Lrlk Wahlberg 9/30/2011

SC 113 SLudy Culde + CuLllnes for Culz #1 (10/3/2011)

1he 1ea arLy ls a hyperconservaLlve osLenslbly llberLarlan pollLlcal group LhaL came lnLo belng ln Lhe unlLed
SLaLes ln Lhe lasL few years 1hey prlde Lhemselves on supporLlng Lhe consLlLuLlon buL ofLen espouse warped
hyperbollc selecLlvelychosen and hlsLorlcally lnaccuraLe verslons of LhaL documenL
Learn Lo dlsLlngulsh LlberLarlans from 8epubllcans from uemocraLs from SoclallsLs
uebaLe over budgeL reform
1 1he 8epubllcans wanL Lo brlng Amerlca back Lo flscal sanlLy by maklng large spendlng cuLs Lo soclal programs
and enLlLlemenL programs (Medlcald Medlcare and Soclal SecurlLy) 1hey do noL wanL Lo ralse Laxes under
any clrcumsLances because Lhey wanL Lhe governmenL Lo be as small as posslble (a smaller governmenL wlll
spend less money Lhus closlng our budgeL gap)
2 Cn Lhe oLher slde of Lhe lssue Lhe uemocraLs wanL Lo proLecL programs llke Medlcald Medlcare and Soclal
SecurlLy from An? cuLs whaLsoever 1hey belleve LhaL Lhe besL way Lo balance our budgeL ls Lo brlng ln more
money by closlng Lax loopholes ralslng Laxes on Lhe wealLhy and cuLLlng governmenL subsldles Lo blg buslness
(mosL noLably Lhe oll lndusLry) resldenL Cbama recenLly puL ouL a proposal (known as Lhe 8uffeLL rule or
8uffeLL roposal) LhaL would levy heavler Laxes on people maklng over $1 Mllllon/year lor Lhe mosL parL
8epubllcans are of course agalnsL Lhls ldea

8ough CuLllne of Culz 1oplcs (LxLremely 8ough)
l CurrenL LvenLs
ll 8epubllcan candldaLes for Lhe presldency who ls leadlng? Who ls falllng behlnd? Who ls on Lhe aLLack? Who
ls [ockeylng for a v spoL?
lll names Lo know
a 8lck erry
b MlLL 8omney
c Mlchelle 8achmann
d resldenLlal CandldaLes
l Cov MlLL 8omney former governor of MassachuseLLs
ll Cov 8lck erry governor of 1exas
lll Lower 1ler arLlclpanLs
1 Cov !on PunLsman lormer governor of uLah
2 8ep Mlchelle 8achmann represenLaLlve from MlnnesoLa
3 8ep 8on aul represenLaLlve from 1exas
lv PunLsman Soclal SecurlLy as a onzl scheme any merlL Lo Lhe clalm (hlnL lL was made by erry)
v Cbamas !obs plan maln polnLs / chances of passlng? WhaL sLands ln Lhe way of lL passlng?
vl Approval raLlngs for Cbama and for Congress have been slldlng and are now aL allLlme lows why? WhaL does
Lhls mean for reelecLlon campalgns?
vll Medlcare and Medlcald whaL are Lhey and whaL are Lhe bulleL polnLs of Lhe debaLe occurrlng around Lhem?
vlll PlS1C8lCAL gaLeways Lo democracy parLlclpaLlon (convenLlonal and unconvenLlonal)
lx voLlng and Lhe process
x lnlLlaLlves referendums new medla lacebook LwlLLer blogglng heavy blas ln Lhe medla lncreased
educaLlon leads Lo broader parLlclpaLlon (founders feared democracy)
xl Soclal ConLracL 1heory reConsLlLuLlon
xll ArLlcles of ConfederaLlon were weak why?
xlll Shays 8ebelllon
xlv ConsLlLuLlonal ConvenLlon
xv lederallsL apers debaLe b/w large and small sLaLes over represenLaLlon how dld we geL Lhe blcameral
leglslaLure we have Loday?
xvl LlecLoral college how Lo Lally voLes how many Lo wln
xvll ArlsLoLles 1ypology
xvlll ConsLlLuLlonal AmendmenL/8aLlflcaLlon process (2/3 of each house of congress and 3/4 of sLaLes raLlfy wlLhln
7 years)
xlx Madlson lederallsL #10
xx 8lll of 8lghLs Clvll War AmendmenLs
xxl AmendmenLs you should be able Lo ldenLlfy
a Clvll war amendmenLs exLended suffrage Lo former slaves
b 8lll of rlghLs donL need Lo know each lndlvldual amendmenL [usL know ln general LhaL Lhey are Lhe flrsL
10 amendmenLs and know a few freedoms Lhey guaranLee (freedom of Lhe press assembly rellglon
proLecLlon from selflncrlmlnaLlon)
c 12Lh resldenL vlceresldenL elecLed separaLely
d 22nd 1erm llmlLs for presldenL
xxll Who ls Chrls ChrlsLle and why ls he SlgnlflcanL
a Covernor of new !ersey new poLenLlal candldaLe for 8epubllcan 8epresenLaLlve


S|de Note from kec|tat|on
1) Soclal ConLracL 1heory llrsL republlc based on Lhe noLlon of consenL
a) Lach person ls an lndlvldual and has Lhe rlghL Lo consenL Lo governmenL
l) 1rlbes 8lood
ll) Monarchy 8ellglon
b) ArlsLoLle's 1ypology
l) ||) 1rue Iorms |||) ervers|ons
|v) ku|e by Cne v) Monarchy vl) 1yranny
v||) ku|e by Iew vlll) ArlsLocracy lx) Cllgarchy
) ku|e by Many xl) ollLy xll) uemocracy
c) ollLlcal SpecLrum





d) Pow LlecLoral College Works
l) 338 LlecLoral voLes dlsLrlbuLed based on populaLlon
ll) Wlnner Lake all sysLem
lll) 2 SLaLes no longer have wlnner Lake all sysLem
(1) Alaska and nebraska and are glven represenLaLlve voLes by dlsLrlcL
lv) ulsproporLlonal 8epresenLaLlon
v) 433 Members ln Lhe Pouse
vl) 100 SenaLors
vll) 270 Maglc number for LlecLlon
2) Cbamas vlews on deflclL plan
a) MusL be Lax lncrease on wealLhy
b) More people lnvolved wlLh Medlcare
l) Applles Lo all people over 63
c) 8epubllcans argue no maLLer whaL do noL ralse Lakes
l) More people wlLh more money ln Lurn spend more money whlch wlll creaLe more [obs
3) llnal noLes on ueflclL lan
a) 3$ Spendlng cuL Lo enLlLlemenL programs for every 1$ Lax lncrease Lo wealLhy
4) CurrenL ollLlcal llgures ln 8especLlve 8ranches
l) LxecuLlve
(1) Pouse of 8epresenLaLlves
(a) !oe 8lden vlce resldenL for 8arrack Cbama/resldenL of SenaLe
(b) 8arrack Cbama resldenL of Lhe unlLed SLaLes
(c) Plllary CllnLon SecreLary of SLaLe
(2) SenaLe
(a) **8lck erry 8unnlng for republlcan nomlnaLlon
(b) **MlLL 8omney 8unnlng for republlcan nomlnaLlon
(l) lormer governor of Mass
(c) Mlchelle 8achman
(l) Cueen of Lhe 1ea arLy"
(ll) 8unnlng for represenLaLlve
ll) LeglslaLlve
(1) Pouse of 8epresenLaLlves
(a) Lrlc CanLor Pouse Ma[orlLy leader
(l) Puge promlnenL flgure ln 1ea arLy
(b) !ohn 8oehner (8ayer) Speaker of Lhe Pouse
(l) uecldes who ls on each commlLLee
(c) nancy elosll Pouse MlnorlLy Leader
(l) revlously speaker of Lhe house
(2) SenaLe
(a) MlLch McConnell SenaLor from kenLucky
(l) SenaLe MlnorlLy Leader
(ll) lnches from SenaLe Ma[orlLy Leader
(b) Parry 8eld SenaLe Ma[orlLy Leader
(l) nevada
(ll) noL SenaLe resldenL
(c) !oe 8lden vlce resldenL for 8arrack Cbama/resldenL of SenaLe
lll) !udlclal
(1) SoLomayor llrsL LaLlna voLed lnLo Lhe supreme courL
(a) ConLroverslal and voLed ln by Cbama
(2) kagan Cbama's second appolnLed Lo Lhe supreme courL
lv) 2 names from ually Show Cllp (lsrael vs aklsLan)*** Cn LesL ***
(1) neLanyahu resldenL of lsrael
(2) Mahmoud Abbas Leader of alesLlnlan auLhorlLy
(a) 8ecenLly peLlLloned Lhe un for sLaLehood

ln argumenLs over Lhe debL and federal spendlng lL ls lmporLanL Lo remember LhaL Lhe 8epubllcans wanL Lo cuL
spendlng and noL ralse Laxes whlle Lhe uemocraLs wanL Lo ralse Laxes on Lhe wealLhy ln exchange for cuLLlng
spendlng
1o flnlsh off Lhe debL/deflclL debaLe LhaL occurred Lhls summer Lhe governmenL creaLed a supercommlLLee of
Lwelve LoLal members (6 from each parLy 6 LoLal SenaLors and 6 LoLal 8epresenLaLlves) 1he super commlLLee ls
now geLLlng Lo work and Lhey have a PuCL Lask ln fronL of Lhem
hLLp//wwwnyLlmescom/2011/09/24/us/pollLlcs/rlckperryssLanceonlmmlgraLlonmayhurLhls
chanceshLml?refpollLlcs
Lhls ls golng Lo be an lssue as Lhe campalgns rolls along
WhaL do we all know abouL Lhe lederallsL papers? Well for sLarLers we know LhaL lf we were asked
hypoLheLlcally on our flrsL exam (MCnuA? CC1 3) Lo say a Lhlng or Lwo abouL Lhem we would sLaLe LhaL Lhey
were wrlLLen by PamllLon !ay and Madlson as a means of pushlng sLaLes Lo raLlfy Lhe ConsLlLuLlon We know LhaL
PamllLon was Lhe maln auLhor/publlsher and we know LhaL when PamllLon and Madlson puL ouL lederallsL 9
10 Lhey were wary of pollLlcal parLles
1ea arLy
l Core values
a I|sca| kespons|b|||ty
b Const|tut|ona||y L|m|ted Government
c Iree Markets
1etbook Cut||nes
Chapter 1 Gateways to Amer|can Democracy
l uemocracy and Lhe Amerlcan consLlLuLlonal sysLem
a LlberLy and order
l uemocracy rule by Lhe people or selfgovernmenL
ll revlous Lo Amerlcan lndependence ma[orlLy rule had llLLle bearlng
lll uemocracy used Lo be assoclaLed wlLh mob rule
lv 8ule of law Legal sysLem wlLh known rules LhaL are enforced equally agalnsL all people
v ConsLlLuLlonal sysLem eople seL and agree upon a baslc seL of rules and procedures LhaL wlll
govern Lhem as a whole
b 1he ConsLlLuLlon as CaLekeeper
l lramers reallzed governmenL had Lo be sLrong enough Lo rule buL noL sLrong enough Lo Lake
away Lhe people's rlghLs
ll ClosesL model for governmenL was anclenL ALhens ulrecL uemocracy
1 ulrecL uemocracy lorm of Cov where pollLlcal power ls exerclsed dlrecLly by clLlzens
2 lmpracLlcal for large/dlverse counLrles whlch led Lo represenLaLlve democracy
lll 8epresenLaLlve uemocracy lorm of Cov where clLlzens elecL publlc offlclals Lo make pollLlcal
declslons and formulaLe laws
lv 8epubllc lorm of Cov where power derlves from clLlzens buL publlc offlclals make pollcy and
govern accordlng Lo exlsLlng law
v Madlson argued democracy was good on basls of slze and dlverslLy slnce compelllng lnLeresLs ln
a large counLry would balance and conLrol each oLher 1hese compeLlng lnLeresLs were called
facLlons
vl lacLlon Any group LhaL places lLs own lnLeresLs above Lhe aggregaLe lnLeresLs of socleLy
vll lederallsm SysLem of governmenL where soverelgnLy ls consLlLuLlonally dlvlded beLween
naLlonal and sLaLe governmenL
vlll AmendmenLs LhaL Cpened CaLeways Lo arLlclpaLlon
1 13 (1863) rohlblLs Slavery
2 14 (1868) All people born ln uSA become clLlzens prohlblLs any sLaLe from denylng
persons Lhe prlvlleges or lmmunlLles of clLlzens Lhe due process of law or equal
proLecLlon of Lhe laws
3 13 (1870) rohlblLs denylng Lhe rlghL Lo voLe due Lo race
4 17
Lh
(1913) Clves Lhe people (noL sLaLe leglslaLure) Lhe rlghL Lo choose uS senaLors
dlrecLly
3 19
Lh
(1920) CuaranLees women's rlghL Lo voLe
6 21rd (1961) CranLs resldenLs ln dlsLrlcL of Columbla rlghL Lo voLe ln elecLoral college
7 24
Lh
(1964) rohlblLs poll Laxes
8 26
Lh
(1971) CuaranLees 18 year olds Lhe rlghL Lo voLe
lx !effersonlan vlew
1 lundamenLal equallLy of all people
2 1he Amerlcan revoluLlon seL lnLo moLlon forces LhaL would glve rlse Lo greaLer equallLy
3 Worrled any form of governmenL could become corrupL and feared sLrong execuLlve
branch
4 WanLed more sLaLe power Lhan cenLrallzed power belleved clLlzens could keep beLLer
waLch over governmenL slnce lL was closer
3 Assumed uS would noL lnvolve ourselves ln global affalrs
6 Lxpandlng gaLeways of lnfluence good confldenL ln Lhe people Lo check Lhe governmenL
x 1he PamllLonlan vlew
1 LllLes should govern some degree of lnequallLy lnevlLable
2 Successful governmenL demanded a sLrong execuLlve branch
3 SLrong naLlonal governmenL Lo unlLe compeLlng lnLeresLs of sLaLes
4 Poped for sLrong lndusLrlal + mlllLary power and become ma[or role ln lnLernaLlonal
affalrs
3 8esLrlcLlons on gaLeways of lnfluence a good Lhlng slnce educaLed and experlenced
ellLes are beLLer aL governlng Lhan common clLlzens
xl PamllLonlans had a clearer undersLandlng of Amerlca's fuLure Lhan !effersonlans
c Amerlcan ollLlcal CulLure
l Llberals lndlvlduals who have falLh ln governmenL Lo lmprove people's llves bellevlng LhaL
prlvaLe efforLs are lnsufflclenL ln Lhe soclal sphere llberals generally supporL dlverse llfesLyles
and Lend Lo oppose any governmenL acLlon LhaL seeks Lo shape personal cholces
1 lncrease equallLy
2 Plgher Laxes on wealLhy Lhan on poor
3 rovlslons of soclal beneflLs such as healLh care
4 More llkely Lo favor women's rlghLs
ll LefL end of scale Llberals // 8lghL end of scale ConservaLlves
lll ConservaLlve
1 Lower Laxes promoLes greaLer economlc growLh whlch ulLlmaLely beneflLs all
2 lear governmenL wlll suppress lndlvldual llberLy and creaLe a dependency on Lhe
governmenL
3 More llkely Lo supporL laws bannlng aborLlon
lv MosL Amerlcans are moderaLes noL seelng Lhemselves on one end of scale or oLher raLher ln
Lhe mlddle
v LlberLarlans Cenerally belleve governmenL should refraln from acLlng Lo regulaLe elLher Lhe
economy or moral values
1 CovernmenL should noL lnLerfere ln economlc or soclal maLLers
vl opullsL Cpposlng concenLraLed wealLh and ad hearlng Lo LradlLlonal moral values
vll LgallLarlan 8ellef ln human equallLy LhaL dlsLalns lnherlLed LlLles of noblllLy and even lnherlLed
wealLh
vlll ollcy agenda SLage ln pollcy maklng process ln whlch a problem geLs Lhe aLLenLlon of pollcy
makers
lx lurallsm SysLem of pollcy maklng ln whlch compeLlng lnLeresLs hold auLhorlLy over lssues mosL
lmporLanL Lo Lhem
1 larmers have lncreased volce ln lssues perLalnlng Lo farmlng
x Ma[orlLarlan SysLem of pollcy maklng ln whlch Lhose wlLh a numerlcal ma[orlLy hold auLhorlLy
d 8esponslveness and LquallLy uoes Amerlcan uemocracy Work?
l ollcy Maklng rocess
1 ldenLlflcaLlon
2 Agenda
3 lormulaLlon
4 LnacLmenL
3 lmplemenLaLlon
6 LvaluaLlon Agenda lf changes are needed
ll AuLocracy ower Lo govern ls concenLraLed ln Lhe hands of lndlvldual ruler
lll Cllgarchy ower Lo govern ls concenLraLed ln Lhe hands of a powerful few
lv Monarchyower Lo govern ls glven Lo a slngle person unLll sald person dles
v 1rusLee elecLed offlclals should do whaL Lhey Lhlnk besL even lf publlc dlsagrees and elecLlons
Lo allow publlc Lo render a [udgmenL on Lhelr declslons
vl uelegaLe elecLed offlclal should do whaL Lhe publlc wanLs (devold of lndependenL [udgmenLs
and concerns)
vll age 22
ll 1he uemands of uemocraLlc ClLlzenshlp
a Self lnLeresL and Clvlc lnLeresL
l We parLlclpaLe ln governmenL Lo fulflll personal lnLeresLs as well as soclal
ll Mlllennlals more llkely Lo be opLlmlsLlc/pracLlcal value consensus and communlLy bulldlng Lo
solve problems Lhrough compromlse be commlLLed Lo pollLlcal lnvolvemenL
b ollLlcs and Lhe ubllc Sphere
l 1errorlsm and Clvll LlberLles
1 1ake away clvll llberLles for greaLer good
2 Musllms LargeLed more by wlre Laps Lhan evangellcal ChrlsLlans
3 lnverse relaLlonshlp beLween llberLy and order
ll ollLlcal olarlzaLlon and Lhe Medla
1 Pas become a more bruLal baLLle
2 lndlvldual acLlons maLLer more
lll Soclal SecurlLy and LnLlLlemenL rograms
1 As a naLlon we are aglng"
2 Agelng affecLs whaL klnd of pollcles we supporL more
3 Cld people wanL Lo proLecL soclal securlLy and Medlcare yeL Lhey are exLremely cosLly
4 Self and clvlc lnLeresL
lv lmmlgraLlon and ulverslLy
1 As Amerlca becomes more dlverse pollLlcal parLles shape around Lhe changes
2 MusL manage lnLeresLs of mosL populaLlon groups
v LducaLlon
1 CosL of colleges rlslng
2 uoes educaLlon offer equallLy of opporLunlLy?
lll LvaluaLlng Lhe Amerlcan ollLlcal SysLem
a Accuracy of any lnLerpreLaLlon of Amerlcan pollLlcs depends on where you slL
b 1here ls no slngle or correcL lnLerpreLaLlon of Amerlcan pollLlcs
c ueflnlng SLandards of LvaluaLlon
l Slnce democracy has Lo ensure llberLy for all clLlzens lL does so Lhough Lhe rule of law
ll ure deflnlLlon of democracy vs currenL deflnlLlon
1 rule by Lhe people"
lll 1here wlll always be a gap beLween Lhe people's ldeals and Lhe lnsLlLuLlonal response
lv 1he more people parLlclpaLe Lhe beLLer Lhe pollcy becomes 1he naLlon wlll beneflL as a whole
when more people welgh ln
lv A CaLeway Lo Amerlcan uemocracy
a More gaLeways Lo Amerlcan uemocracy over Lhe lasL 230 years
l ClLlzens noL sLaLe leglslaLure now voLe for presldenLs and uS senaLors
ll age 31
Chapter 2 1he Const|tut|on
v 8efore Lhe ConsLlLuLlon
a WhaL ls a ConsLlLuLlon?
b 1oward lndependence
l Amerlcans belleved we had rlghLs of all 8rlLlsh sub[ecLs 8rlLaln lmposed Laxes
ll Sugar AcL of 1764 seL lLems only exporLed Lo 8rlLaln
lll SLamp acL of 1763 esLabllshed Lax on all forms paper
lv 8epealed SLamp AcL ln 1766 replace wlLh 1ownshend acL whlch lmposed Lax on varlous lmporLs
v Samuel Adams led MassachuseLLs leglslaLure Lo send leLLer saylng Lhe 1ownshend acLs was
unconsLlLuLlonal
vl 1/6 8rlLlsh allowed Lo voLe aL Lhe Llme
vll 2/3 Amerlcan adulL males could voLe for colonlal represenLaLlves
vlll 1770 8osLon massacre
lx 8osLon 1ea arLy 1774 resulLed from massacre
x 8en[amln lranklln proposes a ConLlnenLal Congress
1 ConLlnenLal Congress lnlLlal governlng over Lhe revoluLlonary war and oLher common
affalrs of Lhe 13 lndependenL sLaLes
c 1he ueclaraLlon of lndependence
l 1homas !efferson lnsLrucLed Lo drafL Lhls documenL
1 arL of wrlLlngs on [ohn Locke (naLural undenlable rlghLs)
ll 1he conLlnenLal congress needed legal auLhorlLy for lLs acLlon and proposed Lhe ArLlcles of
ConfederaLlon ln 1777
d 1he ArLlcles of ConfederaLlon
l lormally esLabllshed Lhe unlLed SLaLes of Amerlca
ll WlLh arLlcle sLaLes became one wlLh cenLrallzed conLrol
lll ArLlcles emphaslzed freedom from naLlonal auLhorlLy
1 8eLalned all power noL expressly granLed Lo congress under Lhe arLlcles
lv Congress had full auLhorlLy over forelgn mlllLary and lndlan affalrs declde boundarles and
dlspuLes beLween sLaLes coln money and esLabllsh posL offlces
1 noL auLhorlLy Lo regulaLe commerse or operaLe dlrecLly over clLlzens
a Congress could noL Lax dlrecLly
v Covernlng was dlfflculL each sLaLe one voLe
vl Shay's 8ebelllon Led by MassachuseLLs farmers agalnsL heavy debLs helped convlnce sLaLes
LhaL nelLher sLaLe nor federal governmenL were funcLlonlng properly
vl 1he ConsLlLuLlonal ConvenLlon
a uelegaLes charged wlLh maklng Lhe ArLlcles of ConfederaLlon beLLer
b 1he uelegaLes
l 33 delegaLes
ll 8epresenLed large and small sLaLes
lll noL all rlch noL all poor All whlLe and all were male
c Large versus Small SLaLes
l vlrglnla plan madlson proposed sLrong cenLral governmenL
1 LeglslaLlve branch Lwo chambers lower chamber elecLed by people and upper chamber
elecLed by Lhe lower chamber
2 Lach chamber have proporLlonal represenLaLlon (represenLaLlon accordlng Lo slze of
sLaLe)
3 naLlonal execuLlve and naLlonal [udlclary boLh chosen by leglslaLure
4 Councll of revlslon composed of execuLlve and [udlclal members who have approval
over all leglslaLlve acLs
ll new !ersey lan
1 rovldlng congress wlLh auLhorlLy Lo regulaLe congress and dlrecLly Lax
2 naLlonal execuLlve chosen by leglslaLure naLlonal [udlclary chosen by execuLlve
3 Lach sLaLe equal represenLaLlon ln congress
lll ConnecLlcuL Compromlse
1 Lower chamber (Pouse of 8epresenLaLlves) would be proporLlonal Lo populaLlon //
upper chamber (1he SenaLe) would represenL each sLaLe equally
d naLlon vS SLaLe
l 8e[ecLed new !ersey lan
ll uld noL approve vlrglnla plan ln full
lll Congress noL granLed general leglslaLlve power granLed enumeraLed powers
1 LnumeraLed owers LlsLed ln ArLlcle l SecLlon 8 such as regulaLlng commerce and
colnlng money
2 1ax general welfare borrows money regulaLe commerce ln us and forelgn naLlons
declare war ralse armles and malnLaln a navy
3 uld noL geL ablllLy Lo veLo laws buL naLlonal law SLaLe law
e norLh versus SouLh
l AbollLlon of Slavery huge lssue
ll Compromlses necessary and falllng
lll ConvenLlon compromlse prohlblLed congress from sLopplng slave Lrade unLll 1808
lv 1hreeflfLhs formula exLra represenLaLlon ln house of rep based on number of slaves aL Lhe
raLlon 33
f CaLes agalnsL opular lnfluence
l 1787 consLlLuLlon provlded dlrecL and lndlrecL gaLeways for popular lnvolvemenL
ll LlecLoral College resldenLlal elecLors selecLed Lo represenL Lhe voLes of Lhelr respecLlve sLaLe
who meeL every 4 years Lo casL Lhe elecLoral voLes for presldenL and vlce presldenL
lll Lach sLaLe geLs # elecLors based on populaLlon
lv unLll 1913 sLaLe leglslaLure also selecLed uS SenaLors
1 17
Lh
amendmenL ln 1913 changed Lhls
g 1he 8aLlflcaLlon rocess
l Chose noL Lo lnclude a blll of rlghLs
ll needed meLhod of raLlfylng
1 roblem was one leglslaLure could slmply repeal whaL anoLher leglslaLure accompllshed
lll eople represenLaLlves aL convenLlons had excluslve auLhorlLy Lo esLabllsh consLlLuLlons
lv ConsLlLuLlonal convenLlon soughL approval from Lhe people of Lhe unlLed sLaLes
v 1787 flnal sLeps were Laken and convenLlon voLed on Lhe flnal documenL
1 39 slgned Lhe documenL wlLh only 3 refuslng Lo slgn
vll CovernmenL under Lhe ConsLlLuLlon
a 1he SLrucLure of CovernmenL
l 1he LeglslaLlve 8ranch
1 8lcameral congress (Lwo chambers)
a Lower chamber house proporLlonal Lo populaLlon
b upper chamber conslsLed of 2 senaLors from each sLaLe
l ueslgned Lo serve as check on popular wlll
ll Chosen by respecLlve sLaLe leglslaLures unLll 17
Lh
amendmenL granLed
people of each sLaLe rlghLs Lo voLe for each senaLor
lll Congress can overrlde Lhe presldenLlal veLo by a 2/3 ma[orlLy ln each
chamber
c ArLlcle l SecLlon 8 of consLlLuLlon
l LlmlLs congresses auLhorlLy Lo a llsLlng or enumeraLlon of cerLaln powers
ln 18 paragraphs
1 lrlsL one ls Lo Lax pay debLs and provlde common defense and
general welfare Lo unlLed sLaLes
2 217 granL addlLlonal powers such as borrowlng and colnlng
money regulaLlng commerce and ralslng an army
3 18 granLs Lhe auLhorlLy Lo pass all laws necessary and proper for
carrylng lnLo execuLlon Lhe foregolng powers
d 1he SenaLe
l ConsLlLuLlon gave SenaLe has sole auLhorlLy Lo Lry cases of lmpeachmenL
wlLh 2/3 voLe house auLhorlLy Lo lmpeach
ll Also has auLhorlLy Lo raLlfy LreaLles also 2/3 voLe
ll 1he LxecuLlve 8ranch
1 Slngle presldenL 4 year Lerm by elecLoral college
2 LlecLoral college chosen ln manner seL by leglslaLure ln each lndlvldual sLaLe
a Lvery sLaLe gave people power for people Lo voLe for elecLors
b Lach sLaLe recelves # elecLors Lo # represenLaLlves + senaLors
3 lf no person recelves ma[orlLy Lhen elecLlon goes Lo Lhe Pouse of 8epresenLaLlves where
each sLaLe geLs 1 voLe
4 Also chooses v who presldes over SenaLe
lll 1he !udlclal 8ranch
1 resldenL appolnLs [udges wlLh advlce/consenL of senaLe
2 1hey serve llfe Lerms lf on good behavlor"
3 Pears cases perLalnlng Lo
a unlLed sLaLes ambassadors or oLher publlc mlnlsLers
b SulLes beLween Lwo or more sLaLes or clLlzens from dlfferenL sLaLes
c CerLaln classes of cases (consLlLuLlon laws and LreaLles of Lhe unlLed SLaLes)
4 !udlclal 8evlew AuLhorlLy of courLs Lo declare laws passed by congress and acLs of Lhe
execuLlve branch Lo be unconsLlLuLlonal
lv 1he AmendmenL rocess
1 2 aLh for changlng consLlLuLlon
a 2/3 voLe ln each chamber of congress followed by approval of of Lhe sLaLes
l SLaLe approval can be Lhrough elLher sLaLe leglslaLure or Lhrough sLaLe
raLlfylng convenLlons as dlrecLed by congress
b 2/3 of sLaLes Lo requesL a naLlonal consLlLuLlonal convenLlon LhaL could propose
amendmenLs whlch go lnLo effecL when approved by of sLaLes
l Same meLhod of approval as Lhe flrsL paLh
c ConsLlLuLlon prohlblLs amendmenLs LhaL would deny any sLaLe an equal voLe ln
Lhe SenaLe or any amendmenLs LhaL would have allowed a bannlng of Lhe
forelgn slave Lrade prlor Lo 1808
d SLaLes have nLvL8 called a consLlLuLlonal convenLlon Lo amend Lhe 1787
ConsLlLuLlon however Lhey have senL 33 proposed amendmenLs Lo Lhe sLaLes
for raLlflcaLlon
e Congress senL Lhe 21
sL
amendmenL (Lhe repeal of rohlblLlon) Lo sLaLe raLlfylng
convenLlons buL all oLher proposed amendmenLs wenL dlrecLly Lo sLaLe
leglslaLure
f Cf 33 amendmenLs proposed 27 recelved accepLance from 3/4
Lh
of Lhe sLaLes
l 8lll of rlghLs 110
ll 3 Clvll war amendmenLs whlch abollshed slavery and aLLempLed
proLecLlon of former slaves
lll Lqual rlghLs amendmenL Ceorge WaLson favored dld noL pass
lv roposed 1978 amendmenL granLlng dlsLrlcL of Colombla represenLaLlon
ln congress
v 26
Lh
amendmenL dld
v 1he arLlLlon of ower
1 ConsLlLuLlon places addlLlonal llmlLs on boLh federal and sLaLe powers
2 lederallsm SysLem of governmenL ln whlch soverelgnLy ls consLlLuLlonally dlvlded
beLween naLlonal and sLaLe governmenLs
a SpllLs power beLween naLlon and sLaLe
b ConsLlLuLlon places addlLlonal llmlLs on boLh federal and sLaLe powers
3 SeparaLlon of powers auLhorlLy ls dlvlded among branches
a ulvlded Lhose powers LhaL remalned ln naLlonal governmenL among Lhe 3
branches of governmenL
4 Checks and 8alances each branch shares powers wlLh oLher powers
a Clves each branch some auLhorlLy over Lhe powers of oLher branches
b LxecuLlve
l Checks leglslaLlve by proposlng and veLolng leglslaLlon
ll Checks [udlclal by appolnLlng [udges and pardonlng crlmlnals
c !udlclal
l Checks leglslaLlve by declarlng federal laws unconsLlLuLlonal
ll Checks execuLlve by deLermlnlng legallLy of execuLlve branch acLlons
d LeglslaLlve
l Checks execuLlve by lmpeachmenL convlcLs and removals advlses
execuLlve appolnLmenLs and overrldes veLoes
ll Checks [udlclal by esLabllshlng courLs lmpeaches convlcLs and removes
advlses on and consenLs Lo [udlclal appolnLmenLs
3 LlmlLs on ower
a ConsLlLuLlon llmlLs sLaLe auLhorlLy ln several ways
l Makes federal law supreme over sLaLe laws
ll CuaranLees sLaLes provlde a republlcan form of governmenL
lll 1he consLlLuLlon seLs llmlLs on whaL sorL of leglslaLlon LhaL ls allowed Lo
pass
lv SLaLes prohlblLed from colnlng money engaglng ln forelgn affalrs passlng
bllls or aLLalnders or prosecuLe lndlvlduals under ex posL facLo laws
1 Also prevenLs passlng laws LhaL dlsregard obllgaLlons of
conLracLs
2 CannoL suspend wrlL of habeas corpus
a Pabeas corpus rlghL of lndlvlduals who have been
arresLed and [alled Lo go before a [udge who
deLermlnes lf Lhelr lmprlsonmenL ls legal
vlll 1he 8aLlflcaLlon uebaLes
a MosL of debaLe concerned exLenL of naLlonal power under consLlLuLlon
b lederallsLs and AnLlfederallsLs
l lederallsLs
1 More naLlonallsLs" Lhen federallsLs
2 SupporLed consLlLuLlon
3 Alexander PamllLon founded Lhe federallsL parLy
a WroLe Lhe lederallsL papers
b lederallsL papers Serles of essays wrlLLen by !ames Madlson Alexander
PamllLon and !ohn !ay argulng for Lhe raLlflcaLlon of Lhe consLlLuLlon
l WrlLLen anonymously under Lhe name ubllus"
ll 1wo mosL famous essays number 10 and 31
ll AnLlfederallsLs
1 Cpposed Lhe consLlLuLlon
2 ubllshed Lhelr aLLacks on consLlLuLlon under 8ruLus and Cld Whlg"
c ConsolldaLlon of lederal AuLhorlLy
l AnLlfederallsLs argued ConsLlLuLlonal ConvenLlon vlolaLed arLlcles by movlng beyond mere
amendmenL and proposlng a new governmenL LhaL dld noL requlre unanlmous consenL of Lhe
sLaLes
ll Worrled LhaL naLlonal law supreme over sLaLe law
lll 8LvlLW 1PlS A8AC8AP
d 1he Scope of LxecuLlve AuLhorlLy
l WlLh no Lerm llmlL on execuLlve ln orlglnal consLlLuLlon AnLlfederallsLs feared presldenL Lurnlng
lnLo a monarch
1 resldenL could poLenLlally use pardon on hls crlmlnal parLners
e 1he Scope of LeglslaLlve AuLhorlLy
l 2 rovlslons ln ArLlcle 1 SecLlon 8 of consLlLuLlon alarmed anLlfederallsLs
1 Ceneral welfare clause Clves congress power Lo Lax and provlde for Lhe general welfare
2 necessary and proper clause Clves congress power Lo pass all laws necessary and
proper Lo Lhe powers enumeraLed ln secLlon 8
ll Madlson responded Lo Lhese concerns ln lederallsL 41
1 Argued power Lo Lax was noL general granL of power Lo Lax for any purpose raLher a
power Lo Lax for Lhe enumeraLed powers LhaL followed
lll ConsLlLuLlon creaLes somewhaL greaLer auLhorlLy for lmplled powers
1 lmplled powers powers noL expllclLly granLed Lo Congress buL added Lhrough Lhe
necessary and proper clause
f 1he Lack of a 8lll of 8lghLs
l lederallsLs argued noL necessary slnce congress had only powers granLed by consLlLuLlon
1 Lven clalmed blll of rlghLs could be dangerous slnce lf cerLaln rlghLs were llsLed buL noL
oLhers Lhe lmplecaLlon would mean Lhose rlghLs noL llsLed could be abrldged
ll uoes congress have Lhe rlghL Lo abrldge Lhe rlghL Lo assemble?
1 lederallsLs say no because congress only has enumeraLed powers and llmlLlng freedom
of assembly ls noL one of Lhem
2 AnLlfederallsLs say yes because Lhe power was noL prohlblLed
lx 1he 8esponslve ConsLlLuLlon
a MosL promlnenL ls developmenL of pollLlcal parLles
b 1he 8lll of 8lghLs
l lederallsLs agreed Lo propose a blll of rlghLs once new consLlLuLlon was raLlfled
ll Madlson selecLed 12 proposed ammendmenLs
c 1he Clvll War AmendmenLs
l AfLer clvll war congress raLlfled 3 ammendmenLs
1 13
Lh
prohlblL slavery
2 14
Lh
almed Lo proLecL newly emanclpaLed slaves all people born ln Lhe unlLed SLaLes
clLlzens of Lhe unlLed SLaLes
a Also prohlblLs sLaLes from denylng due process of law equal proLecLlon of Lhe
law or Lhe prlvleges and lmmunlLles of clLlzens
3 13
Lh
rohlblLs sLaLes from ddenylng anyone rlghL Lo voLe on accounL of race or prlor
sLaLus as slaves
4 1hese ammendmenLs radlcally changed sLrucLure of federal governmenL by glvlng
naLlonal governmenL auLhorlLy over lnLernal maLLers of Lhe sLaLes
d AmendmenLs 1haL Lxpand ubllc arLlclpaLlon
l 17
Lh
Cave people rlghL Lo voLe for senaLors dlrecLly
ll 19
Lh
granLed women rlghL Lo voLe
lll 23
Lh
granLed resldenLs ln dlsLrlcL of Colombla Lo voLe ln presldenLlal elecLlon
lv 24
rd
prohlblLs sLaLes from seLLlng poll Laxes as a requlremenL of voLlng ln federal elecLlons
v 26
Lh
CuaranLee rlghL Lo voLe for Lhose age 18 or older
e ConsLlLuLlonal lnLerpreLaLlon
l Congress's auLhorlLy Lo regulaLe commerce beLween sLaLes ls so large lL covers vlrLually all
commerclal acLlvlLy
ll CrowLn of naLlonal auLhorlLy conflrms LhaL AnLlfederallsLs were rlghL on lnslsLlng a blll of rlghLs
f luLure AmendmenLs
l Changes on consLlLuLlon slnce blll of rlghLs have been cenLered on greaLer dlrecL parLlclpaLlon
ll AnoLher suggesLlon ls replacemenL of Lhe elecLoral college wlLh some form of popular voLe
g CLher Changes
l ollLlcal parLles mosL noLable change
ll Larly dlvlslons beLween pollLlcal ellLes led groundwork for Lhe flrsL seL of opposlng pollLlcal
parLles
lll Slnce congress and presldenL check eachoLher Lhe only separaLlon really exlsLs when presldenL
and ma[orlLy parLy ln congress are dlfferenL parLles
1 1hls ls known as ulvlded CovernmenL SlLuaLlon when one parLy conLrols Lhe execuLlve
branch and Lhe oLher parLy conLrols Lhe leglslaLlve branch
x ollcy Maklng ln a ConsLlLuLlonal SysLem 1he ueaLh enalLy
a lnconslsLencles ln our governmenL generaLe lnequallLy ln Lhe appllcaLlon of Lhe deaLh penalLy
l SeperaLlon of powers ls llmlLed by sysLem of checks and balances whlch adds complexlLy for
pollcymaklng proceses
ll lederallsm allows each sLaLe wlLhln Lhe bounds of Lhe consLlLuLlon Lo persue lL's own pollcles
b Checks and 8alances
l LxecuLlve branch becomes key player ln pollcy maklng
ll !udlclary can sLrlke down laws passed by leglslaLlve branch
lll !udlclary can nulllfy acLlons Lhe execuLlve branch Lakes
lv 1hus all 3 branches of governmenL can have say ln pollcy maklng
c lederallsm
l Lach sLaLe has own seperaL governmenL and seL of laws furLher compllcaLes pollcymaklng
process
d 1he ueaLh enalLy
l ConsLlLuLlon conLalns a degree of amblgulLy abouL Lhe deaLh penalLy
1 Several places seems Lo allow caplLal punlshmenL
a 14
Lh
amendmenL due process clause suggesLs LhaL llfe llberLy and properLy may
be Laken so long as Lhe sLaLes follow due process
b 3
Lh
amendmenL declares no person shall be held for a caplLal crlme wlLhouL
lndlcLmenL by a grand [ury
2 Several places seem Lo prohlblL caplLal punlshmenL
a 8
Lh
AmmendmenL prohlblLs cruel and unusual punnlshmenLs
l Supreme courL lnLerpreL Lhls means Lhe consLlLuLlonallLy of punlshmenLs
are sub[ecL Lo evolvlng sLandards of [usLlce and Lhe deaLh penalLy may
vlolaLe Lhose sLandards
3 rlor Lo 1972 mosL sLaLes allowed caplLal punlshmenL
4 1976 Lhe Supreme CourL ruled 72 deaLh penalLy wlLh guldellnes dld noL consLlLuLe cruel
and unuslual punlshmenL under Lhe consLlLuLlon
3 CurrenLly 33 sLaLed permlL caplLal punlshmenL
6 rohlblLs offenders under 18 from caplLal punlshmenL
7 lnconslsLency of deaLh penalLy ralses quesLlon abouL equallLy under Lhe consLlLuLlonal
sysLem and serves as one of Lhe mosL lmporLanL examples of Lhe unlnLended
consequences of consLlLuLlonal deslgn
xl 1he ConsLlLuLlon and uemocracy
a CovernmenL under 1787 consLlLuLlon would be deemed severely lacklng ln boLh democracy and
equallLy
l 8lghL Lo voLe was regulaLed by sLaLes slaves noL allowed Lo voLe however sLaLes dlffered as Lo
wheLher free blacks women and Lhose wlLhouL properLy could voLe
ll Allowed for a remarkable amounL of parLlclpaLlon by common person
1 Was due Lo smaller populaLlon
Chapter 11 Congress
xll Congress aL Lhe LeglslaLlve 8ranch
a 8epresenLaLlon and 8lcamerallsm
l Congress has Lo acL as boLh trustees and de|egates slnce clLlzens do noL have lnformed vlews on
every lssue
ll Congress ls b|camera| dlvlded lnLo Lwo separaLe chambers Lhe Pouse of 8epresenLaLlves and
Lhe SenaLe
1 8eflecLs framer's fear LhaL Lhe power of Lhe leglslaLlve branch may grow Loo powerful
lll LeglslaLlve branch ls closesL Lo Lhe people meanlng LhaL members represenL speclflc populaLlon
groups
lv !ames Madlson SoluLlon dlvlde leglslaLure lnLo 2 parLs so Lhey could check each oLher
v Pouse of represenLaLlves ls a large body LhaL reflecLs populaLlon slze wlLhln sLaLes
vl SenaLe ls an ellLe chamber /w 2 senaLors for each sLaLe and members are delegaLed by sLaLe
leglslaLure so boLh popular/ellLe oplnlons are represenLed ln congress
b ConsLlLuLlonal ulfferences beLween Lhe Pouse and SenaLe
l 4 key dlfferences beLween Lhe Lwo chambers CuallflcaLlons for offlce mode of elecLlon Lerms
of offlce and consLlLuencles
ll CuallflcaLlons for Cfflce
1 Pouse of 8epresenLaLlves
a AL leasL 23 years old
b 8eslde ln Lhe sLaLe LhaL he/she represenLs
c Pave been a uS ClLlzen for 7 years prlor Lo runnlng
2 SenaLe
a AL leasL 30 years old
b 8eslde ln Lhe sLaLe LhaL he/she represenLs
c Pave been a uS ClLlzen for 9 years prlor Lo runnlng
3 8eason LhaL SenaLe requlremenLs for clLlzenshlp are greaLer because framers lnLended
for senaLe Lo be more sLable parLner ln leglslaLlve process
4 21
sL
congresses are much more dlverse
3 Average house and senaLe member ls older Lhan 33
6 Pouse members serve an average of 3 Lerms (3 years)
7 SenaLors average Lwo Lerms (12 years)
8 Ma[orlLy of house members served ln sLaLe leglslaLure prlor Lo congress
9 Pouse members use sLaLe leglslaLure as sLepplngsLones whereas SenaLors use Lhe
house of represenLaLlves Lo launch blds for senaLe
lll Mode of LlecLlon
1 Pouse members elecLed dlrecLly by clLlzens
2 SenaLors are nCW elecLed dlrecLly by clLlzens
a lrom 1789 Lo 1914 mode was lndlrecL ClLlzens voLed for members of sLaLe
leglslaLure who Lhen selecLed Lhe uS SenaLors
b lramers lnLended for house Lo respond dlrecLly Lo oplnlons of Lhe people and
for Lhe SenaLe Lo be lnsulaLed from Lhe dlrecL volce of Lhe people
l Makes Lhem less dlrecLly responslve Lo Lhe people
c Changed from lndlrecL dlrecL ln 1913 /w Lhe raLlflcaLlon of Lhe 17
Lh

amendmenL
l 1hls change opened a dlrecL gaLeway of lnfluence
lv 1erms of Cfflce 1he lengLh of Llme LhaL an elecLed offlclal serves before faclng voLers ln
anoLher elecLlon
1 Pouse Member 2 years
2 SenaLe 6 years
3 Pouse members have shorL Llme so are generally ln a greaL hurry Lo pass leglslaLlon
4 SenaLors have more Llme so Lhey generally are more flexlble ln balanclng our
dlsagreemenLs ln leglslaLlon
3 Cnly 1/3 senaLors sLand for reelecLlon whereas Lhe enLlre Pouse of 8epresenLaLlves
musL face voLers
a ConsLlLuLlon dlvlded flrsL senaLe lnLo 3 classes
b Lnsures enLlre senaLe would noL be up for reelecLlon
c 8elnforces sLablllLy of senaLe's membershlp
d LlmlLs elecLoral lncenLlves for Pouse and SenaLe members Lo cooperaLe Lo pass
leglslaLlon
v Const|tuenc|es 1he seL of people LhaL offlclally elecL Lhe Pouse or SenaLe member ln Lhe uS
Lhls Lerm ls used geographlcally
1 Pouse of 8epresenLaLlves
a Lach member represenLs a congresslonal dlsLrlcL LhaL ls esLabllshed Lhrough
geographlc boundarles wlLhln each sLaLe
2 SenaLe
a Lach senaLor represenLs and enLlre sLaLe Lwo elecLed
l lramers dld Lhls so LhaL aL leasL 1 senaLor would always be acLlvely
represenLlng a sLaLe ln senaLe
3 Average slze of a congresslonal dlsLrlcL ln 1789 was abouL 30000
4 1oday congresslonal dlsLrlcLs 640000
3 Census ConsLlLuLlonally mandaLed counL of Lhe populaLlon every 10 years
a lramers reallzed uS growLh and mandaLed Lhls
b ls used Lo calculaLe Lhe # of congresslonal dlsLrlcLs
6 ln 1911 congress passed law llmlLlng slze of house Lo 433
a Pouse sLarLed wlLh 63 grew Lo 433 by 1911 (670 )
b Worrled lf house grew Loo blg lL wouldn'L funcLlon
c Slnce llmlL ls lnsLaLed populaLlon growLh or decllne has dlrecL bearlng on sLaLe's
represenLaLlon lncreaslng/decreaslng a sLaLe's # of reps Lhus changlng lnfluence
ln Lhe house
7 Ceographlc boundarles on consLlLuencles have dlrecL lmpacL on congresslonal
represenLaLlon
8 Pouse ls focused on resldenLs ln dlsLrlcL whereas SenaLe ls responslve Lo Lhe needs of
enLlre sLaLe
a Pouse and SenaLe can reacL dlfferenLly Lo Lhe same lssue
vl ked|str|ct|ng redrawlng of boundarles of congresslonal dlsLrlcLs ln a sLaLe Lo make Lhem
approx equal ln populaLlon slze
1 Cnly Pouse of 8epresenLaLlves ls sub[ecL Lo Lhls
2 Slnce llmlLed Lo 433 overall # congresslonal seaLs musL be ad[usLed
3 LlmlLaLlon on redlsLrlcLlng ls LhaL Lhe boundarles of dlsLrlcL musL be unlnLerrupLed
4 Gerrymander|ng Ma[orlLy parLy aLLempLlng Lo lnfluence Lhe process Lo consLrucL each
dlsLrlcL so LhaL ma[orlLy of voLers favor lL's parLy so candldaLes are more llkely Lo wln
a SomeLlmes ma[orlLy parLy comblnes 2 exlsLlng dlsLrlcLs LhaL have house
members from Lhe oLher parLy Lhus forclng Lhem Lo run agalnsL each oLher
3 Pas also been used Lo achleve greaLer mlnorlLy represenLaLlon ln house of
represenLaLlves
6 Some argue senaLe ls less responslve Lhan house slnce SenaLe ls noL relaLed Lo sLaLe
populaLlon
xlll 1he owers of Congress
a 1axaLlon and ApproprlaLlon
l Congress can lay and collecL Laxes wlLh Lhe 16
Lh
amendmenL passed ln 1913
ll All bllls ralslng revenue should orlglnaLe ln Lhe house of reps
lll Congress also has Lhe power Lo spend
1 1o pay Lhe debLs and Lo provlde for Lhe common defense and general welfare"
lv 1he genera| we|fare c|ause had been a ma[or means by whlch congress's power has expanded
1 Congress approprlaLes federal money on programs lL auLhorlzes Lhrough lLs lawmaklng
power
v Congress also has auLhorlLy Lo borrow money coln and regulaLe lLs value
b War owers
l Congresses war powers shared wlLh Lhe presenL
ll Congress can declare war
c 8egulaLlon of Commerce
l Congress can regulaLe commerce wlLh forelgn naLlons
ll Commerce c|ause allowed congress Lo esLabllsh a naLlonal seL of laws regulaLlng commerce
lll Congress has passed laws breaklng up monopolles proLecLlng labor unlon seLLlng a mlnlmum
wage and ouLlawlng raclal dlscrlmlnaLlon by buslnesses
d AppolnLmenLs and 1reaLles
l Cave senaLe power of advlce and consenL (approve/dlsapprove presldenLlal appolnLed offlclals
ll AppolnLmenL of all federal [udges ls sub[ecL Lo approval from senaLe
lll SenaLe checks exec branch by maklng LreaLles wlLh forelgn naLlons
lv Adv|ce and Consent ower of SenaLe Lo approve or ulsapprove presldenLlal appolnLmenLs
such as cablneL secreLarles ambassadors and [udges as well as lnLernaLlonal LreaLles
e lmpeachmenL and 8emoval from Cfflce
l Congress's ulLlmaLe check on exec/[udlclal branches
1 1reason 8rlbery or oLher hlgh crlmes and mlsdemeanors"
ll rocess ls Lwo sLeps
1 Ma[orlLy of house reps voLes Lo brlng formal charges agalnsL presldenL (lmpeachmenL)
2 1hen senaLe conducLs Lrlal
f Lawmaklng
l Congress has auLhorlLy Lo make all laws whlch shall be necessary and proper for carrylng lnLo
execuLlon Lhe foregolng powers"
ll necessary and proper clause allows congress greaL leeway Lo carry ouL responslblllLles under
Lhe assumpLlon LhaL addlLlonal powers are lmplled ln Lhese clauses raLher Lhan expllclL
lll lf a servlce or program ls lmporLanL for Lhe naLlon congress has Lhe power Lo creaLe lL
lv numerated owers owers of Congress llsLed ln ArLlcle l SecLlon 8 of Lhe ConsLlLuLlon
g AuLhorlzaLlon of CourLs
l ud|c|ary Act CreaLed lower federal [udlclary dlsLrlcL courLs and clrculL courL of appeals
ll 1789 Congress passed ud|c|ary Act
1 LsLabllshed federal dlsLrlcL courLs and clrculL courL of appeals
2 94 dlsLrlcL courLs
3 12 reglonal appellaLe clrculLs
lll Marbury v Mad|son (1803) Supreme CourL's power of [udlclal revlew
1 LsLabllshed [udlclal revlew
a lederal [udlclary power Lo declare laws passed by Congress as unconsLlLuLlonal
2 Cave courLs power Lo lnLerpreL Lhe ConsLlLuLlon and see how congresslonal law changes
by lnLerpreLaLlon
h CverslghL
l Congress's CverslghL auLhorlLy Lo monlLor ways execuLlve branch lmplemenLs law
1 SLems from congress dedlcaLlon Lo general welfare of Lhe naLlon and power Lo
approprlaLe money
ll Lxerclses Lhls power less under un|f|ed government (same parLy conLrols congress/WhlLe
house) Lhan under a d|v|ded government (dlfferenL parLy congress/ WhlLe house)
lll CverslghL acLlvlLles congress parLakes ln
1 Pold hear|ngs wlLh cablneL offlclals and bureaucraLs Lo analyze how well programs are
worklng
2 lnvlLe members of Lhe publlc Lo descrlbe how federal programs operaLe ln Lhelr
communlLles
3 WrlLe leLLers Lo execuLlve branch lnqulrlng abouL speclflc programs
4 ear|ngs Congresslonal commlLLee meeLlngs Lo gaLher lnformaLlon or hear LesLlmony
on a blll lssue or appolnLmenL
xlv 1he CrganlzaLlon of Congress
a MosL lmporLanL dlfference beLween congress/house ls Lhe power each granLs Lo lLs leaders
b 1he 8ole of ollLlcal arLles
l ollLlcal parLles galned power ln Cov because Lhey were lmporLanL ouLslde WashlngLon
ll Pouse members begun geLLlng [udged on Lhe performance of Lhelr parLy ln offlce
lll SenaLe never changed rules of chamber because # senaLors ls small
1 Also had more Llme Lo make an lmpresslon on voLers
lv MlnorlLy leader ln senaLe has much more power Lhan mlnorlLy leader ln house slnce Lhe slze
dlfference beLween Lhe Lwo ls vasL
c 1he Pouse of 8epresenLaLlves
l arty caucus ls used Lo choose a parLy leader
1 1op offlclal ls speaker of Lhe house
2 MlnorlLy parLy ls mlnorlLy leader
ll 1he Speaker of the ouse
1 Cnly formal leadershlp poslLlon wrlLLen lnLo congress
2 LlecLed by a ma[orlLy of house members every 2 years
3 MosL lmporLanL responslblllLy ls Lo malnLaln power ln Lhe house for Lhe ma[orlLy parLy
4 ConsLlLuLlonal and ollLlcal leader of Lhe Pouse
lll Pouse arLy Leaders
1 ouse Ma[or|ty Leader Leader of Lhe Ma[orlLy arLy ln Lhe Pouse
2 Second ln command and works wlLh speaker Lo declde whlch lssues Lhe parLy wlll
conslder
3 LxpecLed Lo ralse slgnlflcanL amounL Campalgn conLrlbuLlons for parLy members
4 Pas 9 ma[orlLy wh|ps Lo creaLe supporL for parLy's preferred pollcles + keep llne of
communlcaLlon open beLween parLy leadershlp and Lhe rankandflle membershlp
3 Jh|ps LeglslaLors deslgnaLed Lo counL voLes wlLhln ma[orlLy or Lhe mlnorlLy parLy
6 MlnorlLy parLy ln Lhe house ls Lhe parLy LhaL has largesL # of house members who are
noL ln Lhe ma[orlLy parLy
a PlghesL ranklng member of Lhe mlnorlLy parLy ls Lhe ouse M|nor|ty Leader
l 8esponslble for crafLlng mlnorlLy parLy's poslLlons on lssues + belng publlc
spokesperson
d 1he SenaLe
l res|dent ro 1empore ConsLlLuLlonal leader of Lhe SenaLe
1 ConsLlLuLlonally v shall be presldenL of Lhe SenaLe buL ln absence a presldenL pro
Lempore" may be elecLed
2 v can break a Lle voLe ln senaLe
3 ro Lempore ls closely advlsed by Senate par||amentar|an
a 8esponslble for admlnlsLerlng rules of Lhe senaLe
ll SenaLe arLy Leaders
1 Ma[orlLy parLy elecLs a leader
2 oslLlon ls noL wrlLLen lnLo Lhe consLlLuLlon
3 !ob ls Lo make sure senaLe funcLlons enough Lo pass leglslaLlon
4 Cfflclal scheduler of SenaLe buslness and ls always recognlzed flrsL Lo speak
a Clves power Lo conLrol Lhe floor and prevenL any oLher senaLor from speaklng
3 Senate M|nor|ty Leader Leader of mlnorlLy parLy ln Lhe SenaLe
a LxpecLed Lo represenL mlnorlLy and negoLlaLe wlLh ma[orlLy leader on whaL bllls
are broughL Lo Lhe SenaLe floor
e 1he CommlLLee SysLem
l 1he parLy LhaL has ma[orlLy ln enLlre house/senaLe has ma[orlLy of seaLs on each commlLLee
ll Stand|ng comm|ttee permanenL commlLLee wlLh power Lo wrlLe leglslaLlon and reporL lL Lo Lhe
full chamber
lll Se|ect]o|nt]Spec|a| comm|ttees are focused on a more narrow seL of lssues
lv ln Pouse Lhere are 20 sLandlng commlLLees
1 Avg house commlLLee has 43 members
v ln SenaLe Lhere are 16 sLandlng commlLLees
1 Avg senaLe commlLLee has 20 members
vl CommlLLees are Lhe cenLral hub for leglslaLlve acLlvlLy ln congress
vll WrlLe leglslaLlon LhaL ls evenLually consldered on Lhe Pouse and SenaLe floors
vlll Pearlngs are dlrecL gaLeway for lnfluence on members of Congress
lx CommlLLee hearlngs serve 3 baslc funcLlons for members of congress
1 uraw aLLenLlon Lo currenL lssues/problems
2 lnform commlLLee members on consequences of passlng a cerLaln blll
3 1o convey consLlLuenLs quesLlons/concerns on an lssue
4 LxerL overslghL of Lhe execuLlve branch Lo deLermlne wheLher congresslonal lnLenL ls
belng honored
3 1o provlde an arena where lndlvldual members make speeches Lo aLLracL medla
aLLenLlon
x Comm|ttee Cha|r Ma[orlLy parLy member of a Pouse or SenaLe commlLLee who has been
chosen Lo lead Lhe commlLLee and deLermlne whlch lssues Lhe commlLLee conslders
1 CommlLLee chalrs declde whlch bllls go Lo hearlngs and whlch go onLo markup (blll
formally wrlLLen/revlewed by members of Lhe commlLLee)
a 8oLh hearlng/markup process Lhe commlLLee chalr glves preference Lo Lhe vlews
of Lhe ma[orlLy parLy members of Lhe commlLLee
2 CommlLLee Chalrs Lyplcally ma[orlLy parLy who has mosL senlorlLy
xl kank|ng Member MlnorlLy parLy leader on a commlLLee from Lhe mlnorlLy parLy wlLh Lhe
greaLesL senlorlLy
xll 1993 8epubllcan ma[orlLles ln house/senaLe adopL a 6 year Lerm llmlL on chalrs
1 Speakers reLaln more conLrol over commlLLees' leglslaLlve agendas
xlll When a blll ls referred Lo a commlLLee Asslgned Lo subcommlLLee
1 Cnly full commlLLee can reporL a blll Lo Lhe chamber floor
xlv 1973 Pouse expanded subcommlLLees and subcommlLLee chalrs
1 Smaller cenLers of power where lndlvldual members had lnfluence over conLenL of
leglslaLlon
f Advocacy Caucuses Croup of members of congress from boLh parLles who share a common
background economlc lnLeresL or oplnlon on an lssue LhaL reflecLs Lhelr consLlLuenLs' lnLeresLs
l Clves an opporLunlLy Lo represenL speclflc lnLeresL and draw aLLenLlon Lo lssues of concern Lo
Lhem
ll 8rlngs members LogeLher from dlfferenL parLles and reglons
lll Pave no formal leglslaLlve power yeL can sLlll lnfluence a blll
1 Can lnfluence because Lhey represenL a block of members who could voLe LogeLher ln
supporL/opposlLlon
lv SenaLors can [oln a congresslonal caucus
xv 1he Lawmaklng rocess
a 1he rocedural 8ules of Lhe Pouse and SenaLe
l 1he Pouse CommlLLee on 8ules
1 ouse ku|es Comm|ttee CaLekeeplng commlLLee LhaL seLs Lhe guldellnes for debaLlng
changlng and voLlng on a blll on Lhe floor
2 8llls musL pass Lhrough Lhe Pouse 8ules CommlLLee (CaLekeeplng commlLLee LhaL seLs
Lhe guldellnes for debaLlng changlng and voLlng on a blll on Lhe floor)
3 Slnce house ls Loo large bllls musL be proLecLed before belng presenLed (Loo many
revlslons oLherwlse)
ku|e Culdellnes lssued by Lhe Pouse 8ules CommlLLee LhaL deLermlne how many
amendmenLs may be consldered for each blll
a MosL Lyplcal rule ls a modlfled closed rule
l Allow mlnorlLy parLy Lo offer aL leasL one alLernaLlve
b voLed on by all members of house
l lf approved debaLe on blll beglns
ll lf re[ecLed blll reLurns Lo Lhe Pouse 8ules CommlLLee/ orlglnaLlng
commlLLee
ll AgendaSeLLlng 1ools ln Lhe SenaLe
1 uoes noL have gaLekeeper commlLLee
2 All senaLors have power Lo Lry Lo amend leglslaLlon on Lhe floor
3 I|||buster uelay aLLlc of exLended speech deslgnaLed Lo delay or block passage of a blll
ln Lhe senaLe
4 C|oture moLlon Lo end debaLe Lhus breaklng a flllbusLer
a 8equlres a superma[orlLy of 60 voLes Lo pass
b Cnce lnvoked no more Lhan 30 hours of addlLlonal debaLe
3 SenaLors who oppose a blll can slmply sLaLe Lhelr lnLenLlon Lo flllbusLer and LhaL ls
enough Lo block lL from conslderaLlon
6 SenaLors use LhreaLs of flllbusLer Lo block presldenL's [udlclal nomlnaLlons
7 1wo Lrack sysLem bllls LhaL ls belng flllbusLered can be seL aslde Lo allow oLher bllls lnLo
dlscusslon
8 Slnce no gaLekeeper Lhere are few rules on a blll when lL comes Lo senaLe floor
9 SenaLe operaLes under unan|mous consent agreements (all 100 senaLors for how a blll
wlll be debaLed and voLed on)
a Same funcLlon as 8ules CommlLLee ln Lhe Pouse
10 o|d senaLor can keep a blll from comlng Lo Lhe senaLe for 24 hours wlLhouL havlng Lo
flllbusLer
a MusL requesL for longer Llme
b used Lo also draw aLLenLlon Lo a blll or delay a presldenLlal nomlnee
b LeglslaLlve roposals
l Pouse/SenaLe member's sLaff consulLs Cfflce of LeglslaLlve Counsel
1 Cfflce of LeglslaLlve Counsel Lurns Lhe general ouLllne of a blll lnLo Lhe Lechnlcal
language LhaL wlll alLer Lhe uS Code
2 Cnce legal language ls flnlshed lL ls lnLroduced Lo lLs respecLlve chamber (Pouse or
SenaLe) whlch ls known as blll sponsorshlp
3 Cnce blll lnLroduced members can slgn on Lo be cosponsors
4 Many freesLandlng bllls are ofLen largely lncorporaLed lnLo omn|bus b|||s (Cne large blll
encompasslng many separaLe bllls)
c CommlLLee AcLlon
l AfLer lnLroduced a blll ls Lhen referred Lo Lhe commlLLee(s) LhaL have [urlsdlcLlon over Lhe
sub[ecL
ll CommlLLee acLs flrsL on bllls sponsored by Lhe chalr of Lhe commlLLee Lhen subcommlLLee
chalrs lasLly regular members
lll AfLer belng sub[ecL Lo a hearlng commlLLee may move Lo markup phase
1 WrlLlng Lhe verslon of Lhe blll LhaL wlll be reporLed Lo Lhe full Pouse or SenaLe
d lloor AcLlon and Lhe voLe
l Pouse debaLes are heavlly sLrucLured no more Lhan 3 mln Lo speak on a measure
ll lf SenaLe ls operaLlng under unanlmous consenL agreemenL/cloLure Lhen Llme ls llmlLed
1 lf noL Llme llmlL ls much longer
lll ln boLh debaLes Lhe members use Lhe opporLunlLy Lo make parLlsan speeches on a blll Lo dlrecL
Lhelr remarks Lo Lhelr consLlLuenLs back home
lv ko|| ca|| vote Pouse/SenaLe member casLs on a blll/amendmenL when hls or her name ls called
1 voLe up/down (ass/8e[ecL) Lo Lable (seL aslde) or approve a moLlon Lo recommlL (send
back Lo commlLLee)
2 MosL fundamenLal way member of congress represenLs hls/her consLlLuenLs
v artyL|ne Votes voLlng ln congress accordlng Lo parLy poslLlon (ma[orlLy of one parLy voLes
agalnsL a ma[orlLy of Lhe oLher parLy)
1 Message po||t|cs SLraLegy of framlng cholces on leglslaLlon Lo push members lnLo
casLlng voLes LhaL could laLer be used agalnsL Lhem
2 8eflecLs a responslble parLy sysLem
3 uecreases posslblllLy of blparLlsan cooperaLlon makes more dlfflculL Lo pass leglslaLlon
LhaL addresses presslng needs of clLlzens on an equal basls
e Conference Comm|ttee Lemporary commlLLee creaLed afLer blll passes Lhe house and senaLe Lo
resolve any dlfferences ln Lhe provlslons of Lhe blll so a slngle blll can be senL Lo Lhe presldenL
l Pouse and SenaLe have Lo pass an ldenLlcally worded verslon of a blll
ll LasL sLage ln congresslonal leglslaLlve process
lll Speaker of Lhe Pouse/SenaLe ma[orlLy Lyplcally appolnLs chalrs and ranklng members
lv lf blll ls lmporLanL Lo parLy leaders Lhey have power Lo appolnL Lhemselves onLo Lhe commlLLee
v llnally a conference reporL ls voLed on by enLlre Pouse/SenaLe
1 lf ma[orlLy members ln elLher are dlspleased wlLh flnal resulLs Lhey can defeaL Lhe
reporL or voLe Lo revlse Lhe agreemenL
f 1he 8udgeL rocess and 8econclllaLlon
l CovernmenL ofLen spends more money Lhan we have whlch leads Lo a def|c|t
ll lederal governmenL pays lnLeresL on ouLsLandlng loans and lnLeresL whlch accumulaLes Lo
creaLe Lhe nat|ona| debt
lll Congress operaLes under Congresslonal 8udgeL and lmpoundmenL ConLrol AcL of 1974
1 Clves Congress more power over federal budgeL
2 CreaLed Pouse and SenaLe budgeL commlLLees and Congresslonal 8udgeL Cfflce
a So congress can consLrucL lLs own budgeL blueprlnL alLernaLlve Lo Lhe
presldenL's annual budgeL
3 lederal CovernmenL's flscal year beglns CcLober 1 and ends on SepLember 30
lv Concurrent 8udget keso|ut|on Congresslonal blueprlnL ouLllnlng general amounLs of funds LhaL
can be spend on federal programs
1 ls approved by boLh chambers by Aprll 13 buL ls noL law used as general guldellne
2 AuLhorlzlng commlLLee Lakes blueprlnL lnLo accounL when reauLhorlzlng exlsLlng
programs or creaLlng new ones
3 1hen approprlaLlons commlLLee ln Lhe Pouse and SenaLe use lL Lo allocaLe funds ln 12
separaLe bllls
a 1yplcally begln work ln May hoplng Lo enacL all bllls by SepLember 30
4 lf congress/resldenL falls Lo agree on any of Lhe 12 bllls conLlnulng resoluLlon ls
enacLed LhaL funds Lhe governmenL Lemporarlly whlle dlsagreemenLs are resolved
3 Cont|nu|ng keso|ut|on Measure passed Lo fund federal programs when Lhe
approprlaLlons process has noL been compleLed by Lhe end of Lhe flscal year on
SepLember 30
v 1974 8udgeL AcL creaLed a parallel budgeL blll AkA keconc|||at|on
1 uoes noL requlre presldenL's slgnaLure
2 ueslgned Lo umbrella leglslaLlon Lo brlng all bllls LhaL conLaln changes ln Lhe Lax code or
enLlLlemenLs program ln llne wlLh Lhe congresslonal budgeL
3 keconc|||at|on A measure used Lo brlng all bllls LhaL conLaln changes ln Lhe Lax code or
enLlLlemenL programs ln llne wlLh Lhe congresslonal budgeL
vl nt|t|ement rograms
1 Soclal SecurlLy Medlcare Medlcald consldered mandaLory slnce Lhey are federal
programs LhaL pay beneflLs Lo lndlvlduals based on seL of ellglblllLy crlLerla
a Changes Lo Lhese programs requlres a reconclllaLlon blll
l Speclal Lype of blll whlch cannoL be flllbusLered and can be debaLed for no
more Lhan 20 hours
vll 8yrd 8ule requlres reconclllaLlon be used only Lo reduce Lhe federal deflclL
1 8ecenLly has been lnLerpreLed Lo mean all provlslons of reconclllaLlon musL be dlrecLly
relaLed Lo Lhe budgeL
g resldenLlal SlgnaLure of Veto and Lhe Veto Cverr|de
l ocket Veto lf congress ls golng ouL of sesslon wlLhln 10 days presldenL can slmply walL and
noL slgn anyLhlng
1 lf presldenL refuses Lo slgn blll buL congress remalns ln sesslon blll becomes law
a ulfferenL Lhan an AC1lvL veLo
ll Congress Cverr|de power Lo overLurn a presldenLlal veLo wlLh a LwoLhlrds voLe ln each
chamber
xvl 1he Members of Congress aL Work
a Cfflces and SLaff
l newly elecLed members ln Pouse/SenaLe musL seL up an offlce and hlre sLaff members
ll Congress
1 Pas a chlef of sLaff who oversees enLlre offlce
2 Scheduler who makes member's appolnLmenLs
3 ress SecreLary who handles all medla lnLeracLlons
4 LeglslaLlve dlrecLor who oversees member's leglslaLlve work
3 AddlLlonally leglslaLlve asslsLs handle speclflc lssues and leglslaLlve correspondenLs who
are responslble for answerlng consLlLuenL mall
lll Pouse/SenaLe alm Lo be responslve Lo consLlLuenLs and musL provlde ConsLlLuenL Servlces
1 Const|tuent Serv|ces lndlvlduallzed servlces performed by a member of Congress for a
consLlLuenL such as help wlLh a passporL Soclal securlLy problem or any oLher lssue
LhaL requlres federal governmenL lnvolvemenL
b LeglslaLlve 8esponslblllLles
l 4 8esponslblllLles
1 Securlng deslred commlLLee asslgnmenLs + performlng commlLLee work
2 Sponsorlng and Cosponsorlng bllls
3 CasLlng voLes
4 CbLalnlng deferral funds for Lhe dlsLrlcL/sLaLe
ll CommlLLee Work
1 AL sLarL of new congress members are asked whlch commlLLees Lhey wlsh Lo [oln
2 lreshman members base cholces off needs of dlsLrlcL/sLaLe professlonal background
and personal experlence
3 All members of Pouse/SenaLe Lry Lo place Lhemselves ln Lhe besL posslble lnsLlLuLlonal
poslLlon Lo address lssues LhaL maLLer Lo Lhelr consLlLuenLs
4 WhaL does CommlLLee Work lnvolve?
a ConslsLs of aLLendlng hearlngs/parLlclpaLlng ln markups
b lnlLlaLlng ldeas for leglslaLlon
c MeeLlng wlLh lnLeresL groups buslnesses and clLlzen groups LhaL are concerned
wlLh bllls
lll 8lll Sponsorshlp
1 Members sponsor/cosponsor for 3 reasons
a LffecLlve Lool for glvlng voLers volce ln federal pollcy
b Means of sLaklng our speclflc LerrlLory LhaL members clalm an area of experLlse
c uraws aLLenLlon from Lhe medla relevanL lnLeresL groups and Lhe press
d (Can also be a means of fulfllllng campalgn promlses)
lv 8oll Call voLes
1 Lach rep/senaLor ls expecLed Lo voLe on Lhe bllls/amendmenLs LhaL reach Lhe floor of
Lhe house/senaLe
2 ollLlcal parLy sysLem allows voLers Lo allgn Lhemselves easler
v lederal lunds
1 Iund|ng Iormu|as WrlLLen lnLo law by congress LhaL deLermlnes how funds wlll be
dlsLrlbuLed ln a federal program
2 armark AmounL of federal $ devoLed Lo a local pro[ecL ln a congresslonal dlsLrlcL or
sLaLe
a narrowly deflned
3 noL many of Lhe pro[ecLs necessary Lo mosL voLers and Lhus makes federal governmenL
less effecLlve
c CommunlcaLlon wlLh ConsLlLuenLs
l lranklng rlvllege ulrecL mall servlce house/senaLe members may use Lo respond Lo
consLlLuenL leLLers
1 Lra before emall and lnLerneL where leLLers domlnaLed communlcaLlon
ll lederal governmenL pays for house/senaLe members Lo reLurn home Lo Lhelr dlsLrlcLs/sLaLes
30 Llmes a year
lll Pome SLyle Way LhaL pollLlclans porLray Lhemselves Lo consLlLuenLs
xvll 1he nexL LlecLlon
a lncumbenLs CccupanL of elecLed offlce
b MosL lncumbenLs ln house/senaLe wln reelecLlon
c Congresslonal Campalgns dlvlded lnLo Lwo caLegorles
l 1hose lncumbenLs seeklng reelecLlon
1 8ecomes an evaluaLlon of Lhe predecessor's [ob compared Lo whaL Lhe challenger offers
Lo do
ll 1hose wlLh open seaLs LhaL have no exlsLlng offlclal
xvlll Congress and publlc pollcy PealLh care
a 8alance Lhe lnLeresLs of members and collecLlve need of naLlon
b 1he Amerlcan PealLh Care SysLem
l 8eform process daLes back Lo Lhe new deal
ll MosL Amerlcans geL healLh lnsurance Lhrough employmenL or from prlvaLe companles
lll eople over 63 are covered by Medlcare
lv very low lncome people funded by Medlcald
1 Cffered by federal sLaLe and local governmenLs
v 2008 43 mllllon Amerlcans no healLh lnsurance because selfemployed and could noL afford /
unemployed buL noL poor or old enough for governmenL program
vl 2 cenLral lssues of reform cosL and coverage
c CommlLLee AcLlon
l MulLlple commlLLees clalm [urlsdlcLlon over vasL programs LhaL complle Amerlcan PealLh Care
ll ulfferenL vlewpolnLs on how Lo reform slnce many organlzaLlons have ma[or sLake ln ouLcome
of Lhe effecLs
lll Amerlca's Affordable PealLh Cholces AcL of 2009
1 lnLroduced by Pouse 8epresenLaLlve !ohn ulngell
2 Chalrs of 3 commlLLees /w prlmary [urlsdlcLlon were cosponsors
a Lnergy and Commerce
b Ways and Means
c LducaLlon and Labor
3 8lll dld noL pass
lv SenaLe rlmary [urlsdlcLlon commlLLees
1 PealLh LducaLlon Labor and enslons CommlLLee and Lhe llnance CommlLLee
v Lach commlLLee worked on drafLlng a separaLe verslon of healLh care reform
vl PLL CommlLLee lnLroduced Affordable PealLh Cholces AcL of 2009
1 8lll dld noL pass
d arLy ollLlcs
l 8lue uog uemocraLs uemocraLlc Pouse members from conservaLlveleanlng dlsLrlcLs and who
care deeply abouL flscal dlsclpllne
1 CreaLesL opposlLlon Lo healLh care blll
2 Concerned healLh care blll Loo cosLly for our deflclL level
3 Concerned lf Lhls blll passed Lhelr supporLers would dlsapprove
ll 8epubllcans ln Lhe house also opposed due Lo expenslveness and Loo much governmenL
lnLerference on personal cholce