39 yrs 45-65 yrs STAGE 1. Infancy 2. Childhood

SEASON Early adult transition Entrance into the adult world Transition Settling down Pay-off years AGE Birth to 1 yrs 1 to 6 yrs

4. Sullivans Interpersonal Model of Personality Development

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3. Juvenile 4. Preadolescence 5. Early Adolescence 6. Late Adolescence

6 to 9 yrs 9 to 12 yrs 12 to 14 yrs 14 to 21 yrs

gratification of needs & desires Child forms fulfilling peer relationships Child relates successfully to same-sex peers Adolescent learns to be independent & forms relationships with members of opposite sex Person establishes an intimate, long-lasting relationship with someone of the opposite sex

5. Piagets Phases of Cognitive Development

PHASE a. Sensorimotor Stage 1: Use of reflexes Stage 2: Primary circular reaction Stage 3: Secondary circular reaction Stage 4: Coordination of secondary schemata Stage 5: Tertiary circular reaction Stage 6: Invention of new means b. Pre-operational Pre-conceptual stage Intuitive stage

AGE DESCRIPTION Birth to 2 yrs Sensory organs & muscles become more functional Birth to 1 Movements are primarily reflexive month 1-4 months Perceptions center around ones body. Objects are perceived as extensions of the self. 4-8 months Becomes aware of external environment. Initiates acts to change the movement. 8-12 months Differentiates goals and goal-directed activities. 12-18 months 18-24 months 2-7 years 2-4 year 4-7 years Experiments with methods to reach goals. Develops rituals that become significant. Uses mental imagery to understand the environment. Uses fantasy. Emerging ability to think Thinking tends to be egocentric. Exhibits use of symbolism. Unable to break down a whole into separate parts. Able to classify objects according to one trait. Learns to reason about events in the here-andnow. Able to see relationships and to reason in the abstract. DESCRIPTION Authority figures are obeyed. Misbehavior is viewed in terms of damage done. A deed is perceived as wrong if one is punished; the activity is right if one is not punished. Right is defined as that which is acceptable to & approved by the self. When actions satisfy ones needs, they are right. Cordial interpersonal relationships are maintained. Approval of others is sought through ones actions. Authority is respected. Individual feels duty bound to maintain social order. Behavior is right when it conforms to the rules. Individual understands the morality of having democratically established laws. It is wrong to violate others rights.

c. Concrete Operations d. Formal Operations

7-11 years 11+ years

6. Kohlbergs Stages of Moral Development

LEVEL II: Conventional (9-13 years) Stage 3: Interpersonal concordance Stage 4: Law and order orientation

LEVEL III: Post-conventional (13+ years) Stage 5: Social contract orientation

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Theories of Growth and Development

LEVEL AND STAGE LEVEL I: Pre-conventional (Birth to 9 years) Stage 1: Punishment & obedience orientation Stage 2: Instrumental-relativist orientation

Stage 6: Universal ethics orientation

The person understands the principles of human rights & personal conscience. Person believes that trust is basis for relationships.

7. Gilligans Theory of Moral Development

LEVEL CHARACTERISTICS I. Orientation of Individual Survival Concentrates on what is best for self. Transition Selfish. Dependent on others. Transition 1: From Selfishness to Recognizes connections to others. Responsibility Makes responsible choices in terms of self and others. II. Goodness as Self-sacrifice Puts needs of others ahead of own. Feels responsible for others. Is dependent. May use guilt to manipulate others when attempting to help. Transition 2: From Goodness to Decisions based on intentions & consequences, not Truth on others responses. Considers needs of self and others. Wants to help others while being responsible to self. Increased social participation. III. Morality of Nonviolence Sees self and others as morally equal Assumes responsibilities for own decisions. Basic tenet to hurt no one including self. Conflict between selfishness and selflessness. Self-judgment is not dependent on others perceptions but rather on consequences & intentions of actions.
8. Fowlers Stages of Faith

STAGE Prestage:Undifferentiated faith Stage 1: Intuitiveprojective faith

AGE Infant

Toddlerpreschooler

Stage 2: Mythicalliteral faith

School-aged child

Stage 3: Syntheticconventional faith Stage 4: Individuativereflective faith Stage 5: Conjunctive faith Stage 6: Universalizing faith

Adolescent Late adolescent & young adult Adult Adult

Integrates other perspectives about faith into own definition of truth. Makes concepts of love & justice tangible.

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Theories of Growth and Development

CHARACTERISTICS Trust, hope and love compete with environmental inconsistencies or threats if abandonment. Imitates parental behaviors and attitudes about religion and spirituality. Has no real understanding of spiritual concepts. Accepts existence of a deity. Religious & moral beliefs are symbolized by stories. Appreciates others viewpoints. Accepts concept of reciprocal fairness. Questions values & religious beliefs in an attempt to form own identity. Assumes responsibility for own attitudes & beliefs.