Cbapter : Pbysical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

l Adolescence and uberLy

a Adolescence
l 1he passage from chlldhood Lo adulLhood
ll lmpornLanL chance ls onseL of puberLy
b uberLy
l rocess LhaL leads Lo sexual maLurlLy or ferLlllLy
ll Adolescence as Soclal ConsLrucLlon
a no such concepL ln prelndusLrlal socleLles
b 1oday adolescence ls a global phenomenon
c 1lme for growLh and change
d SLereoLypes of rlskLaklng behavlors
e Cffers opporLunlLy for growLh physlcal dlmenslons cognlLlve soclal compeLence
auLonomy selfesLeem lnLlmacy
lll uberLy
a Slgnals Lhe end of chlldhood
b Adrenarche
l 8eLween ages 6 and 9
ll MaLurlng of Lhe adrenal glands
lll roducLlon or androgens (uPLA)
lv lollowed a few years laLer by Conadrarche
c Conadarche
l MaLurlng of Lhe sex organs
ll Clrls ovarles lncrease esLrogen
lll 8oys LesLes lncrease androgens
d reclse Llme when rush of hormonal acLlvlLy beglns depend on reachlng crlLlcal ammL of
body faL necessary for successful reproducLlon
e C834 on chromosome 19 ls essenLlal for developmenL Lo occur
lv hyslcal Changes of uberLy
a 8oLh males and females
l CrowLh spurL
ll ublc halr
lll ueeper volce
lv Muscular growLh
v uberLy CnseL
a Clrls
l 8eLween ages 8 and 10
b 8oys
l 8eLween ages 9 and 11
vl rlmary Sex CharacLerlsLlcs organs necessary for reproducLlon
a lemales
l Cvarles
ll lalloplan Lubes
lll uLerus
lv vaglna
vll Secondary Sex CharacLerlsLlcs physlologlcal slgns of sexual maLuraLlon do noL dlrecLly lnvolve
sex organs
a lemales
l 8reasLs
ll elvls changes
b Males
l 8road shoulders
vlll Slgns of puberLy
a llrsL slgns of puberLy
l Males
1 LnlargemenL of LesLes
2 volce deepens parLlally ln response Lo larynx parLlally producLlon of
male hormones
ll lemales
1 8reasL Llssue and publc halrs
2 Areolae enlarges (plgmenLed areas surroundlng nlpple)
lx AdolescenL CrowLh SpurL
a A rapld lncrease ln helghL and welghL
b 1yplcally lasLs abouL 2 years
c 8esulLs ln common 'gawklness'
d 1eens become more concerned abouL Lhelr appearance
e 8oys/glrls grow dlfferenLly noL only ln raLes of growLh buL also ln form and shape
f laL accumulaLes 2x as rapldly ln glrls as boys
x Slgns of Sexual MaLurlLy
a 1he maLuraLlon of reproducLlve organs brlngs beglnnlng of mensLruaLlon ln glrls /
producLlon of sperm ln boys
b Spermarche
l llrsL e[aculaLlon
ll nocLurnal emlsslon (weL dream)
lll Average aL age 13
c Menarche
l llrsL mensLruaLlon (flrsL perlod)
ll Average aL age 12 Z
d rlnclple slgn of sexual maLurlLy ln glrls ls mensLruLaLlon
xl Secular 1rend Lrend LhaL spans several generaLlons
a A decrease ln average age of puberLal onseL
b osslble explanaLlons
l Plgher sLandard of llvlng/beLLer nuLrlLlon
ll CverwelghL
lll 8elaLlonshlp wlLh faLher
1 Close supporLlve relaLlonshlp wlLh faLher enLer puberLy laLer Lhan glrls
compared Lo cold/dlsLanL parenLs / Lhose ralsed wlLh slngle moLhers
2 heromones
xll AdolescenL 8raln
a A work ln progress"
b uramaLlc changes Lakes place beLween puberLy and young adulLhood
c lmmaLurlLy of adolescenL braln has led Lo quesLlons of legal responslblllLy
d 8lsk Laklng comes from lnLeracLlon of Lwo braln neLworks
l SocloemoLlonal neLwork (le peer lnfluence)
1 SenslLlve Lo soclal and emoLlonal sLlmull
2 8ecomes more acLlve aL puberLy
ll CognlLlve conLrol neLwork (responses Lo sLlmull)
1 8egulaLes responses Lo sLlmull
2 MaLures more gradually lnLo early adulLhood
xlll 1wo Ma[or 8raln Changes
a CrowLh SpurL of grey maLLer beglns around puberLy
l Chlefly ln fronLal lobes
ll 8easonlng [udgmenL and lmpulse conLrol
lll AfLer growLh spurL denslLy of grey maLLer decllnes as unused synapses are
pruned and Lhose LhaL remaln sLrengLhened
b Cray MaLLer CrowLh
l ConLlnued myellnaLlon
ll laclllLaLes maLuraLlon of cognlLlve ablllLles
1 More effecLlve neurologlcal connecLlons cognlLlve processlng more
efflclenL
c MldLolaLe adolescences fewer buL sLronger smooLher and more effecLlve neuronal
connecLlons maklng cognlLlve processlng more efflclenL
xlv hyslcal AcLlvlLy
a Lxerclse ln adolescence ls usually much less Lhan ln chlldhood
b Lxerclse affecLs boLh physlcal and menLal healLh
c uecreases llkellhood adolescence wlll parLlclpaLe ln rlsky behavlor
d 1/3 of uS hlgh school sLudenLs do nC1 engage ln enough physlcal acLlvlLy
e uS adolescenLs exerclse less Lhan ln prevlous generaLlons and less Lhan Lhose oLher
counLrles
xv Sleep needs
a Average sleep decllnes Lo less Lhan 8 hours aL age 16
b SLlll many adolescenLs do noL geL enough sleep
c Cenerally go Lo sleep laLer and sleep less on school days Lhe older Lhey geL
xvl Sleep aLLerns
a Changes ln clrcadlan Llmlng (blologlcal clock) and melaLonln may accounL for Lendency
Lo sLay up laLe
l AfLer puberLy secreLlon of melaLonln Lakes place laLer ln nlghL
b School schedules are ouL of sync wlLh blologlcal rhyLhms
l 1endency Lo be sleepy durlng Lhe day and 'sleep ln' on weekends Lo make up for
loss
ll 1eenagers Lend Lo be less alerL and more sLressed early ln mornlng more alerL
ln Lhe afLernnon
c 1lmlng of secreLlon of hormone melaLonln ls a gauge of when Lhe braln ls ready for
sleep afLer puberLy secreLlon Lakes place laLer ln nlghL
xvll nuLrlLlon
a uS adolescenLs have less healLhy dleLs Lhan oLher lndusLrlallzed counLrles
l lewer frulLs and vegeLables
ll More sweeLs chocolaLes and [unk food
xvlll CbeslLy/CverwelghL
a uS Leens are more llkely Lo be overwelghL Lhan Lhelr agemaLes ln lndusLrlallzed
counLrlesnumbers Lrlpled beLween 1980 and 2004
l Average Leen glrl needs 2200 calorles/day
ll Average Leen boy needs 2800 calorles/day
xlx 8ody lmage how one belleves one looks
a Pow one belleves one looks
b Concern mosL lnLense durlng adolescence
c aLLern ls more lnLense wlLh females
l normal lncrease ln glrls' body faL
d AfrlcanAmerlcan glrls are more saLlsfled wlLh Lhelr bodles Lhan are Caucaslan glrls
e uue Lo lncrease ln glrl body faL aL puberLy many glrls unhappy abouL appearance
reflecLlng culLural emphasls on female physlcal aLLrlbuLes
f Men more saLlsfled due Lo muscle growLh durlng puberLy
xx Anorexla nervosa
a SelfsLarvaLlon
b ulsLorLed body lmage
c ConsLanLly dleLlng and belleve Lhey are faL
d May cause lrregularlLy or cessaLlon of mensLruaLlon
e CfLen good sLudenLs and 'perfecLlonlsLs'
f LxLremely afrald of looslng conLrol and becomlng overwelghL
g May be ln parL reacLlon Lo soclal pressure buL does noL seem Lhls ls only facLor or even
a necessary one
h 8oLh dellberaLe and lnvolunLary
l uellberaLely refuses food needed for susLenance yeL cannoL sLop dolng so even
when rewarded or punlshed
xxl 8ullmla nervosa
a 8lngelng and undolng of calorlc lnLake on regular basls
b 'undo' calorles by
l Selflnduced vomlLlng
ll Lxcesslve exerclse
lll LaxaLlves or enemas
lv ulureLlcs
v uleLlng or fasLlng
c usually noL overwelghL buL obsessed wlLh welghL and shape
d 1end Lo have low selfesLeem // may become overwhelmed wlLh shame depresslon
e unLlkL AnC8LxlA Lhere ls llLLle evldence of bullma elLher hlsLorlcally or ln culLures noL
sub[ecL Lo wesLern lnfluence
xxll 1reaLmenL of Anorexla and 8ullmla
a lmmedlaLe goal ls Lo geL paLlenL Lo eaL and galn welghL
b aLlenLs may be hosplLallzed lf severely malnourlshed
c 8ehavlor Lherapy reward eaLlng
d CognlLlve Lherapy change body lmage
e lnsLlLuLlonal seLLlngs and famlly Lherapy
xxlll urug use and Abuse
a SubsLance use
l Parmful use of alcohol or oLher drugs
ll Can lead Lo subsLance dependence (addlcLlon)
b uependence or AddlcLlon
l Can be psychologlcal or physlologlcal
ll Lspeclally dangerous for adolescenLs because of changlng braln sLrucLures
xxlv 8lsk lacLors for urug Abuse
a ulfflculL LemperamenL
b oor lmpulse conLrol and sensaLlon seeklng
l 8lochemlcal basls and/or famlly lnfluence
c CeneLlc predlsposlLlon or lnconslsLenL parenLlng
d Larly and perslsLenL behavlor paLLerns
e eer re[ecLlon allenaLlon or rebelllousness
f ALLlLudes Loward drug use and early lnlLlaLlon
xxv Common AdolescenL urugs
a Alcohol
b Marl[uana
c 1obacco
xxvl uepresslon
a revalence lncreases durlng adolescence
b Cccurs ln 9 ages 1217 only 40 LreaLed
c Clrls more suscepLlble Lhan boys
d Can manlfesL as
l Sadness
ll lrrlLablllLy
lll 8oredom
lv lnablllLy Lo experlence pleasure
e Alcohol and drug use and sexual acLlvlLy more llkely Lo lead Lo depresslon ln glrls Lhan
boys
f 1reaLmenLs lnclude psychoLherapy
l SS8ls are Lhe only anLldepressanL medlcaLlon currenLly approved for
adolesences
xxvll Causes of ueaLh ln Adolescence
a vehlcular AccldenLs
l Leadlng cause of deaLh among uS Leens
b llrearms
l Pomlclde sulclde and accldenLal deaLhs
ll CneLhlrd of all ln[ury deaLhs
c Sulclde
l AlmosL onefourLh of uS hlghschool sLudenLs have serlously consldered
sulclde
ll ?oung people who conslder/aLLempL sulclde Lend Lo have hlsLorles of emoLlonal
lllness
xxvlll lageLlan CognlLlve uevelopmenL lormal CperaLlons (develop capaclLy for absLracL LhoughL)
a A capaclLy for absLracL LhoughL
b A more flexlble way Lo manlpulaLe lnformaLlon
c usually develops around age 11
d Also has emoLlonal lmpllcaLlons
e l haLe explolLaLlon"
f Can hypoLheslze abouL slLuaLlons
g no longer llmlLed Lo Lhe here and now"
xxlx PypoLheLlcalueducLlve 8easonlng ablllLy accompanled by Lhe sLage of formal operaLlons Lo
develop conslder and LesL hypoLheses
a roblemsolvlng skllls
b ueveloplng a hypoLhesls and an experlmenL Lo LesL lL
c lmaglnlng relaLlonshlps sysLemaLlcally
d lageL aLLrlbuLed acqulrlng Lhls new sklll Lo
l 8raln maLuraLlon
ll Lxpandlng envlronmenLal opporLunlLles
xxx LvaluaLlng lageL's 1heory
a Many laLe adolescenLs and adulLs (around1/3) are lncapable of absLracL LhoughL as he
deflned lL
b lalls Lo capLure Lhe role or conLexL of Lhe slLuaLlon
c 1he Lheory does noL fully conslder Lhe role of meLacognlLlon
xxxl Llklnd lmmaLure AspecLs of 1houghL
a ldeallsm and crlLlcalness
b ArgumenLaLlveness
c lndeclslveness
d ApparenL hypocrlsy
e Selfconsclousness
l lmaglnary Audlence
f Speclalness and lnvulnerablllLy
l ersonal lable
xxxll Changes ln lnformaLlon rocesslng
a Changes reflecL maLuraLlon of braln's fronLal lobes may help explaln cognlLlve advances
lageL deflned
b SLrucLural lncreases ln processlng capaclLy
l Lxpanslon of worklng memory allows adolescenLs Lo deal wlLh complex problems
ll Changes ln worklng memory capaclLy
1 Lnlarges rapldly ln mlddle chlldhood conLlnues Lo lncrease durlng
adolescence
lll lncreaslng amounL of knowledge sLored ln longLerm memory
c 3 luncLlonal
l MosL lmporLanL funcLlonal changes
1 ConLlnued lncrease ln processlng speed
2 lurLher developmenL of execuLlve funcLlon
a lncludes skllls as selecLlve aLLenLlon declslon maklng ex
ll lncreased ablllLy Lo obLaln handle and reLaln lnformaLlon
lll MaLhemaLlcal and sclenLlflc reasonlng
lv lmproved proflclency ln drawlng concluslons
xxxlll SLrucLural Change ln Long1erm Memory
a lncrease ln longLerm memory capaclLy
l ueclaraLlve knowledge knowlng LhaL
1 All facLual knowledge a person has acqulred
ll rocedural knowledge knowlng how Lo
1 ConslsLs of all skllls a person has acqulred
lll ConcepLual knowledge knowlng why
1 undersLandlng of why
xxxlv Language uevelopmenL
a AdolescenLs can dlscuss absLracLlons
l Love
ll lreedom
lll !usLlce
b lrequenLly use such Lerms as
l Powever
ll CLherwlse
lll 1herefore
xxxv kohlberg's levels and SLages
a Level 1 preconvenLlonal morallLy conLrol ls exLernal and rules obeyed ln order Lo galn
reward/avold punlshmenL or ouL of selflnLeresL
b Level 2 ConcenLlonal MorallLy sLandards of auLhorlLy flgures are lnLernallzed
l Concerned abouL belng good and pleaslng oLhers
ll Concerned abouL malnLalnlng soclal order
c Level 3 osLconvenLlonal morallLypeople follow lnherenLly held moral prlnclples and
can declde among confllcLlng moral sLandards
l Can make Lhelr own [udgmenLs based on prlnclples of rlghL falrness and [usLlce
d 1he reasons underlylng a person's response Lo a moral dllemma noL Lhe response lLself
LhaL lndlcaLes Lhe sLage of moral developmenL
e LvaluaLlng kholberg's Lheory
l lnsLead of vlewlng morallLy soley on aLLalnmenL of conLrol of selfgraLlfylng
lmpulses now sLudy how chlld/adulLs base moral [udgemenLs on growlng
undersLandlng of soclal world
ll Levels so varlable because people who achleved hlgh level cognaLlve do noL
always reach hlgh level of moral developmenL
1 CerLaln level cognlLlve developmenL necessary buL noL sufflclenL
xxxvl lnfluences on School AchlevemenL
a Selfefflcacy bellefs
l Pelp shape occupaLlonal opLlons sLudenL conslder and Lhe way Lhey prepare for
carrear
b arenLlng sLyles
c LLhnlclLy
d eer lnfluences
e Cender
xxxvll uropplng ouL of Plgh School
a 38 of hlgh school sLudenLs dropped ouL durlng 20042003 school year
b SLudenLs aL greaLesL rlsk
l Low SLS
ll Males
lll Plspanlcs
lv SLudenLs wlLh low 'acLlve engagemenL'
xxxvlll lnfluences on SLudenLs' Coals
a arenLal aLLlLudes Lowards academlcs
b Cender and gendersLereoLyplng
c 1he educaLlonal sysLem
d Are schools rewardlng creaLlvlLy? C8 roLe memorlzaLlon?
l SLudenLs who can memorlze and analyze well do well ln Lhose Lypes of classes
xxxlx Culdlng nonCollege8ound SLudenLs
a vocaLlonal counsellng
l Cne aspecL of adolescenLs search for ldenLlLy
b vocaLlonal Lralnlng programs
c CommunlLy colleges
d CnLhe[ob Lralnlng