Flash Chemistry Letters with specific gravity, refractive index, and viscosity of base oil fractionsNo.

2 (2010) 171-176 171 Asian point correlation Vol. 14,

Flash point correlation with specific gravity, refractive index, and viscosity of base oil fractions
Dobromir I Yordanov, Aleksandar N Dimitrov, Zlatotsvet B Tsonev and Petko St Petkov
University Prof. Dr. Assen Zlatarov 1Prof. Yakimov Street, Bourgas, Bulgaria, 8010

Information on the flash point (FPOC) of base oil fractions and their mixtures is of considerable importance for estimating hazards. An attempt is made to correlate the flash point of base oil fractions with other characteristics, like specific gravity, refractive index, and viscosity. Anita Publications. All rights reserved. Keywords: viscosity, lubricant oil, specific gravity, refractive index, flash point.

1 Introduction The flash point test gives an indication of the presence of volatile components in oil, and it is the temperature to which the oil must be heated under specified test conditions to give off sufficient vapor to form a mixture which ignites in presence of direct flame. The flash point is one of the major physical properties used to determine the fire and explosion hazards of liquids. Like the boiling point of a substance, its flash point depends on the ambient pressure. There are two currently accepted methods for the measurement of the flash point value of a liquid, the closed cup test, and the open cup test. Some standard test methods are as follows: Closed cup Pensky Martens ASTM D 93 and Open cup Cleveland ASTM D 92. The open cup flash point (temperature) value is usually a few degrees greater than the closed cup flash point. The purpose of the present paper is to derive correlations of the flash point with some physicochemical properties of base oil fracions and their mixtures. 2 Experimental Fourteen base oils have been used in this study. Their physical and chemical properties are summarized in Table 1. The Flash Point Analyzer, manufactured by Walter Herzog GmbH (Germany) was used to measure the flash point of base liquid oils. The Flash Point Analyzer operated according to the standard test method, ASTM D 92. The Walter Herzog GmbH viscosity measuring system used to measure the kinematic viscosity of base oil. Specific gravity measurements were carried out using a hydrometer at a temperature of 20C according standard ASTM D 1298. 3 Result and discussion The flash point increases almost linearly with the normal boiling point of the molecule. This linear relation is observed for all the different classes of hydrocarbons including paraffins, olefins, naphthens and aromatics. Determination of the boiling point for lubricants is very difficult. This is the reason to start looking for relationship between the different parameters of base oils. Using the correlation matrix identified dependent and independent variables.
Corresponding author : e-mail: dobromirj@yahoo.com (Dr Dobromir I Yordanov)

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Dobromir I Yordanov, Aleksandar N Dimitrov, Zlatotsvet B Tsonev, and Petko St Petkov Table 1 Physical and chemical properties of base oil

Sample 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Viscosity at 40 C, mm2/s 33.05 32 33.54 31.91 31.5 30.18 31.62 31.06 31.53 31.14 32.05 31.17 31.35 31.01

Viscosity at 100 C, mm2/s 5.38 5.33 5.36 5.32 5.23 5.1 5.24 5.25 5.22 5.19 5.38 5.17 5.29 5.18

FPOC, C 210 203 214 207 204 201 200 207 208 208 204 205 202 204

nD20 1.4814 1.4804 1.4804 1.4804 1.4803 1.4804 1.4794 1.4794 1.4804 1.4794 1.4814 1.4804 1.4814 1.4804

Density at 20 C 0.8716 0.8701 0.8706 0.8701 0.8696 0.8716 0.8696 0.8696 0.8696 0.8696 0.8696 0.8691 0.8711 0.8691

Density at 15 C 0.875 0.8735 0.874 0.8735 0.873 0.875 0.873 0.873 0.873 0.873 0.873 0.8725 0.8745 0.8725

This correlation matrix is shown in Table 2.

Table 2. Correlation matrix viscosity 40 C, mm2/s viscosity 40 C, mm2/s viscosity 100oC, mm2/s nD20 Dnsity, 20C FPOC, C 1 0.85849206 0.353968354 0.231669977 0.671650386 viscosity 100 C, mm2/s 1 0.490028091 0.228139069 0.418999759 nD20 Density 20 C FPOC, C

1 0.475963272 0.036477097

1 0.09061666

Output of the correlation matrix leads us to the correlation equations, using regressive analysis. For the first equation as independent variables we used viscosity at 40C, viscosity at 100C, nD20, specific gravity at 20C. Equation is FPOC = A*vis40 + B*vis100 + C*nD20 + D*SG + E. Where: vis viscosity at 40C or 100C SG specific gravity nD20 refractive index For the coefficients A, B, C and D we got the values: A 5.131565 B 22.5967 C 663.634 D 14.1458 E 1156.694 R2 = 0.9012 (1)

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Table 3 shows a comparison between measured and calculated values. The scatter of measurements is determined according to [3, 4]. Fig. 1 shows the dependence between experimental and calculated FPOC. For the second equation we used three independent variables: viscosity at 40 oC, nD20, and specific gravity 20oC.
Table 3. Comparison between measured and calculated values. FPOC, C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 average 210 203 214 207 204 201 200 207 208 208 204 205 202 204 206 Scatter of measurement 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Calculated FPOC, C 209 206 208 205 205 204 206 203 206 205 205 205 204 204 205 Abs deviance, C 1 3 6 2 1 3 6 4 2 3 1 0 2 0 2.3 %, deviance 0.3 1.3 2.6 0.7 0.4 1.5 3.2 1.8 1.1 1.4 0.3 0.2 1.1 0.0 1.14

225 220 215

FPOC, 0C

210 205 200 195 190 185 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

experimental FPOC, 0C

calculated FPOC

Fig. 1. Comparison of experimental and calculated FPOC (Eq.1).

Equation is FPOC = A* vis40 + B* nD20 + C*SG + D R2 = 0.9048 (2)

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Dobromir I Yordanov, Aleksandar N Dimitrov, Zlatotsvet B Tsonev, and Petko St Petkov

Where: vis viscosity at 40C. SG specific gravity. nD20 refractive index. A 4.708636562 B 824.569903 C 1082.686859 D 2219.329763

Table 4 shows a comparison between measured and calculated values.

Table 4. Comparison between measured and calculated values. FPOC, C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 average 210 203 214 207 204 201 200 207 208 208 204 205 202 204 206 Scatter of measurement 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Calculated FPOC, C 210 207 209 207 205 202 207 204 206 205 205 204 202 204 206 Abs deviance, C 0 4 5 0 1 1 7 3 2 3 1 1 0 0 2.1 %, deviance 0.1 2.1 2.3 0.1 0.7 0.6 3.4 1.4 1.2 1.6 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.2 1.03

The comparison of the experimental and calculated FPOC according to Eq.(2) is shown in Fig. 2.
226 221 216 FPOC, C 211 206 201 196 191 186 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
0

experimental FPOC, 0C

calculated FPOC

Fig. 2. Comparison of experimental and calculated FPOC (Eq. 2).

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For the third equation we considered viscosity at 40C, viscosity at 100C and specific gravity 20C as independent variables. The equation is FPOC = A* vis40 + B* vis100 + C*SG + D R2 = 0.9079 (3) Where: vis viscosity at 40C. SG specific gravity. A 6.16280603 B 18.45963795 C 1230.623903 D 1178.386215

Table 5 shows a comparison between measured and calculated values.

Table 5.Comparison between measured and calculated values. FPOC, C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 average 210 203 214 207 204 201 200 207 208 208 204 205 202 204 206 Scatter of measurement 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Calculated FPOC, C 210 206 209 206 205 202 206 203 206 204 206 205 203 204 206 Abs deviance, C 0 3 5 1 1 1 6 4 2 4 2 0 1 0 2.2 %, deviance 0.1 1.7 2.3 0.4 0.6 0.4 3.2 2.1 0.9 1.8 0.9 0.0 0.6 0.2 1.08

225 220 215

FPOC, 0C

210 205 200 195 190 185 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

experimental FPOC, 0C

calculated FPOC

Fig. 3.Comparison of experimental and calculated FPOC according to Equation 3.

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Dobromir I Yordanov, Aleksandar N Dimitrov, Zlatotsvet B Tsonev, and Petko St Petkov

The comparison of the experimental and calculated FPOC according to Eq.(3) is shown in Fig. 3. One can see that all the deduced equations give similar and reasonably high correlation coefficients. 4 Conclusions 1. The correlation of the flash point of oil fractions based on the specific gravity, refractive index, and viscosity was made. 2. The results calculated by our proposed equations predict values for the flash point within the range of dispersion of the actual magnitude. 3. The results obtained are good enough for practical purposes.
References 1. George V Dyroff, Manual on Significance of Test for Petroleum Products,Fifth Edition. 2. Horng-Jang Liaw, Yi-Huah Lee, Chia-Ling Tang, Hua-Hsuan Hsu, Jia-Huey Liu. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 15(2002)429. 3. Yordanov D, Petkov P, Dimitrov Al, Gogov D, Tsonev Zl, Academical Journal Management and Education , 2(2009)201. 4. Yordanov D, Petkov P, Dimitrov Al, Gogov D, Tsonev Zl, Academical Journal Management and Education , 2(2009)207. [Received :1.12.2009; accepted :30.1.2010]